Increasing national sugar production can be done by developing new varieties of sugarcane varieties with high potential yields. To ensure profitability and sustainability, however, the new varieties should be accompanied by data on their ratooning ability. This study aimed to evaluate the stability of the yield component of ratooning sugarcane resulting from mutations. The experiment was arranged using a factorial randomized complete block design with the first factor being four genotypes of sugarcane (G) consisting of three mutant genotypes with codes M3.2, M3.3, M3.4 and one original Bululawang genotype (BL). The second factor was ratooning (K) which consisted of three levels, namely first plant (TP), first ratoon (TK1) and second ratoon (TK2). The combination of treatments was repeated 4 times so that 48 unit combinations were obtained. One unit consisted of 28 cane clumps divided into 4 rows. The results showed that the ratooning factor had a significant impact on the value of the proportion of sucrose produced by the mutant sugar cane genotype. The ratooning ability of mutant genotypes to produce sucrose was recorded above 75%. All genotypes of mutant had superior characters compared to non-mutant based on stalk weight and percentage of sucrose. Keywords: Bululawang, morphology, mutant, ratoon, sugar
Chili is an important vegetable crop consumed by most Indonesian people. Chili production is affected by the limited varieties and low adaptability to growing in different environments. This study aimed to identify the variability of 22 chili pepper on morphology, the genotype x environment interaction, and the stability of 10 chili pepper genotypes in 3 different environments. The study was conducted from July 2020 to February 2022 in Sleman DIY, Bogor, and Blitar. The experimental design used a single-factor randomized complete block design, each consisting of three replicates. The genotypes evaluated were HCR 17-003, HCR 17-004, HCR 17-007, HCR 17-008, HCR17-012, HCR 17-013, HCR 17-014, HCR 17-017, F7-1, F7-2, F7-3, Ca011, Ca013, Ca020, Ca021, Cf002, Cf005, Cf007, Cf010, Cf015, Bonita, and Loblita. Ten genotypes were evaluated in stability analysis, i.e., PKHT A, PKHT B, Bara, Genie, Centil, PKHT C, PKHT D, Bonita, Sona, and Tunduk. The biplot analysis for genetic diversity study showed a total diversity was 40.5% for the two main components. The genotype x environment interaction had a significant effect on productivity. PKHT C and Sona were identified as stable based on the Francis-Kannenberg method. PKHT C, Sona, PKHT B, and Bonita were stable based on the Wricke method. PKHT A and Bonita were stable based on Finlay-Wilkilson methods. PKHT B, PKHT C, Sona, and Bonita were identified as stable based on the AMMI method. The genotype which is stable based on all stability methods was PKHT C. Keywords: AMMI; GxE interaction; parametric stability; variety.
Downy mildew is a disease caused by the fungus Peronosclerospora maydis. Application of biological agents to control downy mildew is a kind of environmentally friendly control method, that widely promoted recently. Trichoderma sp. and plant growth promoter rhizobacteria (PGPR) are root symbionts, which can induce plant resistance against disease infection. This study aimed to determine the effective application of Trichoderma sp. combined with various concentrations of rhizobacteria to control downy mildew. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) method with 6 treatments and 5 replications. The treatment was the concentration of rhizobacteria consisting of P0 (control) = without treatment, P1= 15 mL L-1. P2 = 30 mL L-1. P3 = 45 mL L-1. P4 = 60 mL L-1 and P5 (positive control) = seed treatment with 5 g kg-1 dimetomorf fungicide. Each rhizobacteria suspension was mixed with Trichoderma sp. solution as much as 15 mL L-1. The parameters observed consisted of plant height (cm), number of leaves, disease incidence (%), and disease severity (%). The results showed that the combination of Trichoderma sp. and rhizobacteria of 60 mL L-1 was able to inhibit the incidence of the disease up to 66.53% and the severity of the disease up to 89.84%. Keywords: bacteria, concentration, downy mildew, sweet corn, Trichoderma sp.
Hybrid rice is derived from a cross between the cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) as the female parent and the restorer line as the male parent. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of several new plant type (NPT) rice lines as restorers of the CMS female parent and to elucidate the performance of the hybrid combinations. The research was carried out from December 2019 to November 2020 at Babakan Sawah Baru Experimental Station, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia. The hybrids were evaluated in the field together with the CMS female parent, male parents, and two check varieties, namely Ciherang and hybrid P05 Prima Seed. The experimental design used was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two replications. The results showed that two male parental lines, IPB189-F-10-3-2 (T6) and IPB189-14-1-1 (T9), had a hybrid seed yield per hill of 66.04 g and 75.27 g, respectively. These two parents have the restorer gene (R) which is substantiated by the good characteristics of the number of filled grains and total grain per panicle of the two hybrids. The potential hybrids CMS x IPB189-F-10-3-2 and CMS x IPB189-14-1-1 had a positive heterosis for panicle length and 1,000 grain weight, and could be evaluated in future research. Keywords: CMS; heterosis; heterobeltiosis; rice hybrid
Relay-cropping in saturated soil cultivation could increase land efficiency, but its effect on land use and nitrogen fertilizer efficiency is unclear. The research objective was to evaluate the land productivity of the relay-cropping system by calculating the land equivalent ratio (LER) and the effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizer, and by determining the effect of previous soybean biomass. The experiment was arranged in a three-factor randomized complete block design. The first factor was the cropping patterns of soybean and maize, i.e., relay-cropping soybean-maize and maize monoculture. The second factor was the maize varieties, i.e., Pioneer 27 and Sukmaraga. The third factor was the application of N fertilizer with 4 doses: 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha-1. The results showed that the application of soybean biomass increased maize yield by 7.24%. Pioneer 27 produced a higher yield than Sukmaraga, and the dose of N fertilizer of 150 kg ha-1 resulted in the highest yield of 7.50 tons ha-1. The highest LER of 2.18% was achieved in the relay-cropping without applying follow-up N fertilizer (control). The experiment concludes relay-cropping after soybean save land by about 118% and save N fertilizer by 33.3%. The reduction of N fertilizer application by 33.3% (100 kg N ha-1) reduced corn cob productivity by 13.3%, and is not significantly different from 150 kg N ha-1. Keywords: chlorophyll, LER, plant residue
Sorghum is a globally important commodity for food, feed, and fuel, and is known to have a high tolerance to heat, drought, and other abiotic stresses, and have a large genetic variation for grain yield under low-P conditions. Agricultural land in Indonesia is dominated by acid soils with limited P availability, of a total of 144.5 million ha, around 107.3 million ha are acid soils. Information regarding the tolerance of sorghum to P deficiency conditions is still very limited. The review aimed to discuss the adaptation strategy of sorghum to P deficiency. Studies showed that sorghum has a moderate adaptation to Al3+ stress with low P. Under various P levels, the performance of sorghum was also very diverse following the wide genetic diversity. From evaluations of several varieties and inbred lines with high tolerance to P deficiency that has been obtained, sorghum tolerance strategies to low P conditions are: (1) increase root size (length, diameter, and volume), and root proteoid on several genotypes, (2) increase secretion of oxalic acid, particularly in tolerant genotypes, the secretion of which are higher when Al3+ is present, (3) higher P-use efficiency (PUE), eventhough the specific absorption ratio (SAR) was lower than the sensitive ones. The high PUE is thought to contribute to higher grain weight compared to sensitive genotypes under P starvation condition, and (4) higher stay green percentage, which has a high correlation to grain weight/plant. Such strategies should be considered in precission breeding program of sorghum to P deficiency. Keywords: adaptation strategy; oxalic acid; P-use efficiency; sorghum genotypes; sorghum low P; stay green
The growth and yield of rice in limited soil water are expected to increase through the application of mycorrhizae due to the increasing root ability to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. The study aimed to determine the role of mycorrhizae on the growth and yield of rice plants in different soil water content. The study was conducted in Mempawah District, West Kalimantan, in February-June 2022. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot randomized complete block design with main plots of mycorrhizae treatment on seedlings (without and with mycorrhizae application), and subplots of soil water content (100%, 80%, 60%). The results showed that mycorrhizae could colonize 60-80% of roots and increase phosphorus absorption at up to 60% of soil water content. Application of mycorrhizae improved plant growth up to 80% of soil water content for the maximum number of a tiller, and 60% of soil water content for the leaf area. Mycorrhizae performed better to increase yield at up to 80% soil water content on the number of productive tillers and grain index of 1,000 seeds, and it performed better at a soil water content of 100% for grain weight per hill. Keywords: microorganisms, plant resistance, rice production, root colonization
Climate change, i.e., changing rainfall refers to drought and excess rainfall, is known to affect the growth and yield of tea production in many regions. However, research on the impact of climate change on tea plantations in Indonesia is still limited. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of changing rainfall on the productivity of tea plantation at Cianjur, West Java. The data was collected from interviews, field data, and company records from April to July 2022. The results showed that changing rainfall of both limited rainfalls during El Nino and excess rainfall during La Nina affected the tea production. Annual tea productivity declined during both climatic events. Shortage of water during El Nino primarily reduced crop growth, while excess rainfall during La Nina reduced the capacity of tea pickers and increased labor for crop maintenance. Failure to adapt to the direct and indirect impacts of climate change could contribute to declining tea production in Indonesia. Thus, comprehensive action is needed including capacity building in human resources, water management, and microclimate adaptation such as shading plants and tolerant clones to sustain tea production under climate change events.
Weed resistance, indicated by increasing the level of herbicide for control, might arise due to the continuous use of similar herbicides in the long term without any herbicide rotation. The objective of this research was to evaluate the status of dominant weeds in a guava orchard to determine weed control strategies. The research was carried out from November 2020 to June 2021 at Agribusiness Technology Park IPB, Bogor. Vegetation analysis to define dominance was carried out at 4 blocks using the square method. In each block, five sampling points were randomly selected. Seeds of C. kyllingia were collected and planted as many as 25 seedlings in polybags. Glyphosate herbicide was applied onto C. kyllingia in 3 replications using 9 doses, i.e., 0 (D0), 60.75 (D1), 121.5 (D2), 243 (D3), 486 (D4), 972 (D5), 1944 (D6), 3888 (D7), and 7776 g ha-1 (D8). C. kyllingia mortality percentages were analyzed using linear regression to obtain LD50. The results showed that the dominant weed was C. kyllingia. Block 4 showed the highest significant LD50 value at 759.11 g ha-1 with a resistance index of 2.67 (reduced sensitivity). The presence of dominant C. kyllingia was identified only at block 4, indicating the dominance could correlate with increasing resistance of the particular weed. Keywords: doses; EPSPS; glyphosate; LD50; sedges; vegetation analysis
Excessive leaf production in winged bean may delay the flowering time and reduces the yield, therefore, shoot pruning and additional fertilizer were applied in order to improve yield. The research was carried out at Leuwikopo Experimental Station, IPB University, Bogor from January to July 2022. The study used a randomized complete block design with 2 factors and three replications. The first factor was three types of shoot pruning, namely without shoot pruning, shoot pruning at 15, and 30 cm height. Pruning was conducted at 7 weeks after transplanting (WAT). The second factor was four doses of fertilizers (0, 6.25, 12.5, and 18.75 g of NPK (16-16-16) per plant). The additional fertilizer was given every two weeks from 7 until 15 WAT. The variables observed were the morphophysiological characters, shoot auxin levels, plant nutrient levels, pod yield, pod number, and pod flavonoid content. The results showed that plant’s biomass increased with additional fertilizer, lower relative growth rate and higher auxin content was from 15 cm pruning. The interaction of two factors affected flowering time and flavonoid content. Shoot pruning and 6.25 g NPK delayed flowering by 0.7-1 day. The highest flavonoid content was found in the plant without pruning and additional fertilizer. Plant yields were not significantly affected by treatments. Keywords: auxin; flavonoid content; flowering time; leaf nutrient; young pods
Glyphosate resistance is a serious problem in weed control, especially in oil palm plantations. However, evaluation of suspected resistant weeds such as Eleusine indica L. Gaertn at the gene level is still scarce in Indonesia. Here, target-site resistance to glyphosate of the EPSPS gene was evaluated. The objective of this study was to identify glyphosate resistance caused by mutation points in goosegrass biotypes from oil palm plantation in Jonggol, West Java, Indonesia. Bio-assay analysis was carried out by planting goosegrass in pots. Glyphosate was applicated using eight-level, namely 0, 0.125x, 0.25x, 0.5x, x, 2x, 4x, and 8x, where x was the recommended dose (972 g ha-1) for three replications. Weed damage was evaluated from plant biomass and then regression analysis was performed to obtain the LD50 and resistance index. The E. indica from block V had a reduced sensitivity status with 2.343 value of resistance index, and those from Block II biotype had a sensitive status with 1.588 resistance index. Alignment of the EPSPS gene showed no mutation was observed at two target-points, indicating that increasing resistance of E. indica in the study site could be controlled by other factors. Nevertheless, E. indica of block V biotype had a resistance potential due to the highest LD50. It is necessary to evaluate further the possibility of mutation in other target-points of the EPSPS gene. Keywords: bio-assay; EPSPS; LD50; resistance index; sequencing; target-site resistance
Leaf morphological characters and nutrient content in leaf tissue can vary depending on plant genotype. The nutrient solution culture can produce leaves with good nutritional content. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate and validate cassava putative mutants' morphological traits and Zn content using a nutrient solution culture system. This research was carried out from January to May 2022 at the greenhouse of Cikabayan Experimental Garden, IPB University, Bogor. This study used two cassava cultivars and ten mutant genotypes from the cassava research team of IPB University, resulting from mutation breeding by gamma irradiation. The plant characters observed in this study included the number of leaves, length and width of the leaflet, leaf colour, plant height, fresh and dry weight leaf, and analysis of Zn content. The data were analyzed using ANOVA at a significant level of α = 5%, followed by Tukey's further test. The results showed that the G2D1-422 genotype had a higher Zn content than the wild type (Ratim/G2) and the other genotypes. The high Zn genotypes (G2D1-422) and low Zn genotypes (Ratim (G2) had not significantly different in fresh and dry leaf weight. Meanwhile, the plant genotype did not affect other growth characteristics such as plant height, the number of leaves, and the length and width of the leaflets, and overall, the characters were similar between the observed genotypes.
More than 75 percent of households growing maize and soybean adopts the monoculture method. The relay cropping of soybean-maize is a strategic choice to increase the planted area and productivity of these two commodities' sustainability in tidal swamps. The research aimed to study the land equivalent ratio (LER), determine the best planting spacing and soybean varieties, and the best relay cropping of maize on saturated soil culture in tidal swamps. The experiment was on mineral soils with type B tidal swamps, in Banyuasin, South Sumatra, from July to December 2022. The experiment used a three-factor randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was soybean varieties: Argomulyo, Gepak Kuning, Detap 1, and Demas 1, the second factor was soybean planting spacing: 78 cm x 15 cm x 12.5 cm and 60 cm x 40 cm x 10 cm, and the third factor was the relay cropping of maize: 30 and 45 days after planting (DAP) of soybeans. Results showed that plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, filled pods, 100 seeds weight, and seed yield were influenced significantly by varieties. Demas 1 variety produced a higher seed yield, with relay cropping and monoculture, i.e., 4.2 tons ha-1 and 4.1 tons ha-1, respectively. Plant height, stem diameters, number of leaves, 100 grains weight, and grain yield in maize were significantly higher at soybean planting spacing of 78 cm x 15 cm x 12.5 cm and relay cropping at 30 DAP. The LER values > 1, indicated that relay cropping increased land productivity as compared to monoculture cultivation. The LER at relay cropping of 30 DAP was significantly highest for Argomulyo and Detap 1 varieties, i.e., 1.8 and 1.8, respectively. Keywords: Land equivalent ratio, planting spacing, relay cropping, saturated soil culture, tidal swamps
Many peanut planting fields have limited water resources, therefore farmers must use water efficiently. A study aimed to obtain appropriate watering intervals and adaptive peanut cultivars at limited water conditions. The greenhouse study was conducted at Central Bengkulu Regency, Indonesia, from December 2019 to March 2020. Three varieties of peanut (Takar 2, Talam 1, and Kancil) and four watering intervals (1, 3, 6, and 9-day intervals) were arranged using a split-plot design and replicated three times. Results showed that the three varieties evaluated had similar agronomic performance (P≥0.05). The Takar 2 and Kancil had similar growth and yield components to the dry land adaptive variety Talam 1. It indicates that Takar 2 and Kancil cultivars are suitable for cultivation in a water-limited field. Watering every 6 days reduced peanut growth and insignificantly differed from watering every 9 days. Daily watering produced the highest growth and yield of peanut, irrespective of genotypes. Nevertheless, in areas with limited water availability, watering every 3 days was sufficient with yield reduction by about 25.55% of watering daily. Keywords: drought, irrigation, peanut production
Banana group can be divided into two groups based on their method of its utilization. Banana group that can be eaten immediately after ripening is called "dessert banana", e.g., Raja, while the group that needs particular processing before consumption is called "plantain banana", e.g., Kepok. This study aimed to compare the growth of Raja banana with Kepok plantain through experiments at three stages of the in vitro culture media: the shoot initiation, shoot multiplication, and plantlet acclimatization, also to compare the growth of Raja bananas with Kepok plantains in response to cytokinins BAP and TDZ at shoot multiplication stage. Planting material was in the form of rhizomes that was prepared with the same size. The experiment was performed using a completely randomized design. Results showed that Kepok plantain could adapt faster to the media condition than Raja banana; the phenomenon was evident in the growing speed of Kepok during shoot initiation stage. The proportion of the B genome did not show a direct effect on shoot induction at the multiplication stage or enlargement and organ formation at the acclimatization stage. Shoot induction at the multiplication stage depended more on the composition of the media used. The combination of BAP 3 mg L-1 and TDZ 0.01 mg L-1 in MS media produced the best shoot induction rate, and TDZ 0.01 mg L-1 in MS media had the highest shoot elongation rate. Keywords: banana, BAP, genome, PGR, plantain, TDZ
True shallot seeds are preferable to tubers as planting materials because of their advantages in storage longevity, lower management cost, and lower seed-borne disease risk. However, environmentally limited production and seed deterioration in uncontrolled storage have limited its application. Pre-sowing hydration invigoration accelerates and synchronizes the germination of deteriorated seeds. Ultra-fine bubble water (UFBW) contains reactive oxygen species, which can advance the pre-germinative metabolism of the seed. This study examined true shallot seed invigoration using UFBW. The experiment was conducted in a two-factor of randomized complete block design. The first factor was initial seed vigor based on the vigor index with six levels, i.e., 24, 15, 13, 12, 10, and 9%. The second factor was the invigoration treatment of UFBW (8 and 23 ppm dissolved oxygen concentrations) with two durations (24 and 48 h), 50 ppm GA3, and 3% KNO3 (24 h). UFBW with 23 ppm invigoration for 48 h improved seed vigor based on all vigor parameters. The GA3 50 ppm treatment is the most effective in increasing seed vigor. Keywords: dissolved oxygen; pre-sowing hydration; reactive oxygen species; seed viability; seed vigor
Seeds of tobacco plants are unable to germinate immediately after harvest because they have a dormancy period. The seed dormancy period may be shortened by bagging methods to affect the hormone content in the seeds. The bagging flower makes the dark conditions in the process of flowering and seed development, affecting the content of the hormone’s auxin and ABA. This study aimed to determine the effects of different bag colors on the dormancy period of tobacco seeds as evidenced by their vigor and viability. The research was conducted from March to August 2022 at PT. Dwi Light Tobacco Green House, Lombok Wetan, Bondowoso, Indonesia. Four crepe colors of paper were used as bagging treatments (black, red, yellow, blue) and control (without bagging) and replicated four times. The results showed that the bagging treatment significantly affected one hundred-seed weight, seed germination, seed growth rate, and seedling height. Black crepe paper resulted in the highest seed germination percentage (98.5%) and seed growth rate (11.68). Keywords: bag color, seed germination, viability, vigor
Moringa is drought tolerant and its leaf is traditionally used as a vegetable. Recently, the leaf is used commercially in traditional medicine and functional foods. Fulvic acid is a kind of plant growth regulator derived from humic acid and is considered a fertilizer in sustainable agriculture. The objective of the research was to determine the effect of fulvic acid concentration on the growth, biomass, phosphorus and flavonoids contents of moringa seedlings. The experiment was conducted from July 2020 to January 2021 at Leuwikopo Experimental Station, Bogor. The treatment was arranged in a randomized block design consisting of two factors, i.e., fulvic acid level (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mL L-1) and moringa accessions (East Nusa Tenggara-ENT and Leuwikopo-LWK). Observation focused on growth and biomass, total flavonoids, and phosphorus contents of leaves. The results showed that fulvic acid enhanced leaf growth, and plant height. On the other hand, the fulvic acid application had no significant effect on biomass production, total flavonoids, and phosphorus contents of moringa leaves. Accessions expressed different responses to fulvic acid levels, i.e.e, the fulvic acid of 1 mL L-1 seemed favorable for ENT accession while 2 mL L-1 was favorable for LWK accession as indicated by the level of flavonoid content. Therefore, fulvic acid is beneficial in moringa cultivation, particularly for ENT accession. It is interesting to evaluate the fulvic acid application on moringa trees grown in ENT where soil moisture is considered low. Keywords: accession; phosphorus; seedling; humic acid; East Nusa Tenggara; vegetable
Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) is important for study due to its increasing economic value in many aspects including marker-associated compounds for curcuminoids and xanthorrhizol. This systematic review aimed to summarize and find information about C. xanthorrhiza starting from its pharmacological activity and mechanism as an anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant extraction process, and cultivation techniques. The data were obtained from relevant journals in national and international scientific databases PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, SINTA, ScienceDirect, and Wiley Online from 2000 to 2023. Results showed that from the perspective of anti-inflammatory pharmacological activities, xanthorrhizol inhibits pain response and inflammatory response. Its antioxidant activity showed a contribution to inhibiting oxidation which also successfully inhibits cancer cell proliferation. The extraction method of xanthorrhizol and curcuminoid compounds with Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE) 20-2000 kHz performs better than other methods. C. xanthorrhiza cultivation techniques under shading produce better rhizomes. Based on research on cultivation techniques, extraction methods, and pharmacological activities, C. xanthorrhiza has an important role in the future.
Utilization of technology can be a solution in the process of supervising certified seeds, especially at the stage of field inspection, which is faster and more efficient. This study aimed to develop a drone image-based rice variety system to support the inspection process for seed certification. The research was conducted from March – July 2022. The rice plants of IPB 3S and Inpari 32 varieties located in Karawang, West Java were observed for their agronomic characteristics. The images of the two varieties were taken using a drone and augmented and cropped. The overall image obtained was 80% used as training data, 20% as data validation, and 10% as test data. The variety identification system was built using a model by applying the convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm. The performance of the model was observed through accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-Score. All agronomic characters justified that the two varieties used were different. This study produced three CNN models that could accurately identify the varieties of IPB 3S and Inpari 32 with an accuracy rate of 99.52% to 100%. Drone imaging is prospective for field inspection process of seed certification. Keywords: CNN, deep learning, image processing, seed production, unmanned aerial vehicle
