This paper aims to examine a specific aspect of Rodolfo Lenz's work during his early years in Chile: the role of the informant in the construction of the object of study, concerning both Chilean Spanish and, above all, what he would persist in calling "Araucano." In the figure of the informant and the description of his interaction with the specialist, a fundamental aspect of the role of specialized discourse in the discursive construction of the political artifact called "language" can be observed. This process unfolds through an interplay between authority and epistemic delegation, and between the symbolic capital of the professional linguist and the authenticity of the native speaker. By examining the characterization and assessment of the different informants with whom he worked, the specific features of their contributions, the methods he employed to obtain their testimonies, and the distinctions he drew between them, one can observe the contradictions inherent in the coloniality of anthropological and linguistic knowledge-a system for which Lenz was a fitting and prominent representative..
This article examines the implications of Argentina's social assistance policy for economic gender equality, identifying continuities and ruptures across different presidential administrations between 2003 and 2023. It focuses on conditional cash transfer programs, approaching them through an analytical framework that integrates elements of critical state theory, feminist theories of social reproduction, and Latin American structuralism. Using a mixed-methods approach, the article reconstructs the trajectory of these programs over two decades of creation, reformulation, and replacement, driven by governmental social inclusion strategies that have been more or less aligned with a gender perspective. Accordingly, the findings reveal the reinforcement or relaxation of forms of regulation of the excluded labor force that reproduce the sexual division of labor and gender inequalities in both the productive and reproductive spheres. The study also sheds light on policy decisions that have led to advancements in gender equality.
This article examines the adoption of positivism and evolutionism in the discourses of political and intellectual elites of the 19th and early 20th centuries, with the aim of characterizing the emphasis on order, progress, and racism. It begins by analyzing the most relevant philosophical elements of both currents, and then contextualizes their influence on the ideological landscape of 19th-century elites, particularly regarding the process of national identity construction and the imaginary of orality, as well as their impact on racism and internal political vicissitudes. These philosophical traditions provided an ideological framework that, at times, served to ease internal tensions within dominant groups, divided between conservatism and liberalism, as well as between authoritarian and progressive elements.
This research reviews the evolution of legal clinics in Latin America, with an emphasis on the Chilean case. It identifies the main milestones and tensions of contemporary clinical-legal processes, as well as the methodologies that support their pedagogical functioning. The study describes the historical evolution of the model, classifies the different approaches applied, and critically analyzes the existence-or absence-of institutional care protocols in various law schools across the region. Additionally, it presents the pilot experience of the "Clinical-Legal Care Protocol with an Intercultural Profile for Migrant and Indigenous Populations, with a Gender Approach," developed by the Universidad Aut & oacute;noma de Chile, as a pioneering model of institutional innovation. The work highlights the gaps encountered in the establishment of these clinics and emphasizes emerging good practices in clinical teaching and social justice. The methodology is qualitative and inductive, based on bibliographic and documentary review.
Every world/ontology produces modes of subjectivation, and every mode of subjectivation produces world(s)/ontologies. We inherit, while (re) producing), a mode of subjectivation that is correlative to the ontological conditions of the world. The ontology of the modern colonial project has imposed itself as a single world, at the cost of denying the coexistence of others. Faced with such a scenario, the need to re-exist in order to coexist arises as a relational ethical practice that allows us to review, question, and heal colonial wounds funcionar to domination. To this end, the paper organizes three discussions: (1) the problem of coexistence that opens the field of political ontology and its relationship with the consciousness of the new mestiza; (2) the mechanisms and strategies of the coloniality of power, knowledge, and being that contributed to the subjective internalization of its logic; and (3) corporeality, temporality, and territoriality as dimensions of subjectivation that allow us to make a corporal cartography of colonial wounds and their fragmentation practices. Finally, memory is reflected upon in relational and cosmopolitical terms as part of the mestiza's excess pulsional, within the framework of the transitions to the Pluriverse.
This essay seeks to deploy two theoretical-conceptual approaches- Bolivar Echeverria's codiphagy and Federico Navarrete's cosmohistory-to interpret a specific work related to the world of colonial Mesoamerica: the Diario (1606) written by the indigenous chronicler Domingo Chimalpahin. Our approach is exploratory; therefore, we will consider the presence, function, and meanings of a complex socio-political term in Mesoamerican studies, the altepetl, through the specific case of Chalco, Chimalpahin's altepetl. We will seek to explain these concepts and shape a reading that considers the relationships and exchanges within this particular work, reflecting on how codiphagous and cosmohistorical dimensions are presented.
The research analyzes the relationships established between health promotion-prevention interventions and social inequalities and inequities, and how they are perceived by health teams, users of community hospitals, and family health centers in the Los Lagos Region. The research methodology is developed through a descriptive-phenomenological design, and data interpretation incorporates elements of discourse analysis. Data collection techniques include focus groups and semi-structured interviews. The participants are health teams and users of the health network in the Los Lagos Region. The focus of promotion strategies has been on actions aimed at strengthening healthy lifestyles, mainly through healthy eating and physical activity. However, this approach has excluded other dimensions of life that are much more pressing and relevant to the health of communities. Current promotion strategies do not consider situated health actions with territorial relevance due to homogeneous national guidelines, with centralized and vertical standardization measures for health performance and production. This neglects urgent issues related to access to water, environmentally degraded territories, or structural difficulties that must be overcome to live a healthy life, phenomena that exceed the margins of individual freedom and will.
This study focuses on an experience of interreligious and intercultural dialogue carried out in the Araucania region, analyzing its development through the concept of empathy according to the philosophy of Edith Stein. The research begins from the recognition that religious expressions play a crucial role in interactions within contexts of cultural and spiritual diversity. By understanding how the process of empathy develops in dialogues between religious and spiritual leaders in La Araucania, this study seeks to identify factors that facilitate or hinder this practice and to characterize the essential elements for establishing an effective space for dialogue. The study draws primarily on the theory of phenomenologist Edith Stein on the problem of empathy, in dialogue with theorists of interreligious and intercultural dialogue. The research is framed within a qualitative perspective through a case study. Data were analyzed using thematic categorical content analysis (Bardin, 2002). Information was organized and classified according to similar and divergent thematic nuclei related to the research objectives, from which nuclei, categories, units, and subunits were constructed. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with six individuals: two Christian leaders (one Catholic and one Protestant Methodist), a member of the Baha'i community, a lay woman from a Mapuche pastoral movement, and two Mapuche loncos (one man and one woman). Empathy is not limited to tolerance but implies a deep understanding of the other while respecting their otherness. The religious and cultural plurality in the region-which includes various currents of Christianity, Mapuche spirituality, and other faiths-generates both opportunities and challenges for dialogue. It is observed that fundamentalism can hinder these efforts by creating ghettos and exclusionary attitudes. However, interreligious dialogue is presented as an imperative for addressing contemporary social problems by promoting understanding based on shared values.
In recent years, there have been more significant concerns around the situation of incarcerated women in Latin America, their links with drug-related crimes, and the limitations of the current prison system to offer meaningful responses to their needs. Nevertheless, empirical data about them in the region are scarce. To fill out part of this gap, we employed data from a national, quantitative study in Chile in 2022 and analyzed the situation of incarcerated women in various aspects. The results show that the most problematic elements of female prison life would be boredom, high drug consumption, psychological suffering, and minimal program access, all of which speak of a prison environment that is not very sensitive or supportive of women's needs. On the other hand, infrastructure conditions, relationship with guards, and resilience behind bars were aspects positively evaluated by incarcerated women, offering space for hope and innovative interventions. The OLS regression model accounted for 50.8% of the variation in meaning making within our sample, with significant, positive predictors being a fair treating by prison guards, a perception that guards take care of them, and having access to job or vocational training. A high drug consumption perceived in the facility, higher access to paramedic and having greater amounts of food were indicative of difficulties in meaning making. Altogether, these finding suggest that supportive, fair guards, combined with the generation of job skills, income opportunities, and drug free environments may be supportive of women's meaning making and resilience behind bars.
The criminal law treatment of the protection of minors in the sexual sphere within Spanish Criminal Law has undergone a significant historical evolution. From the concept of "honesty" as the preponderant protected legal good to the current frameworks for safeguarding sexual freedom and indemnity, the main objective of this article is to analyze the evolution of Spanish legislation concerning sexual offenses against minors. The analysis considers how this evolution has been influenced by the political and social context of each period, particularly marked by the upheaval in 19th-century Spain, which saw a succession of constitutional texts under the strong influence of Catholic morality on the subject. The methodology employed is documentary research and a historical review of the evolution of the Spanish Criminal Code in relation to sexual offenses. It is highlighted that the 1973 text perpetuated the 1944 regulations on sexual matters, maintaining the preponderance of the concept of sexual morality. The principal finding is that the protected legal interest was not sexual freedom, but rather sexual morality or "honesty," which is reflected in the regulation of the matter from the perspective of honor and decency.
The article presents a proposal for the articulation of nuclei of Early Childhood Education learning content proposed by the Chilean Ministry of Education and Mapuche educational knowledge, for the training of indigenous and non-indigenous children, from an intercultural educational approach. The problem posed by the article is that in the Early Childhood Education curriculum there is an absence of indigenous educational knowledge, to support the formation of children with social, cultural and territorial relevance, which affects the loss of the Mapuche sociocultural identity and which results in the construction of ethnic shame as the formal schooling process progresses. The theory is discussed from a critical approach that questions the relations of power and training in future nursery educators focused on a monocultural Eurocentric approach that does not provide them with the didactic and methodological tools to function in contexts of sociocultural diversity that allows them to offer a training that incorporates their own educational knowledge and knowledge present in the indigenous territories in which they work. We conclude that incorporating indigenous pedagogy and education into Early Childhood Education ensures their school and educational success, since it allows offering teaching and learning processes with sociocultural and territorial relevance based on the development of sociocultural identity to form new emotionally strong citizens with a sense of belonging and territorial roots, which allows them to develop adequately in a globalized world characterized by diversity.
Assuming the approach of the production of the common and community frameworks, this article explores the "anatomy" of the community in the city of Talca (Chile). Based on the analysis of data from a probabilistic survey applied in 2023, we propose that-despite their strong presence in the different areas observed-community networks have a limited capacity to produce the common beyond the area of daily life. While family relationships act as a force that attracts subjects to familiar, safe environments, making it difficult for them to expand their relational circles, in the neighborhood and work environment, relationships of daily collaboration and closeness are privileged, over those that imply an associative commitment. Faced with this, we pose the challenge of generating greater porosity and articulation between daily community relations and the associative forms that exist at different territorial scales and thematic areas.
This study will investigate the literary behavior of pre-Hispanic writings: the ideogram and pictogram explained by means of the rhetorical figure of ecphrasis, in order to bring the reading of these pieces of art closer to literary theory. This, through the distinction of its signifier or thing-work and its meaning that Jean Mukarovsky distinguishes from the work of art as a sign, and thus unveil the various stories and descriptions inscribed in objects of ritual and everyday use.
In this article we want to demonstrate (chapter 1) that the perception of a bipartition of the Sardinian linguistic area into two macro-varieties (indicated in modern times as Logudorese and Campidanese, of which the first would have greater prestige) has a cultured tradition behind it, which dates back at least to mid-sixteenth century. In the demonstration we use above all cartographic works and their comments. The second topic (chapter 2) is related to procedures for the emancipation and standardization of a macrolanguage such as Sardinian, as hoped for in the first grammar elaborated at the end of the eighteenth century by Matteo Madao; he suggests a certain choice that will be brought to a quasi-official status in the 21st century. The last part (chapter 3) deals with the analysis of testimonies recorded in writing in the first half of the nineteenth century, relating to the existence and the modus operandi of the legendary accabadora, which-going backwards-can be traced back to the second half of the 18th century. The three authors belong to the most important Sardinian/Italian intellectuals of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries who studied Sardinia from multiple points of view.
The objective of this article is to analyze the criminological profile of four Khaki offenders from Criminal Sociology. The analysis is conducted within the framework of the research approach, design and qualitative-descriptive method. The techniques and instruments for collecting information, including documentary review, text analysis, and case study, contribute to the identification of the criminal record of the crime agent and his status, level of schooling, geographical location, interpersonal and family development, and attitude towards observers and the type of victim chosen as incident factors in their criminal behavior. Consequently, it is argued that khaki offenders can normalize their crimes and adapt to different contexts. Furthermore, it is concluded that the study of the behavior of non-conventional criminals allows the investigation about the potential causes of their deviance and criminality and the need to prevent their recidivism.
The forestry industry is one of the most important economic areas in several countries. This is because of the development of pulp, paper and wood of different categories and species, which contribute directly to the GDP and the establishment of industries based on natural resources. This article of systematic review takes into account works indexed in Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus, which observe the discursive construction of the forestry industry in the media. The justification is based on the viewpoint of various journalistic media analyzed on the actions of the forestry industry in the bioeconomy, climate change and the problems arising from the development of this industry in various territories. The temporality of the review considers 10 years, from 2013 to 2023, which yielded a total of 35 articles. The observed results indicate that the qualitative leads as methodological orientation in the articles, in turn, the most relevant thematic axes are politics, economics and environment, where the latter has greater presence as a recurring theme under the figure of sustainability, while the framing theory is mostly used to observe and analyze the corpus.
Despite the image of parity between Mapuzugun and Castilian that can be projected from the bilingual editions of Mapuche poetry, writing originally in Mapuzugun is scarce. In this context, insertions in mapuzugun in the text predominantly in Spanish are common. Basti & aacute;n Chandia Millanaw is an exception to this tacit norm, since his writing starts in Mapuzugun through two monolingual editions, and the opposite phenomenon takes place in it: insertions of Spanish in the text in Chezugun. Contrary to the intercultural character of much of the insertions of mapuzugun in Spanish, in Chandia the presence of Spanish highlights the linguistic conflict, whether through expressions of contempt, alienation or incommunication. The solution that is proposed to this conflict is to become aware of the critical situation that mapuzugun is going through, overcoming it by speaking, writing and finally living in mapuzugun.
The increase in migratory flows has significantly transformed Chile's cities. In this context, the inclusion of migrant people has become a challenge for the state, since these individuals are generally exposed to a series of exclusions. In a society that is rapidly diversifying, the issue of citizenship-that is, the question of who belongs to the political community-has been at the center of public and academic debate. This article draws from an ethnographic study conducted in a squatter in Santiago primarily inhabited by foreigners. The study's findings show how migrants forge alternative forms of citizenship through their self-built dwellings and the establishment of symbolic boundaries. It is concluded that migrants, in their questioning of the commonly assumed relationship between nationality and citizenship, constitute themselves as subject-citizens through the everyday experience of inhabiting the city.
The article presents a systematic review of studies on the experience of women as students in higher education, and their labor insertion as university researchers and professors in Mexico. Our analysis examines historical aspects from the late nineteenth century onward, but its emphasis is on understanding the gender gaps women face in these areas and the transformations that have taken place over the past four decades. The objective is to offer a qualitative overview of the gender inequalities and violence in the scientific-university field in the country. The discussion begins by contextualizing the insertion of women in Mexican universities until the eighties. Next, the nineties are analyzed: a contradictory period of assertion of neoliberal policies, and institutionalization of gender studies. The first decade of the twenty-first century is also summarized, being characterized by a greater presence of women in the academic staff and by the precariousness of their work. For the 2010-2024 period, the text analyzes the persistence of gender inequalities, and the activism of female academics and students. The conclusion discusses the systemic character of the androcentrism in Mexican universities and sciences.
