Los pastos naturales son importantes para la ganadería alto andina y la presencia de artrópodos tiene un efecto relevante. El presente estudio determinó la diversidad de artrópodos asociados a pastos naturales bajo estrés hídrico en cuatro campos de las localidades de Quinsa Chacjua, Qearaya, Cari y Jatunmayo, en Mañazo, Puno, Perú, realizándose tres evaluaciones en enero, marzo y abril del 2016. En cada muestreo se tomaron al azar cinco unidades de 1 m2 por cada campo, se colectaron los artrópodos manualmente y también con una red entomológica durante cinco minutos. También se tomaron muestras de especies vegetales para su posterior determinación. Los artrópodos colectados fueron determinados a nivel de familia y solo algunos especímenes a nivel de género. Las especies vegetales se determinaron a nivel de género en su mayoría. Los artrópodos colectados a nivel de paisaje (en los cuatro campos) fue clasificada en 13 órdenes y 82 familias de artrópodos, con un total de 1 402 individuos. La familia predominante fue Miridae, seguida de Lonchaeidae, Cicadellidae y Tenebrionidae. Según los estimadores utilizados (ACE, ICE, Chao 1, Chao 2, Jack 1, Jack 2 y Bootstrap), se obtuvo una eficiencia de muestreo del 74.34%. El fenómeno del Niño, principalmente por las condiciones de precipitación, alteró la composición de la abundancia de artrópodos en las familias Pyralidae, Muscidae, Lygaeidae y Tephritidae. Las familias Poaceae y Asteraceae fueron las más frecuentes en los campos evaluados y el género Festuca, común en las áreas 1 y 2.
El objetivo de universalizar el servicio de saneamiento impulsa a la búsqueda de soluciones eficientes y sostenibles en su operación, especialmente en Plantas de Tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) de pequeño tamaño, donde el costo operativo es un factor decisivo. En este contexto, este estudio analizó el potencial de un tipo de humedales llamado "sistema francés", el cual utiliza dos etapas para el tratamiento primario y secundario de aguas residuales. Basándose en experiencias operativas de dos PTAR que utilizan esta tecnología desde hace 12 y 8 años, se establecieron requisitos que permiten el uso de la primera etapa como único tratamiento, logrando una eliminación superior al 85% de la Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno (DBO), con un valor límite de 60 mg/l. En cuanto a la segunda etapa, se compararon las eficiencias de humedales de flujo vertical y horizontal. Ambos demostraron efectividad en la eliminación de la DBO, alcanzando concentraciones finales de DBO inferiores a 8 mg/l en el efluente tratado, cumpliendo con los requisitos para la reutilización del efluente. Estas experiencias a largo plazo evidencian el inmenso potencial de los humedales y sus variaciones tecnológicas para contribuir de manera económica y sostenible a las demandas de saneamiento básico en Perú
El objetivo de universalizar el servicio de saneamiento impulsa a la búsqueda de soluciones eficientes y sostenibles en su operación, especialmente en Plantas de Tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) de pequeño tamaño, donde el costo operativo es un factor decisivo. En este contexto, este estudio analizó el potencial de un tipo de humedales llamado "sistema francés", el cual utiliza dos etapas para el tratamiento primario y secundario de aguas residuales. Basándose en experiencias operativas de dos PTAR que utilizan esta tecnología desde hace 12 y 8 años, se establecieron requisitos que permiten el uso de la primera etapa como único tratamiento, logrando una eliminación superior al 85% de la Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno (DBO), con un valor límite de 60 mg/l. En cuanto a la segunda etapa, se compararon las eficiencias de humedales de flujo vertical y horizontal. Ambos demostraron efectividad en la eliminación de la DBO, alcanzando concentraciones finales de DBO inferiores a 8 mg/l en el efluente tratado, cumpliendo con los requisitos para la reutilización del efluente. Estas experiencias a largo plazo evidencian el inmenso potencial de los humedales y sus variaciones tecnológicas para contribuir de manera económica y sostenible a las demandas de saneamiento básico en Perú.
Tropical glaciers are in serious danger, especially due to anthropogenic activities. This study aimed to characterize and investigate microplastics (MP) presence in the tropical glacier Paccha, located in the Andes Mountains of Peru, in order to provide evidence on plastic pollution on high-mountain ecosystems. Surface samples of snow and ice were collected, from which thirteen suspected microparticles were isolated and analysed using micro-Raman spectroscopy to determine their polymeric composition. The results confirmed the presence of polypropylene (PP), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and, tentatively, isotactic polypropylene (iPP); also there were signals compatible with other synthetic polymers such as chlorinated PVC, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyacenaphthylene. Most of the particles presented fragmentary or fibrous shapes, and colours associated with materials of anthropogenic origin. The detected MP likely originate from both long-range atmospheric transport and local human activities. Their accumulation on the glacier surface represents an environmental risk due to their potential influence on accelerated ice melting and the ecological vulnerability of these environments. This work represents the first record of microplastics presence in Peruvian glaciers and highlights the urgent need to further research into the tropical cryosphere.
El pastoreo de ganado doméstico constituye una perturbación relevante en los humedales costeros, afectando la estructura, diversidad y funcionalidad de sus comunidades vegetales. Este estudio evaluó sus efectos en los gramadales del Refugio de Vida Silvestre Pantanos de Villa (Lima, Perú), comparando una zona crítica (ZC) con presión de pastoreo y una zona de referencia (ZR) sin intervención, durante seis semanas de monitoreo intensivo. Se aplicaron métodos no destructivos y destructivos para medir cobertura, altura, biomasa aérea, contenido de carbono y diversidad florística, complementados con análisis estadísticos no paramétricos. La ZR presentó mayor cobertura vegetal (81.16%), altura promedio (25.47 cm), biomasa aérea seca (1.26 t·ha⁻¹) y carbono almacenado (0.63 t C·ha⁻¹), en comparación con la ZC (41.09%, 20.57 cm, 1.16 t·ha⁻¹ y 0.47 t C·ha⁻¹, respectivamente). Aunque la ZC mostró mayor riqueza específica (7 especies vs. 3), la ZR exhibió mayor equidad y estabilidad temporal. La composición florística también difirió: Paspalum vaginatum dominó en ZC, mientras que Schoenoplectus americanus, Distichlis spicata y Sporobolus virginicus prevalecieron en ZR. Estos hallazgos evidencian que el pastoreo reduce la capacidad de los gramadales para sostener funciones ecológicas clave, como el secuestro de carbono y la provisión de hábitat. Se recomienda implementar medidas de manejo adaptativo, como la exclusión temporal del ganado y programas de monitoreo participativo, para preservar la integridad ecológica de los humedales costeros.
In two potato fields cv. ‘Unica’, sown in the farming area at Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, the seasonal occurrence of Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard and its parasitoids was evaluated. After seed sprouting, each field was divided into five sectors and a total of 100 plants were observed in each sector. On each plant, the adults of L. huidobrensis were recorded. In addition, the number of larvae present in the infested leaflets was noted. Also, infested leaves were collected and conditioned in the laboratory for the recovery of parasitoids. The results indicate that Field No. 1 had the highest population of adults of L. huidobrensis with 14.48 adults/plant, while Field No. 2 had 6.24 adults/plant. As for larvae/leaflet, 3.60 and 2.13 were recorded in fields 1 and 2, respectively. The most frequent parasitoids were Halticoptera arduine, Chrysocharis spp., Diglyphus websteri, Diglyphus begini, Closterocerus sp., Ganaspidium sp. and Phaedrotoma sp.
La estabilidad de los pastizales altoandinos a la luz de la variación climática, la interacción entre la sequía y los incendios no controlados son de interés considerable. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del incendio en la cobertura vegetal distribuida en grupos funcionales y la productividad de los pastizales. Se realizaron evaluaciones en campo y seguimiento con índices espectrales (NBR, SAVI y NDVI) de Sentinel 2. Las evaluaciones se realizaron después de un incendio no controlado ocurrido en noviembre del año 2022 en Cancharani (sitio 1) y Yanamayo, (sitio 2) a una elevación de 4 112 y 4 047 msnm, respectivamente, en Puno Perú. Se registraron 51 especies, la mayor cantidad determinados en los grupos de herbáceas y gramíneas en los sitios quemados y no quemados. La especie dominante fue Festuca dollichophylla, que es importante para la alimentación ganadera. Esta especie y otras gramíneas, resultaron resilientes a las perturbaciones como la sequía y el fuego, probablemente por sus características morfológicas. Los sitios que no se quemaron mostraron una cobertura vegetal mayor (77.8 y 83.3%, sitios 1 y 2, respectivamente), mayor productividad de biomasa (p < 0.05) y mayor cantidad de mantillo. De otro lado, la dinámica regenerativa de los pastizales quemados no logró recuperarse al nivel de antes del incendio, comparado con las áreas no quemadas. Los índices espectrales mostraron la dinámica del estado de la vegetación pre y post incendio, mostrando la caída de sus valores una vez ocurrido el incendio y la recuperación de estos a lo largo del periodo de análisis; siendo el índice NBR el que mostró una mayor sensibilidad a la ocurrencia del incendio. El incendio fue de baja severidad pero de rápida propagación, sin embargo, ocasionó alteraciones leves en el pastizal.
La disponibilidad de agua es el factor más crítico para el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas. La aplicación de bioestimulantes de extractos de algas marinas pueden mejorar la resistencia al déficit de agua en los cultivos y reducir el impacto negativo que este genera en el rendimiento de los cultivos. Se realizó un experimento para evaluar el efecto de cuatro bioestimulantes: Fertimar (2.5 g·l-1), Fertimar SC (5 ml·l-1), EA 1000-13 (5 ml·l-1) y Fertikelp (5 ml·l-1), formulados a partir de algas marinas sobre el crecimiento, rendimiento y estrés oxidativo en plantas de pimiento sometidas a dos regímenes de riego: 1) riego continuo, 2) riego cada tres días (estrés hídrico). Para medir el efecto del estrés oxidativo, se evaluó la actividad de las enzimas nitrato reductasa (NR), catalasa (CAT), superóxido dismutasa (SOD) y guayacol peroxidasa (GPX). Se determinó el contenido de prolina y el contenido relativo de clorofila en hojas. Las variables de crecimiento evaluadas (peso seco de hojas, tallos y frutos) resultaron significativos (p < 0.05). Los bioestimulantes indujeron mayores valores de peso seco y longitud de tallo (p < 0.01). El contenido de clorofila unidades SPAD y prolina resultaron significativos con el factor frecuencia de riego (p < 0.01 para clorofila y p < 0.05 para prolina), indicando la presencia de estrés. La actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes GPX y SOD resultó significativa en la interacción bioestimulante y frecuencia de riego (p < 0.05), incrementando su actividad, reduciendo el estrés oxidativo. El uso de bioestimulantes demostró mejorar la tolerancia al estrés hídrico al tener efectos positivos en el crecimiento y el control del estrés oxidativo. Los resultados indican que las mejores fuentes de algas marinas para superar los daños por estrés oxidativo fueron Fertikelp y EA 1000-13.
Domestic livestock grazing is a significant disturbance in coastal wetlands, affecting the structure, diversity, and ecological functioning of plant communities. This study assessed its impact on the grasslands of the Pantanos de Villa Wildlife Refuge (Lima, Peru), comparing a grazed zone (ZC) and a grazing-restricted zone (ZR) over six weeks of intensive monitoring. Non-destructive and destructive sampling methods were used to measure vegetation cover, height, aboveground biomass, carbon content, and floristic diversity, supported by non-parametric statistical analyses. biomass (1.26 t & centerdot;ha(-1)), and stored carbon (0.63 t C & centerdot;ha(-1)) than ZC (41.09%, 20.57 cm, 1.16 t & centerdot;ha(-1), and higher evenness and temporal stability. Floristic composition also differed: Paspalum vaginatum dominated ZC, while Schoenoplectus americanus, Distichlis spicata, and Sporobolus virginicus prevailed in ZR. These findings demonstrate that grazing reduces the capacity of grasslands to sustain key ecological functions such as carbon sequestration and habitat provision. Adaptive management strategies, including temporary livestock exclusion and participatory monitoring programs, are recommended to preserve the ecological integrity of coastal wetlands.
In two potato fields cv. 'Unica', sown in the farming area at Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, the seasonal occurrence of Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard and its parasitoids was evaluated. After seed sprouting, each field was divided into five sectors and a total of 100 plants were observed in each sector. On each plant, the adults of L. huidobrensis were recorded. In addition, the number of larvae present in the infested leaflets was noted. Also, infested leaves were collected and conditioned in the laboratory for the recovery of parasitoids. The results indicate that Field No. 1 had the highest population of adults of L. huidobrensis with 14.48 adults/plant, while Field No. 2 had 6.24 adults/plant. As for larvae/leaflet, 3.60 and 2.13 were recorded in fields 1 and 2, respectively. The most frequent parasitoids were Halticoptera arduine, Chrysocharis spp., Diglyphus websteri, Diglyphus begini, Closterocerus sp., Ganaspidium sp. and Phaedrotoma sp.
The objective of universalizing the sanitation service drives the search for efficient and sustainable solutions in its operation, especially in small wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), where the operating cost is a decisive factor. In this context, this study analyzed the potential of a type of wetland called 'French system', which uses two stages for primary and secondary wastewater treatment. Based on operational experiences of two WWTPs using this technology for 12 and 8 years, requirements were established that allow the use of the first stage as the sole treatment, achieving a removal of more than 85% of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), with a limit value of 60 mg/l. For the second stage, the efficiencies of vertical and horizontal flow wetlands were compared. Both showed effectiveness in BOD removal, reaching final BOD concentrations below 8 mg/l in the treated effluent, meeting the requirements for effluent reuse. These long-term experiences show the immense potential of wetlands and their technological variations to contribute economically and sustainably to basic sanitation demands in Peru.
Natural pastures are important for livestock farming at high altitudes, and the presence of arthropods has a considerable impact on these plant species. The objective of this study was to determine the arthropods diversity associated with natural pastures under water stress in four fields located in the localities of Quinsa Chacjua, Qearaya, Cari, and Jatunmayo, respectively. Three assessments were conducted in January, March, and April 2016. In each sampling, five 1 m2 units were randomly selected from each field, in which arthropods were collected manually. A net was used in each field for five minutes. Samples of plant species were collected for subsequent determination. Collected arthropods were determined to family level, and only a few specimens to genus level. Most plant species were determined to genus level. Macroinvertebrate community collected at the landscape level (in the four fields) was classified into 13 orders and 82 families of arthropods, with a total of 1,402 individuals. The predominant family was Miridae, followed by Lonchaeidae, Cicadellidae, and Tenebrionidae. According to the estimators used (ACE, ICE, Chao Chao 2, Jack 1, Jack 2, and Bootstrap), a good sampling efficiency of 74.34% was obtained. According to the assessment, Ni & ntilde;o-Southern Oscillation altered the composition of arthropod abundance mainly due to precipitation conditions in families Pyralidae, Muscidae, Lygaeidae, and Tephritidae. Among the plant species identified, families Poaceae and Asteraceae are the most frequent in the fields evaluated, and genus Festuca is common in areas 1 and 2.
Water availability is the most critical factor for plant growth and development. The application of biostimulants from seaweed extracts can improve crop resistance to water deficit and reduce its negative impact on crop yield. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of four biostimulants: Fertimar (2.5 g & centerdot;l(-1)), Fertimar SC (5 ml & centerdot;l(-1)), EA 1000-13 (5 ml & centerdot;l(-1)), and Fertikelp (5 ml & centerdot;l(-1)), formulated from seaweed, on the growth, yield, and oxidative stress of pepper plants subjected to two irrigation regimes: 1) continuous irrigation, 2) irrigation every three days (water stress). To measure the effect of oxidative stress, the activities of the enzymes nitrate reductase (NR), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) were evaluated. the proline and the relative content of chlorophyll in leaves were determined. The growth variables evaluated (dry weight of leaves, stems, and fruits) were significant (p < 0.05). Biostimulants induced higher values of plant dry weight and stem length. The content of chlorophyll SPAD units and proline were significant with the irrigation frequency factor (p < 0.01 for chlorophyll and p < 0.05 for proline), indicating the presence of stress. Meanwhile, there was a slight increase in NR activity, which influences the activity of the antioxidant enzymes GPX and SOD. This was significant in the interaction between biostimulant and irrigation frequency (p < 0.05), increasing their activity, reducing oxidative stress. The use of biostimulants was shown to improve tolerance to water stress by having positive effects on growth and the control of oxidative stress. The results indicate that the best seaweed sources for overcoming oxidative stress damage were Fertikelp and EA 1000-13.
The stability of high Andean grasslands in light of climate variation and the interaction between drought and uncontrolled fires are of considerable interest. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of fire on vegetation cover distributed in functional groups and grassland productivity. Field assessments and monitoring were carried out using spectral indices (NBR, SAVI, and NDVI) from Sentinel 2. The assessments were carried out after an uncontrolled fire in November 2022 in Cancharani (site 1) and Yanamayo (site 2) at an elevation of 4 112 and 4 047 meters above sea level, respectively, in Puno, Peru. Fifty-one species were recorded, with the largest number found in the herbaceous and grass groups in both burned and unburned sites. The dominant species was Festuca dollichophylla, which is important for livestock feed. This species and other grasses proved resilient to disturbances such as drought and fire, probably due to their morphological characteristics. The unburned sites showed greater vegetation cover (77.8% and 83.3%, sites 1 and 2, respectively), higher biomass productivity (p < 0.05), and greater amounts of mulch. On the other hand, the regenerative dynamics of the burned grasslands did not recover to pre-fire levels, compared to the unburned areas. Spectral indices showed the dynamics of the vegetation state before and after the fire, showing a drop in values after the fire and recovery throughout the analysis period, with the NBR index showing the greatest sensitivity to the occurrence of the fire. The fire was of low severity but spread rapidly, causing minor alterations to the grassland.
Tropical glaciers are in serious danger, especially due to anthropogenic activities. This study aimed to characterize and investigate microplastics (MP) presence in the tropical glacier Paccha, located in the Andes Mountains of Peru, in order to provide evidence on plastic pollution on high mountain ecosystems. Surface samples of snow and ice were collected, from which thirteen suspected microparticles were isolated and analysed using micro-Raman spectroscopy to determine their polymeric composition. The results confirmed the presence of polypropylene (PP), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and, tentatively, isotactic polypropylene (iPP); also there were signals compatible with other synthetic polymers such as chlorinated PVC, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyacenaphthylene. Most of the particles presented fragmentary or fibrous shapes, and colours associated with materials of anthropogenic origin. The detected MP likely originate from both longrange atmospheric transport and local human activities. Their accumulation on the glacier surface represents an environmental risk due to their potential influence on accelerated ice melting and the ecological vulnerability of these environments. This work represents the first record of microplastics presence in Peruvian glaciers and highlights the urgent need to further research into the tropical cryosphere.
The growing emphasis on sustainability is driving the valorization of agro-industrial waste. Per & uacute;, as the world's eighth-largest cocoa producer (Theobroma cacao), generates significant quantities of cocoa almond shell (CAS), a byproduct rich in polyphenols and fiber. This research proposes a circular economy strategy through the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNp) with antibacterial capacity. Three antioxidant compound extraction methods were evaluated, identifying ultrasound combined with Soxhlet (ULSH) as the most efficient (achieving an antioxidant capacity of 88.85 mu mol-TE/g), outperforming microwave and reflux methods due to its superior mass transfer efficacy and preservation of bioactive compounds. The ULSH extract was used for AgNp synthesis under optimized conditions (pH 10.5; 20 degrees C; 60 min), yielding spherical and crystalline nanoparticles with an average size of 7.1 nanometers (nm) and a zeta potential of-33.34 mV, indicating high colloidal stability. The formation of metallic silver was corroborated by X-ray diffraction (2 Theta approximate to 38.1 degrees, 43.8 degrees, 64.4 degrees, and 77.5 degrees) and FTIR spectroscopy. The synthesized AgNPs demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens, with inhibition zones of 1.86 mm for Staphylococcus aureus and 1.15 mm for Salmonella spp. These results highlight the potential of CAC as a raw material for nanobiotechnology applications, providing a dual solution: sustainable valorization of agro-industrial waste and the development of eco-friendly antimicrobials.
Herbaceous wetlands are ecosystems mostly comprised by vegetal communities called marshes or reed beds. To contribute to the knowledge of these ecosystems, we analyzed the elemental composition of four environmental matrices (sediment, aerial and root tissue of Eloecharis cellulosa, and snail shells of Pomacea flagellata) in an herbaceous wetland in the town of La Esperanza (Quintana Roo, M & eacute;xico), in addition to an anthropogenic source (urban dust from a road that crosses the wetland) using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. A total of 23 chemical elements divided into four groups were considered: macroelements (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P), microelements (Fe, Ni, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Si), oligoelements (Ba, B, Co, Li, Mo and V) and heavy metals (Al, Cd, Pb, Sb, Ti). Using EDX analysis, it was possible to report the presence of 10 out of the 23 elements sought in the various matrices, with weight percentages ranging from 34.04% of calcium to 0.44% of phosphorous, including the presence of metals such as Al (2.37% in urban dust and 0.94% in sediment) and Cd (0.73% in aerial plant tissue). The high percentage of Al in urban dust in comparison with that found in the wetland's environmental matrices and the Cd in the plants, makes us think that the road represents a fixed source that provides the wetland with natural-and anthropogenic-origin elements.
The costs of inorganic fertilizers have been increasing in recent years, and it is necessary to look for new sources of cheaper fertilizers, an alternative would be fish hydrolysate. The objective was to evaluate the technical feasibility of the effect of a fish hydrolyzate on the yield components and anthocyanin content (color value) from purple corn. The experimental design was a randomized block with a factorial arrangement of two varieties (v1 = PMV-581 and v2 = Pacaran) x two application moments m1 = Alopes forte 3 (V6, V10, R1 applied on leaves, stem and drench) and m2 = Alopes forte 4 (V6, V10, R1 and R3 applied on leaves, stem, drench and ear) x three doses (d(1 )= 1.5 lha(-1), d(2) = 3.0 lha(-1), d(3) = 4.5 lha(-1)) and two additional treatments of conventional N-P-K fertilization, with each variety, forming 14 treatments. For grain, ear and corncob, the combination that obtained the highest value was the variety PMV-581 x Alopes forte 3 x 4.5lha(-1). The highest color value was recorded in the combination Pacar & aacute;n x Alopes forte 4 x 1.5lha(-1).
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic involved a set of restriction measures in order to guarantee social distancing. Consequently, these measures altered the environmental conditions in the areas where they were applied. The temporal variation of particulate matter of 2.5 microns in diameter or less (PM2.5) concentrations was evaluated in two cities by this study: Metropolitan Lima and Arequipa in the years 2019-2021. To carry it out, PM2.5 concentrations data from the National Service of Meteorology and Hidrology (SENAMHI by its acronym in Spanish) for Metropolitan Lima city and PM2.5 concentrations data from the Regional Directorate of Environmental Health (DIRESA by its acronym in Spanish) of Arequipa for Arequipa city were used. The results showed that in general the concentrations of PM2.5 decreased in the year 2020 because of the social distancing measures adopted by the government and increased in the year 2021 due to the easing of restrictive measures.
Deforestation is a problem addressed both nationally and globally, which generates impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity, and these, in turn, can generate social and/or economic costs. The objective of this study was to geospatially analyze the social context that may exert pressure on forest loss or deforestation in Peru at the district level. The dependent variable of interest was the number of hectares of Amazon rainforest loss, recorded on the Geobosques platform, during the last triennial period prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. The method was based on a spatial analysis of discrete variation, where districts are defined as a set of discrete regions with irregular neighborhoods for each district. This paper presents the results of the spatial regression models SAR, SEM and SARAR, in order to show the level of association between forest loss and monetary poverty. According to the results, at the district level, forest loss presents a negative relationship with monetary poverty in the chosen model (SARAR). Therefore, it is important that programs that seek to improve the basic conditions of populations, mainly dedicated to agriculture, are also accompanied by technical assistance in sustainable practices in order to mitigate deforestation or land use change.
