The anthelmintic resistance in endo-parasites forces the search for different alternatives to control gastrointestinal nematodes. One choice is promoting the natural resistance of the host to self-regulate gastrointestinal nematodes infections, as a sustainable method. The aim of this study was to analyze the performance of immunoglobulins A, G, and M in Pelibuey ewes infected with gastrointestinal nematodes during the peripartum period. Hematological and fecal egg count of H. contortus were recorded. In addition, blood serum obtained from 31 three-year-old Pelibuey ewes in the peripartum stage was used to detect antibodies against crude antigen of nematodes by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Data from Pelibuey ewes were grouped by physiological stage (pregnancy and lactation) and divided into early (weeks 1–6), mid (weeks 7–14), and late (weeks 15–22) pregnancy. Lactation was also divided into early (weeks 1–4 post-partum), mid (weeks 5–9), and late (weeks 10–13) lactation. Data were analyzed as repeated measures over time. Fecal egg counts of gastrointestinal nematodes showed differences between pregnancy and lactation (p < .03), with lower fecal egg count during pregnancy (279 ± 86 eggs per gram of feces) than during lactation (489 ± 46 eggs per gram of feces). The susceptible ewes showed values greater than 1054 ± 1099 eggs per gram of feces, while the resistant ones showed fecal egg count on average of 81 ± 152 eggs per gram of feces. The relative expression of IgG and IgM was significantly higher during pregnancy (51.39% and 46.15%, respectively) compared to lactation (38.25% and 38.49%, respectively). The IgA response in resistant ewes had a significantly higher expression (32.7%) compared to the intermediate (19.6%) and susceptible (20.5%) groups. IgA stands out for its direct relationship with parasite inhibition, evidenced by negative correlations with eggs per gram of feces. Immunoglobulins (A, G, and M) have a relevant role in the humoral immune response during the peripartum period. Cite this article as: Pulido-López, M. G., Hernández-Mendo, O. , González-Garduño, R. , Torres-Hernández, G. , & Gallegos-Sánchez, J. (2026). Humoral immune response in pelibuey ewes to Haemonchus contortus antigen during the peripartum period. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 52, 0230, doi:10.5152/actavet.2026.25230.
Newcastle disease remains a major constraint on poultry production worldwide, with recurrent outbreaks reported even in vaccinated flocks. In Pakistan, the persistence of Newcastle disease raises concerns about the ongoing evolution of Newcastle disease virus and the effectiveness of existing vaccines. This study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology and genetic characteristics of Newcastle disease virus circulating in commercial poultry farms in Punjab Province, Pakistan. A cross-sectional molecular surveillance study was conducted from May to November 2025 across five major poultry-producing districts. Clinical samples consisting of pooled oropharyngeal swabs and tissue homogenates were collected from affected flocks and organized into 100 pooled samples obtained from 25 commercial farms experiencing severe disease characterized by respiratory and neurological signs with high mortality (>40%), despite routine vaccination, and clinically suspected of Newcastle disease. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction targeting the fusion (F) gene detected Newcastle disease virus in 91.1% of the prioritized tissue homogenates and oropharyngeal swabs from the sampled flocks. Based on RNA quality, successful amplification of the target region, geographic distribution, and epidemiological relevance, four representative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction-positive clinical samples were selected for complete F-gene sequencing. All sequenced samples possessed the polybasic cleavage site motif 112RRQKR↓F117, indicating a molecular signature consistent with a velogenic pathotype. Phylogenetic analysis consistently clustered the Newcastle disease virus sequences within Class II, further divided into sub-genotypes VII.2 and VII.1.1, indicating the co-circulation of at least two endemic lineages. Comparative sequence analysis revealed substantial genetic divergence between field samples and commonly used vaccine strains, with an average nucleotide difference of 10.7% relative to the LaSota vaccine strain. Additionally, several amino acid substitutions were identified in known neutralizing epitopes, along with evidence of positive selection at antigenically significant sites. These findings demonstrate the endemic circulation of genetically diverse genotype VII Newcastle disease virus strains in Punjab and provide molecular insights into potential antigenic divergence between vaccine and field strains, highlighting the need for further functional efficacy studies. Continuous molecular surveillance and the reassessment of vaccination strategies are essential for achieving effective and sustainable control of Newcastle disease in Pakistan. Cite this article as: Naveed, M. T., Gulzar, M. W., Ahmad, M. M., Azeem, M. W., Ali, M. A., Anwar, M. N., Riaz, S., Shah, M. S., & Habib, M. (2026). Molecular and phylogenetic evidence of endemic genotype VII Newcastle disease virus circulation and vaccine mismatch in Punjab, Pakistan. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 52, 0072, doi: 10.5152/actavet.2026.26072.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of serum alpha-klo-tho levels in identifying renal damage associated with pyometra in dogs. The study was conducted on 30 female mixed-breed dogs. The dogs were divided into two groups based on anamnesis obtained from the owner, physical and gynecological examination findings, and diagnostic abdominal imaging results. The control group (group 1, n = 10) consisted of healthy dogs with no clinical or ultrasonographic findings of pyometra; the pyometra group (group 2, n = 20) consisted of dogs in which the uterine lumen was found to be filled with flocculated or non-flocculated, hypoechoic to hyperechoic fluid on ultrasonographic examination. Ten of the dogs in the pyometra group had open cervix pyometra, and ten had closed cervix pyometra. Blood samples from all dogs were analyzed for urea, creatinine, phosphorus, serum alpha-klotho, C-reactive protein, and symmetric dimethylarginine levels. White blood cell, C-reactive protein, phosphorus, and symmetric dimethylarginine values were significantly higher in the pyometra group compared to the control group (p < .01), while serum α-klotho levels were significantly lower in dogs with pyometra (p < .001). Compared to the open cervix pyometra group, the closed cervix pyometra group had higher white blood cell, C-reactive protein, creatinine, urea, phosphorus, and symmetric dimethylarginine levels (p < .05), and significantly lower alpha-klotho levels (p < .001). Significant negative correlations were found between serum alpha-klotho levels and white blood cell, C-reactive protein, phosphorus, and symmetric dimet- hylarginine in both pyometra and healthy dogs (r = −0.826, r = −0.861, r = −0.655, and r = −0.891, respectively; p < .01 for all). In conclusion, alt- hough significant changes in serum α-klotho levels were detected in dogs with pyometra, their diagnostic utility alone in identifying pyometra-induced kidney damage could not be determined. Cite this article as: Yaprakci, Ö., Demirtaş, A. C., Özaslan, N., Turan, M., Çakalli, M. C., & Akkuş, T. (2026). Potential role of serum alpha-klotho in early detection of renal damage in dogs with pyometra. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 52, 0156, doi:10.5152/actavet.2026.26011.
This study aimed to investigate the genetic heterogeneity of residual variance for 4-week live weight in Japanese quails and to evaluate whether short-term selection based on this could reduce phenotypic variation. A pedigree-recorded quail population was divided into two replicated lines (light-colored and dark-colored) based on plumage color. Live weights were recorded over four weeks, and the log-transformed squared residuals obtained from the Restricted Maximum Likelihood animal model were used as a uniformity phenotype. The average number of offspring per generation was 165 for the dark line and 182 for the light line. Variance–covariance components were estimated using Gibbs Sampling within a Bayesian framework, and direct breeding values were calculated using the Best Linear Unbiased Prediction method over four generations of selection. Heritability estimates for 4-week live weight remained stable within generations, ranging between 0.25 and 0.31. The heritability of the residuals of 4-week live weight was low, with adjusted values ranging from 0.016 to 0.024 across generations. Strong negative genetic correlations were detected between direct and maternal genetic effects. As generations progressed, direct breeding values for residuals declined as expected, whereas maternal breeding values showed an opposite increasing trend. The coefficient of variation of live weight exhibited a slight decline in the light-colored line but did not display a clear trend in the dark-colored line. Overall, although genetic variation in the residual variance was detected, selection over four generations did not lead to a clear reduction in phenotypic variation of live weight. Possible reasons include low heritability of the residuals, the antagonistic correlation between direct and maternal effects, and the short duration and moderate selection intensity of the experiment. Cite this article as: Erdem, H., & Savaş, T. (2026). A short-term selection study using genetic heterogeneity of residual variance of live weight in quails. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 52, 0013, doi:10.5152/actavet.2026.26013.
This study evaluated the effects of hen egg yolk–derived low-density lipoprotein–rich fraction supplementation in a Tris extender on the quality and sperm protein profile of Kokok Balenggek rooster semen during cold storage at 4°C. Fresh semen collected from five roosters was pooled and diluted in Tris extender containing 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, or 20% low-density lipoprotein–rich fraction. Semen quality was assessed at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours for sperm motility, viability, abnormality, and plasma membrane integrity. Motility retention and plasma membrane integrity retention were also calculated relative to 0-hour values. Sperm protein profiles were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at 0 and 120 hours. Storage time significantly affected all semen quality parameters. Low-density lipoprotein–rich fraction supplementation improved sperm motility and plasma membrane integrity, whereas its effects on viability and abnormality were limited. The 15% low-density lipoprotein–rich fraction treatment maintained higher motility than the control at 72 and 96 hours and showed the most favorable overall preservation during storage. Plasma membrane integrity and its retention were better maintained in the 15% and 20% low-density lipoprotein–rich fraction groups during prolonged storage. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis indicated that prolonged storage reduced the complexity of the sperm protein profile, with fewer detectable bands after 120 hours. In conclusion, hen egg yolk–derived low-density lipoprotein–rich fraction supplementation in Tris extender improved the preservation of Kokok Balenggek rooster semen during cold storage, with the 15% low-density lipoprotein–rich fraction providing the most favorable overall response under the condi- tions of this study. Cite this article as: Ananda, Ningsih, W. H., & Jaswandi. (2026). Effect of hen egg yolk–derived low-density lipoprotein–rich fraction supplementation in tris extender on the quality and protein profile of kokok balenggek rooster semen during cold storage at 4°C. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 52, 0050, doi:10.5152/actavet.2026.26050.
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) poses a major threat to the health and productivity of cattle worldwide. This study aimed to determine the incidence and associated risk factors of BVDV in dairy farms in Peshawar, Pakistan. A total of 384 blood samples from cows and buffaloes were taken from 20 dairy farms. Competitive ELISA was used to detect antibodies against BVDV, and reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) targeting the 5′ UTR region was employed to confirm cases that tested positive with ELISA. Further, the risk factors were examined by using multivariable binary logistic regression. Results showed that out of the 384 samples, 179 (46.6%) of the animals and 14 (70%) of the herds tested positive for antibodies against BVDV. Additionally, there is a significant relationship (p < .05) between BVDV seropositivity and crossbred animals, females, and certain farm management practices. The seroprevalence report revealed that BVDV is highly prevalent in dairy farms in Peshawar. These outcomes provided us with vital information about how diseases thrive and can be used as a preliminary step for developing strategies to control BVDV in the area. Cite this article as: Hidayat, A., Maqsood, I., Rahman, H. U., Ali, M. I., Khan, F. A., Shah, I. A., & Awaz, S. (2026). Molecular and serological surveillance of bovine viral diarrhea virus in the dairy farms of Peshawar, Pakistan. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 52, 0175, doi: 10.5152/actavet.2026.25175.
This study was conducted to determine the reproductive performance, milk yield, and growth characteristics of lambs from Chios sheep raised under semi-intensive conditions in Cyprus. In Chios sheep, the lambing rate, lamb yield per ewe lambed, and multiple birth rate were calculated as 90%, 2.13%, and 88.9%, respectively. In ewes in their second lactation period, daily milk yield, lactation length, and total lactation milk yield were determined as 0.9 liters, 234 days, and 217.7 liters, respectively. Birth weight, body weight (at 30, 60, and 90 days), growth rates, and survival rates of Chios lambs were assessed. Survival rates were 98.95%, 97.91%, and 97.91% at 30, 60, and 90 days, respectively. Male lambs had consistently higher body weights (4.50, 8.70, 14.13, and 27.58 kg) than females (4.15, 8.19, 13.48, and 26.73 kg) from birth to 90 days and exhibited greater growth rates throughout. Single-born lambs showed higher growth rates than multiple-born lambs during all growth stages. The results of this study indicate that the reproductive performance, milk yield, and lamb growth characteristics of Chios sheep raised in large flocks under semi-intensive conditions are very similar to those reported in the literature for Chios sheep raised in small flocks under intensive conditions. It is recommended that Chios sheep breeding be expanded in Cyprus in larger flocks to meet the milk production requirements for Halloumi cheese production and the demand for lamb meat. Cite this article as: İsfendiyaroğlu, M., & Abdourhamane, İ. M. (2026). Determination of reproductive performance, milk yield, and lamb growth characteristics of pure chios sheep raised under semi-intensive conditions in Cyprus. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 52, 0006, doi: 10.5152/actavet.2026.26006.
Lactation induction is a management tool that allows milk production in nonpregnant heifers; however, its long-term productive outcomes remain unclear. This study evaluated the productive performance of Holstein heifers subjected to lactation induction compared to naturally lactating heifers on a dairy farm in Huaura Valley using data from 2004 to 2019. Records from 82 lactation induction and 242 natural lactation heifers were analyzed. The variables included total milk yield, lactation length, daily milk yield, 305-day adjusted milk yield, productive life P305D, and lifetime milk yield. Comparisons were made using an independent samples t-test. Heifers subjected to lactation induction reached only 76% of total milk yield, 83% of daily milk yield, 88% of 305-day adjusted milk yield, 58.6% of lactation length, 58% of productive life, and 61% of lifetime milk yield compared to naturally lactating heifers. All the differences were statistically significant (p < .001). Lactation induction resulted in significantly lower productivity than natural lactation. Cite this article as: Vasquez, Y.H., Ameri, N.C., Vargas, G.H., Vergara, C.V. (2026). Lactation induction in Holstein heifers and production performance on a dairy farm in the Huaura Valley, Peru. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 52, 0242, doi: 10.5152/actavet.2026.25242.
An approximately three-year-old male neutered mixed breed cat, 3.8 kg, was presented for a four-month history of tetraparesis, which progressed to tetraplegia in the last week. The animal tested positive for the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. Neurological examination revealed the absence of proprioception in the four limbs and hyperreflexia, with the maintenance of superficial and deep pain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed intra or extradural extramedullary neoformation of probable neoplastic etiology in the C2 vertebral body extending to the C1–C2 intervertebral foramen, more evident in the left dorsolateral region. Left hemilaminectomy in C2, incision of the dura mater, and removal of a smooth and multilobulated mass (1.4 x 0.9 x 0.8 cm) were performed. Histopathological examination of the lesion identified low-grade meningioma. The cat remained clinically normal for three years after surgery. After this period, clinical signs recurred, and MRI confirmed tumor recurrence. The animal underwent a second left hemilaminectomy and tumor removal. The recurrence of the disease after three years highlights the potential for regrowth even in low-grade meningiomas and underscores the importance of long-term monitoring. Cite this article as: Mesquita, L. d. R., Tito, R. K. d. S., Rahal, S. C., Silva, A. C. G. d. A., Mamprim, M. J., Dágola, G. P., & Aguiar, L. d. (2026). Spinal cord meningioma in a cat: long-term outcome and recurrence. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 52, 0288, doi: 10.5152/actavet.2026.25288.
This study aimed to determine the existence of carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in dairy cattle and farm milk samples in Burdur city of Türkiye and to determine the effectiveness of field disinfectants against these isolates. Nasal and rectal swabs taken from a randomly selected total of 150 cows and farm milk samples taken from a randomly selected 150 farms were examined. Three Acinetobacter baumannii isolates possessing the OXA-91 variant of OXA-51-like and OXA-72 variant of the OXA-24/40-like subfamily carbapenemase genes were isolated from nasal swabs of three cows in a single farm. Carbapenemase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa was not detected from the swabs of the animals. Also, carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii and carbapenemase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa were not detected in the farm milk samples. These three Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were also determined to be ADC-52 variants of chromosomal Class C beta-lactamase producers. In disinfectant sensitivity tests, the isolates could be killed within 10 minutes at most. In conclusion, this is the first study to describe a multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolate that co-produces OXA-91, OXA-72, and ADC-52 variant beta-lactamase enzymes in cattle in the world. Lastly, it was determined that disinfectant preparations (acid, alkaline, and chlorine based) used in the dairy farms in the same region were effective on the carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii isolates detected. Cite this article as: Pehlivanoglu, F. (2026). Carriage status of cattle for carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: first report from Türkiye. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 52, 0272, doi: 10.5152/actavet.2026.25272.
The aim of this study was to isolate thermophilic Campylobacter species from broiler carcasses and feces and to determine the antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of the isolates. The isolation rates of thermophilic Campylobacter species in cloacal swab and carcass/meat samples were 16% and 43.33%, respectively. The presence of virulence genes such as dnaJ, racR, ciaB, pldA, cadF, and virB11 in cloacal isolates were determined as 82.22%, 20%, 13.33%, 17.77%, 20%, and 0%, respectively. The rates of the same genes in isolates obtained from chicken meats were 62.07%, 34.48%, 27.59%, 27.59%, 17.24%, and 0%, respectively. The rates of tet(O), blaOXA-61, aphA-3–1, and cmeB genes in cloacal isolates were 22.22%, 0%, 17.78%, and 37.78%, respectively, while the rates of the same genes in isolates obtained from chicken meats were 10.35%, 0%, 3.45%, and 34.48%, respectively. As a result of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) analysis, based on a 70% similarity rate, eight unique types and two clusters in chicken meat and carcass isolates and one unique type and four clusters in cloacal isolates were determined. The data obtained in this study demonstrated that thermophilic Campylobacter species represent a significant public health concern due to their high prevalence and antibiotic resistance, particularly in carcass and meat samples intended for human consumption. Cite this article as: Taş, O., & Fındık, A. (2026). Isolation and molecular characterization of thermophilic campylobacter species from poultry meat and cloacal swabs. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 52, 0254, doi: 10.5152/actavet.2026.25254.
Due to adverse effects and limited efficacy of conventional drugs for benign prostate hyperplasia, medicinal herbs are increasingly used. However, the efficacy of these medicinal plants in treating benign prostate hyperplasia is not well established. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy of herbal medicine for benign prostate hyperplasia in animal studies. This review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024459483). A search was conducted in Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The outcomes measured were prostatic index, prostate-specific antigen, dihydrotestosterone, and testosterone. A random effects model was used for the meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis was based on plant part used, type of preparation (crude extract vs. pure compound), and treatment form (single vs. multiple plants) for benign prostate hyperplasia. A total of 71 studies involving 97 plants from 49 families were included. Meta-analysis showed statistically significant improvements in all measured outcomes, including reductions in prostate-specific antigen (standardized mean difference = 1.871, p < .001), prostatic index (standardized mean difference = 3.664, p < .001), and dihydrotestosterone (standardized mean difference = 3.678, p < .001), as well as an increase in testosterone levels (standardized mean difference = 8.178, p < .001). Subgroup analyses revealed that efficacy varied by plant part, extract type (crude vs. pure), and whether single or multiple herbs were used. The evidence shows that plants are beneficial in the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia. This is, however, determined by the part of the plant used, crude extract or pure compound, and whether it is a single or multiple plants. These findings underscore the widespread use of medicinal plants for benign prostate hyperplasia treatment. Cite this article as: Basiru, A., Bashiru, H. A., Akorede, G. J., Aremu, A., Azeez, A. O., Ishola, A. O., & Odetokun, I. A. (2026). Herbal medicine in the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 52, 0249, doi: 10.5152/actavet.2026.25249.
Neonatal calf diarrhea is a widespread and multifactorial condition that poses a significant challenge in cattle farming. The major etiological pathogens include Cryptosporidium parvum, Escherichia coli, bovine group A rotavirus (RVA), and bovine coronavirus (BCoV). Accurate identification of these pathogens is essential for the development of targeted prevention and control strategies. This study aimed to obtain comprehensive molecular epidemiological data on neonatal calf diarrhea by determining the prevalence of major pathogens, evaluating the frequency of mixed infections, and analyzing their association with predisposing factors. Between September 2023 and August 2024, 120 fecal samples were collected monthly from diarrheic neonatal calves across 18 different small-scale cattle farms with similar traditional management practices. Samples were initially screened using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and positive amplicons were confirmed through sequence analysis. A total of 117 (97.5%) calves were found to be infected with at least one pathogen. Cryptosporidium parvum was the most frequently detected agent, identified in 95 samples (79.1%), followed by E. coli in 61 (50.8%), RVA in 36 (30%), and BCoV in 27 (22.5%). The C. parvum subtype IIaA13G2R1 was identified for the first time in the research area, confirming its dominance as a subtype in calves in Türkiye. Age emerged as the most influential predisposing factor, with E. coli infections occurring most frequently during the first week of life, whereas RVA/BCoV and C. parvum infections peaked during the second week. Seasonal variation also shaped pathogen patterns, with C. parvum occurring at relatively similar rates across seasons, whereas E. coli infections were more frequent in autumn and spring, and RVA/BCoV detections peaked in winter. These findings underscore the importance of early-life monitoring and season-aware management strategies to mitigate neonatal calf diarrhea. Cite this article as: Sürsal Şimşek, N., Çakmak, I., Özen, D., Cengiz, S., Akgüç Çöl, N. , Çanakoğlu, N., & Şimşek, E. (2026). Molecular epidemiology and risk factors analysis of major pathogens causing neonatal calf diarrhea in Muğla, Türkiye. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 52, 0198, doi:10.5152/actavet.2026.25198.
This study aimed to characterize the mineral composition, histological structures, and tensile strength of the hooves of Dorper and Santa Inês sheep raised under a semi-intensive system in the state of Sergipe, Brazil. Lateral hooves (digit IV) of the right thoracic and pelvic limbs were collected from 20 clinically healthy male sheep, weighing 30–35 kg and aged 150–180 days, with 10 individuals of each breed. Mechanical strength was assessed through tensile testing using a universal testing machine (Instron 3367), in accordance with the ASTM E8/E8M-21 standard. Histological samples of the abaxial hoof wall were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and examined under light microscopy for measurement of horn tubules and dermal papillae. Mineral composition was determined by X-ray fluorescence after calcination of samples at 600°C. Results indicated a higher breaking load in Dorper hooves (28.21 ± 7.80 kg) compared with Santa Inês (24.05 ± 5.73 kg), with no significant difference in tensile stress. Histologically, Dorper sheep showed a greater number and length of dermal papillae, as well as more horn tubules in the pelvic limbs. In contrast, Santa Inês sheep exhibited thicker cell layers in both horn tubules and dermal papillae across thoracic and pelvic limbs. Mineral analysis revealed higher concentrations of macro- and microminerals in Dorper hooves, particularly calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sulfur, iron, manganese, and zinc. These findings suggest that Dorper hooves exhibit better structural organization and greater mechanical resistance, possibly due to higher mineral concentrations. The comparison between breeds highlights morphological and biochemical differences that may reflect distinct physiological adaptations, with implications for hoof health under semi-arid conditions. Cite this article as: Nascimento, U. F. S., Silveira, A. M., & Rizzo, H. (2026). Mineral profile, histology, and tensile strength of hooves in Dorper and Santa Inês sheep. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 51, 0132, doi:10.5152/actavet.2026.25132.
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a significant viral infection in poultry caused by infectious bursal disease virus, resulting in immunosuppression and economic losses. The development of a safe and effective vaccine, particularly for very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV), is crucial for mitigating its impact. This study aimed to molecularly characterize, attenuate, and evaluate the safety of selected very virulent infectious bursal disease virus strains for potential vaccine development. The virus, previously confirmed as very virulent infectious bursal disease virus, was attenuated through serial passages in specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs. Molecular characterization was conducted via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the VP2 gene. The safety evaluation included vaccinating specific pathogen-free chickens with a 10-dose regimen and determining the index of the bursal body weight ratio. The virus exhibited successful attenuation after 40 serial passages, resulting in reduced pathogenicity and stable mortality rates. Molecular analysis revealed the genetic stability of the VP2 gene during the attenuation process. The index of the bursal body weight ratio values exceeded the safety standards established in the Indonesian Veterinary Pharmacopoeia, confirming the safety of the strain for further vaccine development. This study demonstrated that the attenuated very virulent infectious bursal disease virus strain is a promising candidate for vaccine development, combining genetic stability, reduced pathogenicity, and safety in specific pathogen-free chickens. These findings provide a foundation for further evaluation of the strain as a potential vaccine seed. Cite this article as: Utami, Y. M., Pratomo, A. A., Kusumastuti, A., Utomo, R. R., Nurhandayani, A., Ong, S., Roza, S., & Wibowo, M. H. (2026). Molecular characterization, attenuation, and safety testing of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus as an active infectious bursal disease vaccine candidate. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 52, 0129, doi:10.5152/actavet.2026.25129.
Milk quality is crucial in the dairy industry, affecting nutritional value, consumer preference, and revenue. Several non-genetic factors, such as region, season, farm size, and temperature-humidity index (THI), influence milk composition and microbiological quality. This study aimed to evaluate somatic cell count, standard plate count (SPC), and key milk composition parameters in non-chilled/chilled commingled goat milk from Northern Cyprus farms. Milk samples were collected once or twice monthly from bulk tanks. Somatic cell count and standard plate count were determined using fluoro-opto-electronic counter methods, while milk composition was assessed using standard laboratory procedures. The results showed that somatic cell count was significantly affected by farm size, season, and raw milk type, with higher somatic cell count levels observed in large farms and non-chilled milk. Standard plate count varied significantly by year but was not affected by season, farm size, or region factors. Temperature-humidity index had a significant impact on milk composition, increasing temperature-humidity index values leading to declines in lactose, protein, and casein, confirming the negative effects of heat stress. Although farm size and raw milk type had no significant effect on most milk components, large farms exhibited higher titratable acidity. The study highlights the impact of climatic change and multifactorial effects on goat milk quality and the interaction effects between years, season, THI, and management practices. It emphasizes the importance of providing proper management practices to mitigate the negative effects of harsh environmental conditions on milk contents and somatic cell count. Cite this article as: Abdourhamane, I. M., & Arsoy, D. (2026). Impact of climate change and non-genetic factors on somatic cell count, standard plate count, and chemical composition of non-chilled commingled goat milk in northern Cyprus. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 52, 0151, doi:10.5152/actavet.2026.25151.
Bovine dermatophytosis is a contagious zoonotic infection primarily caused by Trichophyton verrucosum and Microsporum species, representing a persistent challenge for global livestock production. Its high transmissibility, environmental resilience, and economic repercussions—such as reduced milk yield, weight loss, and deterioration of hide quality—underscore the need for effective and sustainable therapeutic strategies. This systematic review aimed to identify, classify, and critically evaluate antifungal agents used in the treatment of bovine dermatophytosis, with a particular emphasis on emerging approaches such as phytotherapy, probiotics, and nanomedicine. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines and the PICO/PECO framework, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across major scientific databases (Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and SciELO) covering studies published between 2008 and 2025 in English and Spanish. Only peer-reviewed articles focused on Bos spp. with confirmed dermatophytosis were included. .The research question was structured using the PICO/PECO framework, where the population (P) comprised cattle (Bos spp.) diagnosed with dermatophytosis, the intervention/exposure (I/E) included conventional and alternative therapeutic approaches, the comparison (C) involved alternative treatments, placebo, or no treatment when available, and the outcomes (O) focused on clinical improvement, lesion resolution, mycological cure, and reduction of disease duration. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across major scientific databases (Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and SciELO), covering studies published between 2008 and 2025 in English and Spanish. Only peer-reviewed articles focused on Bos spp. with confirmed dermatophytosis were included. Two independent reviewers screened and extracted data using a standardized protocol, assessing methodological quality and potential bias. Extracted information was synthesized qualitatively due to heterogeneity in study designs, treatment protocols, and evaluation metrics. A total of 48 eligible studies were analyzed. Conventional antifungal agents such as griseofulvin, enilconazole, povidone-iodine, and ivermectin remain widely used but exhibit variable efficacy, frequent reinfection, and emerging resistance. Conversely, alternative therapies using plant extracts (Nigella sativa, Aloe vera, Origanum vulgare), essential oils, and zinc oxide nano particles demonstrated strong antifungal activity, synergistic potential with conventional drugs, and fewer adverse effects. Integrated treatment approaches enhanced lesion resolution and minimized recurrence under field and experimental conditions. Overall, combined and eco-friendly therapies appear to offer superior clinical and environmental outcomes compared with traditional monotherapies. These findings highlight the relevance of sustainable, evidence-based management strategies for bovine dermatophytosis and emphasize the need for further research on molecular resistance mechanisms, bioactive compounds, and large-scale field validation.
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that colonize food and feed matrices. Cereal grains and derived products represent optimal substrates for fungal growth and subsequent mycotoxin production. Among these toxins, zearalenone, a non-steroidal estrogenic compound synthesized primarily by Fusarium species, is of particular concern due to its endocrine-disrupting effects in animals. Structurally analogous to endogenous estrogens, zearalenone exhibits anabolic properties, interfering with the reproductive endocrine axis. Elevated concentrations of zearalenone and its metabolites have been associated with altered hormonal activity, leading to reproductive disorders such as hypoestrogenism and reduced fertility. Given the absence of data regarding zearalenone contamination in corn and wheat used as feed in Albanian farms, this study aimed to quantify its presence using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Sample preparation involved a modified QuEChERS protocol combined with acidified aqueous extraction (0.1 N HCl). Method performance parameters included recovery rates ranging from 94% to 120%, with a limit of detection of 0.01 mg/kg and a limit of quantification of 0.02 mg/kg. A total of 51 samples (corn and wheat) were collected from Albanian farms over a 12-month period (October 2023–October 2024). All samples were found to be compliant with the European Commission’s recommended maximum levels of 2 mg/kg for cereals and 3 mg/kg for corn. However, zearalenone was detected in three samples: two wheat samples exhibited concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 0.06 mg/kg, and one corn sample contained 0.71 mg/kg. The results demonstrate the method’s suitability for accurate zearalenone quantification in feed. The low contamination levels observed suggest appropriate storage conditions in the surveyed farms. Nonetheless, continued monitoring and broader studies are warranted to further elucidate the prevalence and potential risk of zearalenone contamination in animalfeed across the region. Cite this article as: Teqja, S., Mavromati, J., & Marku, E. (2026). Determination of zearalenone in corn and wheat consumed by animals, in the territory of Albania by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 52, 0109, doi:10.5152/actavet.2026.25109.
Left displacement of the abomasum is a multifactorial disorder in dairy cows, closely linked to metabolic and oxidative imbalances during the transition period. Emerging evidence suggests that modulation of the gut microbiota through probiotic and yeast supplementation may enhance metabolic resilience and reduce disease risk. The present study evaluated the effects of probiotic and yeast cell wall extract supplementation on metabolic biomarkers related to left displacement of the abomasum in periparturient Holstein cows. Forty dry cows were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: probiotic-supplemented (Pr; Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus lechiniformis, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Enterococcus faecium), yeast cell wall–supplemented (Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall), combined probiotic and yeast cell wall extract (Pr + YCW), or control (basal diet only). Supplementation commenced 21 days before expected calving and continued until 28 days postpartum. Blood samples were collected at −21, −7, +7, and +28 days relative to calving, and analyzed for key metabolic and oxidative indicators, including non-esterified fatty acid, β-hydroxybutyric acid, AST, sorbitol dehydrogenase, total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde, and selected minerals (calcium, phosphorous, sodium, potassium, chloride). Probiotic supplementation significantly increased serum sodium and chloride concentrations (p < .05) and tended to elevate calcium (p = .08), while also lowering AST and malondialdehyde levels (p < .05) compared with the control group. These findings demonstrate that probiotics can beneficially modulate mineral balance and oxidative stress markers, potentially reducing susceptibility to left displacement of the abomasum during the high-risk transition period. The present study provides new insights into the effects of probiotic and yeast cell wall supplementation on key metabolic and oxidative indicators related to left displacement of the abomasum in periparturient Holstein cows. Cite this article as: Nikzad, M., Hajimohammadi, A., Nazifi, S., Ghasrodashti, A. R., & Salahlou, M. (2026). Supplementing dairy cattle with probiotics and yeast extract throughout the transition period and its effects on the left abomasal displacement prediction parameters. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 52, 0197, doi: 10.5152/actavet.2026.25197
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:Frailty is highly prevalent in individuals with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). However, the extent to which frailty influences cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality in MASLD individuals remains poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of frailty on cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in this population. PATIENTS AND METHODS:A total of 193,942 participants without prior CVD from the UK Biobank were included. Participants were categorized into three groups based on frailty phenotype: non-frailty, pre-frailty, and frailty. MASLD was defined as hepatic steatosis accompanied by at least one cardiometabolic abnormality. The primary outcome was CVD incidence, with secondary outcomes including cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. RESULTS:After multivariate adjustment, the risk of CVD was higher in MASLD participants with pre-frailty (HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.05-1.12) and frailty (HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.33-1.49) than in those with non-frailty. The association of frailty with CVD was strongest in participants with MASLD and advanced fibrosis (HR 2.60, 95% CI 2.04-3.30), intermediate in MASLD without fibrosis (HR 1.73, 95% CI 1.63-1.84), and weakest in non-MASLD (HR 1.58, 95% CI 1.47-1.70). Similar results were also observed for cardiovascular mortality. Furthermore, among the five components of frailty phenotype, slow gait speed demonstrated the strongest associations with the risks of CVD incidence in MASLD, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS:Frailty was associated with increased risks of CVD incidence, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality among individuals with MASLD, particularly those with a higher fibrosis burden as defined by FIB-4.
