Young people are developing financial literacy as an essential skill due to the increasing frequency of youth participating in financial activities such as online shopping, digital payment methods, maintaining bank accounts, subscriptions, as well as saving, and spending money. However, the level of exposure to available opportunities regarding financial literacy and education is not equal for different individuals depending on their socioeconomic background. Thus, this article aims to explore the impact of the socio-economic background among the youth regarding financial literacy. It makes use of a simple survey wherein students involved in the study were from classes 11 and 12. The survey included important questions relating to areas such as savings, budgeting, and financial decision-making. The results of the study showed that youth from different social classes have different levels of financial literacy. Students from wealthier families scored better marks than students from less fortunate families. Youth who have been involved in financial discussions with their parents tend to have better understanding of financial knowledge. The study indicates that there are gaps in financial literacy among youth of all income groups and the importance of introducing financial knowledge in school should be reiterated. Majority of young people express the desire for practical knowledge of financial issues.
Background: Extreme weather events and socio-environmental disasters have exposed the limitations of conventional reconstruction models. Standardised solutions ignore local productive capacity, creating a paradox of critical scarcity in the face of idle resources. In the field of design, especially in the development of emergency furniture, more ethical responses that integrate environmental, productive and social criteria are needed. Based on the theoretical intersection between regenerative design, circular economy and distributed economy, this research proposes an innovative approach to guide solutions in post-disaster contexts, with an emphasis on materiality and local production systems and open systems, among other strategies. Materials and Methods: This is a qualitative and exploratory research, structured by theoretical foundations, a critical analysis of the ReMakeRS Challenge (2024) case study, and the systematisation of design guidelines. The analysis focused on the selection of materials, construction systems, and production strategies applicable to postdisaster reconstruction. Results: The results indicate that the adoption of renewable, recycled or low environmental impact materials, associated with circularity and simple and modular construction systems, favours local production viability, the reduction of environmental impacts and the replicability of solutions. The guidelines were summarised in a table organised by environmental, social, productive, logistical and systemic dimensions. Conclusion: It is concluded that the intersection between the concepts forms a consistent basis for the development of furniture in post-disaster contexts, but goes beyond the object, contributing to more environmentally appropriate, productively viable, and territorially articulated solutions, in addition to broadening perspectives for research in sustainable design. The research points to the need for future studies that validate the technical and economic viability of the model and investigate public policy instruments for its expansion. It is concluded that the approach transcends the provision of objects, positioning design as a facilitator of resilient infrastructures, capable of transforming crises into opportunities for endogenous and fair territorial regeneration
Purpose and Design This research aims to design an accounting-based simulation model capable of diagnosing and reforming the structural fiscal gap between Egypt’s public economic authorities (PEAs) and the national budget. Despite Egypt’s significant public-sector surpluses, the fiscal deficit remains persistently high due to fragmented surplus governance and weak integration mechanisms. The study seeks not only to identify these gaps but also to propose actionable accounting and legal solutions, including the drafting of a legislative proposal to mandate surplus transfers. Method and Approach The study employs a mixed-methods approach integrating quantitative financial analysis of PEA data from 2018– 2025, alongside qualitative case studies from Egypt and comparative countries (Morocco and Indonesia). Statistical techniques such as regression, ANOVA, and scenario modeling are used to quantify the impact of surplus integration on fiscal sustainability. Semi-structured interviews with policymakers, auditors, and economic experts further inform the practical viability of the proposed reforms. Findings Findings reveal that over 90% of surpluses generated by major PEAs remain outside the national budget, largely due to discretionary remittance policies and inadequate fiscal oversight. The simulation model demonstrates that implementing a mandatory surplus transfer threshold of at least 30% could reduce Egypt’s projected fiscal deficit by up to EGP 200 billion annually. Comparative insights highlight that Morocco and Indonesia have successfully enforced surplus integration through centralized fiscal laws and digital tracking systems. Originality and Value This study uniquely integrates accounting simulation modeling with legislative policy recommendations, bridging a critical gap between financial theory and public sector practice in Egypt. It is the first to propose a data-driven legal framework derived directly from empirical surplus modeling, positioning fiscal governance as both a technical and legislative priority. Theoretical and Practical Implications Theoretically, the study extends public finance literature by linking surplus governance with fiscal sustainability through an accounting simulation lens. Practically, it offers Egyptian policymakers a roadmap for drafting new fiscal laws to institutionalize surplus transfers, thereby enhancing budget sustainability. Social Implications Implementing the proposed model and legislation could significantly reduce Egypt’s fiscal deficit, alleviate reliance on external borrowing, and improve the equity and efficiency of public spending, benefiting socioeconomic development.
This study investigates the role of IP management in fostering an innovation ecosystem. IP management, defined as the process of recognizing and protecting organizational assets like trade secrets, copyrights, and trademarks, also safeguards software and data classified as intangible assets. Organizations follow steps to protect these assets, starting with identifying and documenting strategically important ones, and then filing applications to register copyrights and safeguard trade secrets. IP licensing enables asset monetization, and IP enforcement allows organizations to act when IP assets are used without consent, motivating them to innovate with confidence.The literature review indicates the growing importance of IP rights in driving growth, competition, collaboration, knowledge sharing, and encouraging innovation. IP management also encourages investments in R&D by providing a framework that deters infringements. Startups, in particular, benefit from IP protection, which enhances their ability to attract investments. Additionally, IP management enables open innovation by facilitating collaboration and resource-sharing among entities.
The current hypermarket market is gradually becoming saturated, and operators face fierce market competition. How to enhance competitiveness, improve service quality, and attract more customers to generate better revenue is the most important issue for operators today. This study used a questionnaire survey of customers of R hypermarket as the subject, and based on the SERVQUAL service quality scale proposed by Parasuraman et al. (1988), it assessed customers' expectations and actual feelings about service. The study first used IPA (Importance-Performance Analysis) to assess the gap between customers' emphasis on various services and their actual performance, identifying the items that need priority improvement, which serves as the basis for the order of practical improvement and resource allocation. The analysis results can help R hypermarket clearly understand customer needs and expectations, and formulate specific and feasible service quality improvement strategies.
