The thermal degradation behaviour and degradation kinetics of polyamide 6(PA6) composites containing guanidine sulfamate–based flame-retardant systems were investigated using thermogravimetric techniques. Thermogravimetric (TG) and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) measurements were performed in air at a constant heating rate of 10 °C min⁻¹ to evaluate degradation pathways, decomposition rates, and char-forming behaviour. The incorporation of flame-retardant additives alters the degradation pathway of PA6 by initiating early decomposition while enhancing thermal stability at elevated temperatures through improved char development. The GS–DP system exhibits effective condensed-phase action, with maximum char formation achieved at an OH:S ratio of 0.92, whereas the addition of montmorillonite reduces char yield due to its catalytic influence on polymer degradation. In contrast, the GS–OP system shows the most effective flame-retardant performance, producing the highest char residue through the combined action of condensed-phase stabilization and gas-phase inhibition. Thermal degradation kinetics was evaluated using model-based Coats–Redfern, Broido, and Horowitz–Metzger methods applied to single-heating-rate TG data. Kinetic analysis indicates that the degradation of PA6 and its composites follows a first-order reaction mechanism, with reduced activation energy values for flame-retarded systems reflecting facilitated yet controlled degradation that favours efficient char formation. Overall, the results demonstrate that flame-retardant formulation and its influence on degradation kinetics play a critical role in improving the fire resistance of PA6 composites.
Viruses pose significant risks to human health and food safety, challenges that are compounded by the limitations of current detection technologies. While biosensors have improved viral detection capabilities, many conventional methods still struggle with issues such as low sensitivity, poor specificity, and limited real-time monitoring. Nanotechnology offers promising solutions to these limitations by enabling the development of highly sensitive, accurate, and selective biosensors enhanced with nanomaterials. This review explores recent progress in nanotechnology-based biosensors, focusing on the use of graphene oxide, silica, carbon nanotubes, gold, silver, zinc oxide, and magnetic nanoparticles for detecting both human and foodborne viruses. A unique contribution of this review is its comprehensive, system-wide approach—examining viral threats throughout the entire food supply chain, from production to consumption. It covers key viruses affecting humans, livestock (e.g., avian influenza virus), and crops (e.g., maize chlorotic mottle virus), and critically evaluates the performance, limitations, and practical applications of various nanobiosensing technologies. Challenges such as the non-culturability of certain viruses, interference from complex food matrices, and the scalability of biosensor manufacturing are also discussed. Finally, the review outlines future directions including multiplexed detection and integration with artificial intelligence. Although many of these technologies are still in early stages, nanoparticle-based biosensors hold significant promise for transforming viral detection and strengthening the resilience of the global food system.
Nanotechnology has become an integral component of advanced drug delivery systems, offering innovative strategies to overcome the limitations of conventional therapies. Nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems are rapidly evolving, utilizing diverse nanoparticles as carriers to achieve precise, controlled, and targeted drug delivery. These nanocarriers are biocompatible, stable, and multifunctional, enabling their application in both therapeutic and diagnostic (theranostic) approaches. Due to their nanoscale size, large surface area, and tunable physicochemical properties, nanocarriers enhance drug bioavailability, stability, and therapeutic efficacy while reducing systemic toxicity and adverse effects. Nanocarriers have shown significant potential in addressing challenges associated with traditional antitumor drug delivery, such as poor specificity, rapid drug release, severe side effects, and damage to healthy tissues. By facilitating selective accumulation at target sites, nanocarriers improve the therapeutic performance of anticancer agents. Recent advances include the delivery of bio-therapeutic, chemotherapeutic, and immunotherapeutic agents using sophisticated nanocarrier platforms. This review highlights the role of nanocarriers in drug delivery and discusses strategies for achieving optimal therapeutic outcomes. Various nanocarrier systems, including inorganic and organic nanoparticles, dendrimers, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymersomes, micelles, nanoemulsions, carbon nanotubes, and gold nanoparticles, are reviewed with respect to their properties, applications, clinical potential, challenges, and future prospects.
Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) form the backbone of quality assurance in the pharmaceutical industry, ensuring that medicinal products are consistently manufactured and controlled to meet established standards of safety, efficacy, and quality. cGMP encompasses a comprehensive set of regulatory principles covering all stages of pharmaceutical production, including facility design, equipment qualification, material control, validated manufacturing processes, documentation systems, and quality management practices. Regulatory authorities such as the USFDA, WHO, EMA, and CDSCO enforce cGMP requirements to minimize risks that cannot be detected through final product testing alone, including contamination, mix-ups, deviations, and data integrity failures. Over time, cGMP has evolved from a prescriptive compliance model to a science- and risk-based quality system integrating modern concepts such as Quality by Design, Quality Risk Management, Process Analytical Technology, and continuous improvement. Global harmonization of GMP standards through WHO, ICH, PIC/S, and national regulations has facilitated international regulatory convergence and strengthened oversight of global supply chains. This review outlines the fundamental principles, regulatory frameworks, and key components of GMP, with emphasis on quality management, validation, documentation, personnel, premises, and inspection systems. Understanding and effective implementation of cGMP are essential for maintaining regulatory compliance, ensuring consistent product quality, and protecting patient health.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep-disordered breathing condition associated with substantial cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurocognitive morbidity. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) remains the first-line therapy, however, long-term adherence is often limited, necessitating alternative treatment options. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HGNS) has emerged as a targeted, minimally invasive neuromodulation therapy for patients with moderate-to-severe OSA who are intolerant of CPAP. By selectively activating upper airway dilator muscles, particularly the genioglossus, HGNS stabilizes the airway and reduces pharyngeal collapsibility during sleep. This review synthesizes current evidence on the efficacy, durability, safety, and patient selection for HGNS, drawing from pivotal trials, long-term follow-up studies, real-world registries, and meta-analyses. Across these studies, HGNS consistently demonstrates clinically meaningful reductions in apnea hypopnea index (55–70%), improvements in nocturnal oxygenation and daytime sleepiness, and enhanced quality of life, with benefits sustained for up to five years. Patient adherence is high, and the therapy has a favorable safety profile, with serious device-related adverse events reported infrequently. Therapeutic success is strongly influenced by patient selection, particularly lower body mass index, absence of complete concentric palatal collapse on drug-induced sleep endoscopy and predominant retrolingual airway obstruction. Despite robust efficacy, current evidence is constrained by narrow eligibility criteria, device-specific outcome variability and limited randomized controlled trials. Future directions might include development of personalized stimulation algorithms, expanded patient eligibility, integration with home-based sleep monitoring, refined anatomical and functional phenotyping, and comprehensive cost-effectiveness analyses. Overall, HGNS represents an effective, durable, and physiologic alternative for CPAP-intolerant patients with moderate-to-severe OSA, bridging the treatment gap between conventional surgical interventions and standard therapy.
