【Objective】 The study is to find the critical time for fungi-host interaction.【Method】 The material of disease resistant grape clone Baiihe-35-1,susceptible variety Carignane,their F1 anti-disease individual 6-12-4 and susceptible individual 6-12-2 were employed in the field infection rate counting by Coomassie Brilliant G-250 staining and microscope observation and comparison of the invasion procedure of Uncinula necator after 0,1,3,5 and 7 days after artificial inoculation by optical microscopy observation.【Result】 The results showed that under the field and bagged conditions,the mycelium and spores of Uncinula necator existed on the leaves of both the resistant and susceptible grape plants but the infection rate of resistant plant was lower than that of susceptible plant.This result indicated that it is necessary to separate the leaves by bagging at least 2 weeks before artificial inoculation.After artificial inoculation,the mycelium and spores of Uncinular necator were successfully attached on the leave surface and the mycelium was increased with the days after inoculation but the increase was more rapid on the susceptible plant and showed obvious symptom of powdery mildew.The anatomic structure of infected leaves showed that the procedure of invasion was as follows:spore germinated and formed germ tube after 1-3 days after inoculation,then an appressorium cell was formed at the end of germ tube,at last the new mycelium was formed from appressorium and penetrated through the epidermis and completed infection procedure.【Conclusion】 By observing the grape powdery mildew infection procedure,the critical period of fungi-host interaction was determined which is of great benefit for the grape powdery mildew control and grape powdery mildew resistance gene induction and cloning.
【Objective】 The study is to find out the dispersive mechanism of core wall.【Method】 Six groups of soil samples of physical and chemical properties were determined.The tests for identification of dispersive clay soils were studied by double-hydrometer test,pinhole test,crumb test,test for anion of soluble salts of pore water and test for percentage of exchangeable sodium.【Result】 Six groups of soil samples were CL,clay(0.005 mm) content being 120-275 g/kg,with higher soil pH,from 8.29 to 9.07,which belongs to alkaline soil,a strong alkaline soil;six groups of soil samples soluble salt content is 0.234-0.523 g/kg,the dissolved salt content is 0.33-0.66 g/kg,insoluble salt content is 11.41-148.79 g/kg;6 group of clay minerals in the soil samples that the main ingredients is grundite,and its content is 130-220 g/kg,montmorillonite is little,only 43-87 g/kg.Based on comprehensive judge ment,No.2 and No.4 samples are determined to be transition clay and the remaining 4 groups the dispersive clay.【Conclusion】 Clay soil samples(0.005 mm) in low,higher pH and soil samples contain a certain amount of sodium are the main reasons for these groups.
【Objective】 The relation between the changes in activities of three defendant enzymes peroxidase(POD),polyphemol oxidase(PPO)and phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL) in different wheat cultivars infected by wheat blue dwarf phytoplasma(WBD) and resistance to phytoplasmas were studied to investigate its resistant mechanism and provide theoretical basis for controlling the disease and selecting resistant varieties.【Method】 The activities of POD,PPO and PAL in one resistant and one susceptible wheat cultivars infected by WBD were measured using spectrophotometer.【Result】 The results showed that the incubation period of resistant cultivar was 12 days and susceptible 18 days and the enzyme activities of PPO,POD,PAL in resistant cultivar markedly increased with the increase of the time course of infection and the disease expansion,the peak of their activities appeared earlier than in susceptible one.【Conclusion】 These results suggested that early rapid increase of three enzyme activities might be used to serve as one of the valuable physiological indices for the selection of wheat resistant cultivar to WBD.
【Objective】 The study was done in order to give a theoretical basis for Acer truncatum cultured through study on physiological characteristics of Acer truncatum seedlings under different water conditions.【Method】 Based on water saturation deficit,leaf water potential and photosynthetic parameters with two-year-old pot-cultured seedlings of Acer truncatum,physiological characteristics regulation and restoration degree under different water stress strengths(Moderate and Severe water stress)and stress lengths(15,30,45 d)after rewatering 24 hours were studied.【Result】 At the same water stress strength,physiological characteristics turned suffering with stress into enduring gradually with the deepening of water stress.After rewatering 24 hours,the restoration of leaf water potential delayed compared with WSD.The restoration of Photosynthetic rate was the latest among them.After moderate water stress followed by rewatering,compensation effect or even extra compensation effect on physiological indexes can happen,however,it was impossible that compensation effect happened after severe water stress.【Conclusion】 Compensation effect can be waken after proper water stress.
【Objective】 The function of detoxification enzymes in metabolism of celangulin V was studied.【Method】 Through UV-Vis spectrophotometer,the induction of celangulin Ⅴ to cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase(GST) in midgut and fat body of 5-day-old sixth instar armyworm,M.separata were investigated.【Result】 Cytochrome P450 turned into cytochrome P420 after it combined completely with CO.Treated by celangulin V,compared with control,P450 content in midgut increased 2.4 folds,and the NADPH-P450 reductase activity,GST activity in midgut were lower than those of the control,but those enzymes in fat body were 1.32,1.30 and 1.13 folds more than those of the control respectively.【Conclusion】 Celangulin Ⅴ had higher induction to cytochrome P450 of M.separata midgut.
【Objective】 The objectvie of this research was to investigate the fungicidal components in the fermentation product of Streptomyces qinlingnensis sp.nov,a new actinomycete strain was isolated from the soil in Qinling mountain area.【Method】 By ion-exchange and silica gel column chromatography,a fungicidal ingredient was isolated from the fermentation broth of the strain,and it was elucidated by HR MS and NMR.The fungicidal activity of this compound against 8 species of fungi was tested by the method of inhibition mycilium growth,and the sensetivity of this compound against 8 species of bateria was tested by cup-plate method.【Result】 The fungicidal compound was isolated by HRMS and NMR as diacetonamine from Streptomyces qinlingnesis sp.nov,the fungicidal activities of diacetonamine against eight species of fungi and eight species of bacteria were tested.The results showed that Fusarium oxysporium,Fusarium azysporum and Alternaria Solani were more sensitive to diacetonamine,the IC50 values of inhibiting mycelium growth were 49.57,85.08 and 74.69 μg/mL,respectively.Diacetonamine could also inhibite Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtills obviously,the diameter of inhibition zone at the concentration of 31.3 μg/mL were 13 and 16 mm,respecitvely.【Conclusions】 This was the first report about the fungicidal activity of the compound.It indicated that diacetonamine had the potential to become a candidate of agro-fungicide or a lead compound.
【Objective】 The paper gave the way to estimate parameter of the prey population dynamical model under natural enemy.【Method】 Grey theory and modeling idea or difference were taken to estimate parameter for dynamic model.【Result】 With mathematical analysis,a grey estimate formula was built for parameter of dynamic model,and solution to parameter estimation for prey population intimated by natural enemy was given.【Conclusion】 This parameter estimation for aphid of four characters shows that grey estimation given in this paper is valid.
【Objective】 The main nutrients' concentration and varying law of soil nutrients were studied in vegetable greenhouses under different cultivation times in order to offer basis for reasonable application of fertilizers to protected vegetable fields.【Method】 Vegetable greenhouses under different cultivation times of 3,5 and 8 years and their adjacent crop fields in Yangling,Shaanxi province were selected,pH and concentration of main nutrients(O.M.,total N,total P,total K,Olsen-P,and available K) of soil profile(0-100 cm) were measured,and accumulation amounts of them were also calculated.【Result】 Compared with adjacent crop field(pH 8.20),soil pH of vegetable greenhouses under different cultivation times of 3,5 and 8 years in the profile of 0-20 cm were 7.90,7.75 and 7.55 respectively,decreasing by 0.30,0.45 and 0.65 pH units.Accumulation amounts of available P in soil profiles of 0-100 cm of vegetable greenhouses were 574.0,837.4 and 1 189.8 kg/hm2 respectively,5.43,8.40 and 12.35 times higher than that of adjacent crop field(89.16 kg/hm2).Accumulation amounts of available K were 2 272.3,3 378.3 and 5 204.5 kg/hm2 respectively,0.48,1.20 and 2.39 times higher than that of adjacent crop field(1 535.4 kg/hm2).Accumulation amounts of total N were 9.1,7.1 and 10.1 Mg/hm2 respectively,1.17,0.69 and 1.40 times higher than that of adjacent crop field(4.2 Mg/hm2).Accumulation amounts of total P were 48.6,53.2 and 79.7 Mg/hm2 respectively,0.44,0.57 and 1.36 times higher than that of adjacent crop fields(33.8 Mg/hm2).Most of nutrients were accumulated greatly in the profile of 0-20 cm to form the layer of nutrient enrichment,then in 20-40 cm,and there also were nutrient accumulations in soil profile of 40-100 cm under different degrees.Compared with adjacent crop fields,accumulation rates of different soil nutrients were displayed as available Pavailable KTotal NTotal KO.M.【Conclusion】 There were the tendency of acidification and great accumulations of different nutrients(especially available P) in the soil of vegetable greenhouse,which showed that applied fertilizers had exceeded the demands of vegetables,and fertilizers should be applied reasonably in the future.
【Objective】 The objective of this study was to study the nucleotide sequence of MC1R gene and predict its protein structure in dairy cattle,and investigate the molecular mechanism of red coat color formed.【Method】 The PCR-RFLP method was used to genotype the individuals.The bioinformatics and biotechnology software were used to predict the secondary structure.【Result】 The result showed that EE genotype was the dominant genotype in black and white herd while ee in red and white herd.Secondary structure change caused by deletion mutation resulted in an earlier terminating of the translation,which led the formation of red coat color.【Conclusion】 The allele E was mainly related with black coat color while e with red.
【Objective】 The study is to assess the toxicological safety of 60%(V/V) alcoholic extract from Tephroseris kirilowii Turcz Holub.【Method】 With a negative control of normal saline and a positive control of cyclophosphamide,the chronic toxicity,accumulation and special toxicities were assessed by employing a range of C57L-L mice to conduct the tests of 90 day chronic toxicity,30-day accumulation,bone-marrow micronucleus and reproduction ability as well as fetal malformation of the T.kirilowii extract.【Result】 There were no abnormalities in clinical exhibition,body weight and visible pathology in 90-day chronic toxicity test and no death in 30-day accumulation test.Being compared to the negative control group,the mouse bone-marrow micronucleus rate was not changed(P0.05) and there were no significant changes(P0.05) in numbers of live,absorbed and dead fetuses of the pregnant mice and no visible fetal malformation in the teratogenic test(P0.05).【Conclusion】 The T.kirilowii extract with 60%(V/V) ethanol did not cause chronic toxicity,accumulation,mutagenicity and teratogenicity.
【Objective】 The study is aimed to establish a method of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation in beer harmony characteristic tasting,and to make the result of sensory evaluation more accurate and objective,furthermore,to improve the beer quality.【Method】 The method of fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation was applied in the study,and the mouth-feel harmony characteristics of 10 kinds of beer were described by the membership grade:the system of beer taste compatibility comprehensive assessment indexes,region of indexes and grade of comments were identified first;then the evaluation of single index on beer harmony was carried out,and the fuzzy power weight vector 'a' was confirmed,and the model of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation was established;lastly,to make an analysis on the result of beer harmony characteristic tasting.Moreover,the whole harmony characteristic of beer sample was evaluated,and its result was processed by the date processing software SPSS13.0,and aftera while,the comparison of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation result and traditional sensory evaluation result carried out to show the validity of the former.【Result】 The two kinds of harmony characteristic results were basically consistent,which came from different methods.The sensory evaluation can not distinguish sample 6 and 10,5 and 8,while the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation can do all the 10 samples.The beer sample 1 and sample 2 were samples with the best harmony characteristic,in comparison,the beer sample 5 and sample 8 were the samples with the worst harmony characteristic.【Conclusion】 Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation can be used for beer harmony characteristic tasting.Compared with the traditional sensory evaluation,it is more objective and exact,and has more significant distinguish degree.
【Objective】 The study was to establish maintenance amino acid profile for broiler chickens using the factorial approach and to estimate amino acid requirements for maintenance according to the profile.【Method】 Parameters used to calculate protein requirement for maintenance were obtained from two balance trials with 6-week broilers.The N-low diet was formulated to estimate skin protein loss and creatitine loss and the N-free diet to estimate endogenous protein and amino acid excretion.The protein requirement for maintenance was calculated by summing up the different losses.Protein and amino acid analyses of nude carcass and feather in the comparative slaughter experiment were used to obtain their own amino acid patterns which were regarded as amino acid composition of non-amino nitrogen in endogenous nitrogen and skin integuments nitrogen respectively.Creatinine excretion was replaced by equivalent mol of glycine,arginine and methionine.Amino acid profile and requirements for maintenance were calculated by summing the endogenous amino acid excretion and losses of the skin integuments.【Result】 Nitrogen retention and creatinine excretion were determined at 509.27 and 12.22 mg/d in protein-fed birds.Birds fed on Nfree diet excreted 510.71 mg/d nitrogen as a result of endogenous losses.The protein requirement for maintenance was 3 418.38 BW0.75.【Conclusion】 Amino acid profile(%) and requirements for maintenance were listed as follows:profile,Asp 7.68,Thr 4.52,Ser 6.75,Glu 10.42,Gly 8.20,Ala 5.18,Cys 4.16,Val 6.30,Met 1.64,Ile 4.59,Leu 7.77,Tyr 3.17,Phe 4.16,Lys 4.37,His 2.04,Arg 6.86,Pro 7.65,Trp 0.76;requirement,Asp 262.22,Thr 154.33,Ser 230.47,Glu 355.78,Gly 279.97,Ala 176.86,Cys 142.04,Val 215.11,Met 56.00,Ile 156.72,Leu 265.30,Tyr 108.24,Phe 142.04,Lys 149.21,His 69.65,Arg 234.23,Pro 261.20,Trp 25.95.
【Objective】 This paper will discuss biological function of Dmrt7 gene,which is a basis to study bovine sperm quality.Bovine kidney,liver,testicle,lung,spleen,rumen,uterus,small intestine,heart,ovary and muscle tissues were used as experimental materials.【Method】 Two pairs of primers were designed according to the sequence of the mouse Dmrt7 gene sequence published in GenBank and combining bioinformatics technology to amplify the Dmrt7 gene.RT-PCR technique was used to amplify the cDNA sequence of Dmrt7 gene.The cDNA sequence of Dmrt7 gene was analyzed by using the DNAMAN software and online tool.At the same time,one pair of primer was designed;the control primer was designed according to the bovine β-actin gene.These two pairs of primers were to amplify the Dmrt7 gene in kidney,liver,testicle,lung,spleen,rumen,uterus,small intestine,heart,and ovary and muscle tissues.【Result】 The result showed that the sequence of cDNA was 1 378 bp(GenBank Accession No.EF534775) containing an open reading frame(ORF) of 1 113 bases which encoded a 370 amino acid and 1 TAG termination codon.Phylogenetic tree of amino acid analysis indicated that cattle and dog gathered in one sort,the evolvement relation was close.Cattle,mouse and rat gathered again in one sort.Finally,cattle,human and macaque gathered in one sort.One DM domain was contained in Dmrt7 protein through the bioinformatics analysis.The result showed that Dmrt7 was found in testicle and none in other tissues.【Conclusion】 The cDNA of Dmrt7 gene was obtained;Dmrt7 gene probably affects sperm quality.
【Objective】 The study presented intended to construct the AFLP reaction system of Boehmeria tricuspis(Hance) Makino,and provided technical support for molecular markers and genetic maps of apomixes.【Method】 Genomic DNA was extracted with improved CTAB method from Boehmeria tricuspis;some key factors affecting reaction system of digestion and connection,pre-amplification and selective amplification processes were studied and an optimized AFLP reaction system was established.【Result】 With this reaction system,the 64 primers of EcoR Ⅰ+NNN/Mse Ⅰ+NNN combinations were screened,clear DNA electrophoresis fingerprints and high polymorphism of primers' combinations of Boehmeria tricuspis were obtained and the reproducibility was high.【Conclusion】 Repeated results show that it is feasible to use the reaction system constructed by the study to conduct the AFLP analysis of Boehmeria tricuspis.
【Obiective】 This research is to study the effects of adding aniso-form phytase to granulate diet on the growth performance and serum biochemical parameters of weanling piglets.【Method】 A total of 224 crossbred piglets(Duroc×Landrace×Large white),weight average(11.79±0.26) kg were randomly divided into control group and experimental groups(A.B.C).The control group was fed the pellet corn-bean diet(granulated on 83 ℃).Experimental group A,B and C were fed powdery,pellet and liquid phytase in place of 1/2 calcium phosphoric dibasic(another 1/2 calcium phosphoric dibasic replaced with powder and vector).The content of enzyme was 100 g/t or 100 mL/t per tons and the experiment lasted for 30 days.【Result】 The result showed:compared with the control group,the ADG of the group B and C were raised 5.30% and 6.14% significantly(P0.05).The rates of feed and weight of the group B and group C were reduced 3.08% and 4.10%(P0.05).ALB contents of the group B and C were raised 17.05% and 21.38% significantly(P0.05),GLO contents of the group B and C were raised 18.81% and 23.73% significantly(P0.05);TP contents of the group B and C were raised 9.94% and 15.81% significantly(P0.05).The contents of ALP,CHO,ALT/GPT,AST/GOT,HB,Ca,P were also improved,but the difference was not significant.Compared with the control group,all indications of group A were not significantly different(P0.05).【Conclusion】 Pellet and liquid phytase have certain influence on the growth performance and blood serum biochemical parameters of young pigs under 83 ℃.
Supplementay Sijunzi decoction or sijunzi decoction was supplied as drink water for broiler chickens at the time of vaccination with NDV La Sota strain, and continued for 4 days. The number of white blood cell and lymphocyte, HI antibody level and T lymphocyte electropositive percentage were monitored by ND-HI and ANAE assays at 14 d, 28 d and 42 d respectively post vaccination. The results showed that the number of lymphocyte and HI antibody level of the vaccinated chickens increased significantly (P0.01) after adding 0.25 % supplementary sijunzi decoction or 0.5 % sijunzi decoction; the number of white blood cell and T lymphocyte electropositive percentage also improved. These results indicated that the ancient Chinese herbal medicine"supplementary sijunzi decoction"could be used to improve the level of specific and non-specific immunity in broiler chickens.
【Objective】 The study evaluated wild resources of ornamental grasses available in Shaanxi Province and provided some references about their development.【Method】 50 ornamental grasses resources were evaluated using gray-correlation analysis based on the primary investigation and research of resources of wild ornamental grasses in Shaanxi Province,6 evaluated characters of the ornamental grasses included habitat,fastness,ornamental value,height,color of leaf and inflorescence.【Result】 Arund donax,Miscanthus sacchariflorus,Typha minima,Kochia scoparia,etc had better ornamental effects and their correlation degree with the ideal species were 0.791 7,0.773 0,0.796 4 and 0.822 2;88% of 32 gramineous ornamental grasses could resist drought,and the correlation degree of only 7 species were lower than 0.6;The correlation degree with ideal species of 38 in involved ornamental grasses of 50 were higher than 0.6.【Conclusion】 Arund donax,Miscanthus sacchariflorus,Typha minima,Kochia scoparia,etc can be used for landscaping directly;Most of 50 ornamental grasses have potential value,and drought-resistant ornamental plants can be developed from gramineous ornamental grasses.
【Objective】 This research is to study the devolvement of soil quality during degradation and restoration.【Method】 Based on the field investigation and indoor analysis,dynamics of soil water stable aggregate in land degradation/restoration process in Renjiatai forest farm was studied.【Result】 Results indicated that in the process of reclamation,soil organic matters and 0.25 mm water stable aggregate tended to decrease,while during restoration,soil organic matters and 0.25 mm water stable aggregate increased.Between soil organic matters and 0.25 mm water stable aggregate,there was a positive linear relationship.Mean-weight diameter of soil water stable aggregate increased corresponding with the content of 0.25 mm soil water stable aggregate or restoration years.【Conclusion】 Land reclamation destroys soil water stable aggregates and their stability,and land restoration augments the mean-weight diameter of soil water stable aggregate through increasing soil water stable aggregate contents and its stability,thus soil structure is improved.
【Objective】 The research is to study the karyotype and G-banding pattern of the chromosomes in Henan large tail sheep.【Method】 The chromosome samples and G-banding samples were made by the way of the peripheral blood lymphocyte culture to analyze the karyotype and G-banding pattern of the chromosomes in Henan large tail sheep.【Result】 The number of the chromosomes in Henan large tail sheep is 2n=54,the karyotypes of male and female sheep are 54,XY and 54,XX,respectively.There are 26 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex-chromosome.Among 26 pairs of autosomes,3 pairs are metacentric chromosomes,23 pairs are telocentric chromosomes.X chromosome is the biggest subtelocentric chromosome and Y chromosome is the smallest submetacentric chromosome.The analysis of G-banding patterns for macro-chromosome of them indicates no remarkable differences between the Henan large tail sheep and sheep of other breeds.【Conclusion】 The number of the chromosomes in Henan large tail sheep is 2n=54,the karyotypes of male and female sheep are 54,XY and 54,XX respectively.The G-banding patterns of the He′nan large tail sheep are consistent with these of other sheep breeds.
