In an acidic environment, the corrosion phenomenon deteriorates mild steel, hence the organic corrosion inhibitors could figure out this problem. This paper gives a comprehensive review details an investigation on the protection of mild steel in acidic media by adding 5-Chloroisatin derivatives as organic inhibitors at different concentrations analyzed by weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Tafel polarization and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The main results have shown that the 1-allyl-5-chloro-indoline-2,3-dione (TZACI), 5-chloro-1-octylindoline-2,3-dione (TZCOI) and 5-chloro-1-(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl) indoline-2,3-dione (TZCDI) are excellent corrosion inhibitors of mild steel in acid medium with an efficiency higher than 90%. The inhibitors adsorptions on the mild steel surface follow the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Lipid peroxidation is a key manifestation of oxidative stress and an important mechanism of cellular injury. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species promotes membrane lipid oxidation and the accumulation of toxic lipid peroxidation products. Chronic inflammation further amplifies oxidative stress, creating a self-perpetuating cycle that promotes platelet activation, adhesion, and aggregation. Together, these processes represent closely interconnected pathogenic mechanisms contributing to endothelial dysfunction and the progression of chronic inflammatory diseases.
Mixed micellar systems have attracted considerable attention because of their unique solution properties and broad practical applications. This study investigates the micellization behavior of binary mixtures composed of two types of anionic surfactants: sodium undecylcarboxylate and sodium alkyl sulfates in aqueous media. The critical micelle concentrations of the mixed surfactant systems were determined by conductometric and tensiometric methods. The aggregation characteristics of the mixed anionic surfactant systems were calculated using Rubingh's model. To the best of our knowledge, these parameters have not previously been reported for this particular mixed micellar system. The excess free energy of micellization was evaluated and correlated with the surfactant interaction parameter in mixed micelles. The obtained results were analyzed in terms of synergistic interactions within the systems, and the influence of the chemical structure of the polar (charged) head group as well as the hydrocarbon chain length of the anionic surfactants on the self-assembly processes in mixed systems was discussed.
This study presents a computational evaluation of 140 flavonoid derivatives (chrysin, hesperetin, apigenin, naringenin, and quercetin) for agrochemical potential. A three-tier screening approach was applied: physicochemical profiling confirmed compliance with Lipinski’s Rule of Five and indicated strong molluscicidal and larvicidal potential; molecular docking revealed multi-target activity, with chrysin, naringenin, and hesperetin as dominant scaffolds, while apigenin-IIa showed consistent herbicidal activity; ADMET analysis identified several non-toxic, stable scaffolds. Key potential agrochemical candidates, including Chrysin Ia, Naringenin IIIa/b, Apigenin IIa, and Quercetin V, were prioritized. Sixteen active derivatives were selected for SAR studies, and molecular dynamics simulations confirmed stable binding interactions and favourable energetics.
This study investigates wet scrubbing of diesel exhaust gases for NOx removal, as NOx is one of the major pollutants associated with diesel engine operation. Chemical absorption of NOx was achieved through the interaction of exhaust gases with aqueous absorbent solutions (KMnO₄ + HNO₃, KMnO₄ + H₂SO₃, CO(NH₂)₂ + SnCl₂, and water) under bubbling conditions. The dependence of NOx neutralization efficiency on the flow velocity of treated exhaust gases was established. The proposed relationship, along with the methodology developed on its basis, enables the evaluation of the performance of chemical absorbents in the wet neutralization of NOx from diesel exhaust gases, taking into account hydrodynamic and gas–liquid interaction effects.
This study produced a tea protein hydrolysate (TPH) from Fujian white tea residue at pH 9, with a solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratio of 1:20 (w/v), an enzyme-to-substrate (E/S) ratio of 1.188%, a temperature of 60 ℃, and a reaction time of 3 hours. After free-radical grafting, EGCG and TPH formed conjugates. The functional properties of the conjugate and its main components, including solubility, were evaluated. Additionally, UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to confirm the formation of the conjugate. EGCG and TPH formed conjugates, as suggested by FTIR, UV-visible spectroscopy, and SEM analyses, thereby enhancing in vitro anti-diabetic enzyme-inhibitory activity. The conjugation of EGCG and TPH increased the inhibition rates of α-amylase and α-glucosidase by 8.1% and 25.4%, respectively, compared to EGCG alone, and by 28.7% and 55.7% compared to TPH alone. Moreover, EGCG-TPH showed improved functional performance over each sample. The synergistic enhancement of the complex's anti-diabetic properties, through free radical scavenging and enzyme inhibition, confirms the structural integrity of the EGCG-TPH conjugate. This mechanism of synergistic activity provides a new approach to developing anti-diabetic compounds from natural sources. It highlights the potential to utilize high-value tea-processing byproducts and support the development of functional dietary strategies for diabetes.
Polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons (PCHs) are π-conjugated molecules whose stability and electronic reactivity are closely related to molecular topology. In this study, a composite topological descriptor based on the Wiener, Harary, Randić, Zagreb and metric degree polynomial indices was developed for QSPR modeling of condensed aromatic hydrocarbons. A set of structurally different PCH molecules was analyzed using reported thermodynamic and electronic properties. Thermodynamic stability was represented by the enthalpy of sublimation (ΔHsub), while molecular reactivity was approximated using a scaled reciprocal ionization energy descriptor. Correlation and regression analyses showed that the composite descriptor effectively reflects stability and reactivity trends in fused aromatic hydrocarbons.
Solvay soda ash ammonia process remains one of the main methods for obtaining sodium carbonate, despite its considerable natural resources. This process consists of consecutive stages: absorption, carbonation, distillation and calcination. And performance of each stage is determined to considerable degree by performance of other stages. As in any chemical process thermal and barometric modes, besides concentration of initial material flows, significantly influence processes efficiency. Ammoniated brine carbonation is the main stage in soda ash process. In this article, basing on analysis of numerous data on existing carbonation systems performance, we considered peculiarities and basic ways for increase of these systems efficiency that influence plant operation in general.
Organic-inorganic hybrids (WT) based on tungstophosphoric acid (TPA) and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) were synthesized by a sustainable, solventless, mechanochemical route. SEM and Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) showed a shift from bulk crystallinity in TPA to nanocrystalline domains in WT. Rietveld refinement revealed an expansion of Keggin unit upon hybrid formation. Proton transfer and alteration in H-bonding interactions were established through ATR-IR spectroscopy. WT had higher thermal stability compared to TPA. Under solar irradiation, a superior malachite green (MG) removal ranging from 92.5 – 98.5% was achieved with 1.2 g of WT. This work discusses the modification of polyoxometalates for high-performance light-aided catalysis.
The Schiff base ligand (CIMC), derived from fouramine PY and chromone-3-carboxaldehyde, and its Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Mn(II), and VO(II) complexes were synthesized and characterized using mass, FT-IR, UV-visible spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, CHN elemental analysis, and molar conductivity measurements. The ligand and its metal complexes were screened for biological activities by using two gram-positive and two gram-negative bacterial strains and three fungal strains. The free ligand exhibits inhibition zones 15 mm for S. aureus, 34 mm for B. subtilis, 39 mm for S. typhi and 19.5 mm for K. pneumonia. Among all the complexes, Cu(II), Zn(II), Mn(II), and VO(II) showed highest activity with inhibition zone of 15.5-18 mm for S. aureus, Mn(II) showed the highest zone of inhibition for B. subtilis and Co(II), Cu(II) showed the highest activity with an inhibition zone of 20 and 32 mm against K. pneumoniae. For the T. viride antifungal strain, free ligand showed zone of inhibition 23.5 mm, whereas Mn(II) and VO(II) showed the highest value 34 and 27.5 mm, which indicates superior activity of the complexes. The anticancer evaluation was screened against the human MCF-7 breast cancer cell line by using the MTT assay. The results showed that the free ligand exhibits a significant IC50 value of 28.23 µg/ml compared with the reference drug 5-FU (IC50 = 42.08), indicating enhanced anticancer potential.
This work emphasized the green production of silver nanoparticles employing Randia dumetorum leaf extract under alkaline conditions at room temperature. UV–Vis spectroscopy confirmed nanoparticle formation with a surface plasmon resonance band at 435 nm. SEM-EDX revealed predominantly spherical AgNPs, and XRD confirmed their crystalline nature with a mean crystallite size of 14.5 nm. In addition, an AgNP-modified glassy carbon electrode (AgNPs/GCE) was developed for thiourea sensing, exhibiting excellent sensitivity (6.329 μA mM⁻¹ cm⁻²), linearity (0.02–0.4 µM), and low detection limits (0.0263/0.087 µM). Analysis of real water samples yielded ~99% recovery, demonstrating the sensor’s reliability for practical thiourea monitoring.
Fe-doped bismuth borate glass systems containing 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mol% Fe₂O₃ were synthesized via the melt–quench technique, with measured densities increasing from 2.889 to 2.952 g/cm³ as Fe₂O₃ content increased. The gamma-ray attenuation performance of the prepared glasses was experimentally evaluated using a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector at photon energies of 0.662, 1.173, and 1.333 MeV, and theoretically assessed over a wide energy range (0.015–15 MeV) using XCOM, MCNP5, and Phy-X/PSD programs. The experimental mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) showed excellent agreement with theoretical predictions, with deviations within acceptable statistical limits. The results reveal strong energy dependence of attenuation parameters, with high MAC and Linear Attenuation Coefficient (LAC) values at low photon energies dominated by photoelectric absorption, followed by gradual reduction in the Compton scattering region and near-constant behavior at high energies where pair production prevails. Fe₂O₃ doping slightly modifies low-energy attenuation behavior and effective atomic number without compromising shielding efficiency at medium and high energies. Half Value Layer (HVL) and Mean Free Path (MFP) analyses further confirm the superior attenuation capability of the investigated glasses, particularly at low energies. Electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis revealed no detectable changes in g-value, linewidth, or signal intensity after gamma irradiation up to 60 kGy, indicating high structural stability and strong resistance to radiation-induced defects. These findings demonstrate that Fe-doped bismuth borate glasses are structurally stable, lead-free, and compositionally tunable materials with a potential for radiation-shielding applications in nuclear, medical, and industrial environments.
Arsenic contamination in drinking water poses a significant public health risk, particularly for rural populations dependent on untreated sources. This study assessed arsenic concentrations in spring water sources across three agroecological zones (Dega highland, Woina Dega midland, and Kola lowland) in Jamma District, Ethiopia. Fifteen (15) water samples were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Results showed spatial variability, with mean arsenic concentrations of 3.3 µg/L in Dega, 8.7 µg/L in Woina Dega, and 9.9 µg/L in Kola, respectively. While highland springs were below the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline value of 10 µg/L, midland and lowland samples showed elevated levels, with one site exceeding the limit (12.4 µg/L). Health risk assessment using Chronic Daily Intake and Hazard Quotient methods indicated moderate non-carcinogenic risks (HQ 0.16–0.69) in the affected zones, though all values remained below the critical threshold (HQ < 1). The findings highlight geogenic arsenic contamination linked to hydrogeological conditions, emphasizing the need for localized monitoring and mitigation strategies to protect vulnerable rural communities’ dependent on untreated spring water. This research provides critical baseline data for managing arsenic exposure and safeguarding public health in similar agroecological settings.
The article investigates the temperature regimes of the reaction surface of the hydroxide layer formed on the surface of ferrosilicon alloy (FS90Ba4) during layer-by-layer interaction with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution in a glass reactor. The interaction of FS90Ba4 alloy samples with aqueous NaOH solution was further studied in a hydrogen reactor operating under isochoric conditions (V = 1.13×10−3 m³). Temperature–time profiles were analyzed, and the motion and fluid flow velocity around of spherical FS90Ba4 alloy particles during their interaction with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution in the hydrogen reactor were determined.
Improving Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) productivity requires the identification of genetically diverse, high-yielding varieties. This study assessed genetic variability, trait associations, and superior varieties for breeding in Ethiopia. Thirteen Kabuli chickpea varieties were evaluated at Wegdi and Legambo districts using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Grain yield and related agronomic traits were analyzed using analysis of variance, genetic parameter estimation, correlation, and path coefficient analyses. Highly significant (P < 0.01) differences were observed among varieties for all traits, indicating substantial genetic variability. Broad-sense heritability ranged from 82.21% to 97.47%, suggesting strong genetic control. Grain yield showed positive associations with several yield-related traits. Path analysis identified traits with positive direct effects on yield, highlighting their importance as selection criteria. Qobo (4153 and 3932 kg ha⁻¹), Kasech (3839 and 3767 kg ha⁻¹), Qoqa (3673 and 3543 kg ha⁻¹), and Akuri (3083 and 2883 kg ha⁻¹) consistently produced the highest yields across locations. High genetic variability and heritability indicate strong potential for yield improvement. Qobo, Kasech, Qoqa, and Akuri are promising varieties for cultivation and use in chickpea breeding programs.
In this work, we present the synthesis of a new series of 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiols containing a pharmacophore alkylamide fragment. The synthesis involved reacting the starting N-(2,2,2-trichloro-1-(2-(phenylcarbamothioyl)hydrazine-1-carbothioamido)ethyl)carboxamides with methyl iodide in ethanol under heating. The reaction proceeded through an N,S-alkylation step, followed by cyclization, which formed the thiadiazole ring. Yields ranged from 58% to 67%. The structures of the obtained compounds were confidently confirmed by spectral methods. The H-1 NMR spectra displayed clear signals for two NH protons (9.69-9.09 and 8.75-8.54 ppm), the methine proton of the alkylamide fragment (6.89-6.72 ppm), and the methylthiol group (2.64-2.62 ppm). In C-13 NMR spectra, characteristic signals included the carbon of the carboxamide group (169.0-166.5 ppm), the C=N atoms of the thiadiazole ring (166.5-155.1 ppm), the carbon of the CCl3 group (101.0-100.7 ppm), the methine atom of the alkylamide fragment (70.3-69.9 ppm), and the methylthiol carbon (16.4 ppm).
Based on the catalytic addition of dimethylacetylenecarbinol to allyl halides with the participation of N-bromosuccinimide and molecular iodine, methods for the synthesis of simple 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol ethers of dihaloalkanols (chlorine, bromine and iodine derivatives) have been proposed. The resulting compounds were studied as antimicrobial additives for lubricating oils and fuels. The antimicrobial effectiveness of the studied compounds was determined by the zonal diffusion method using microorganisms: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium phlei, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Cladosporium resinae. It was revealed that 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol ethers of dihaloalkanols with two iodine atoms significantly inhibit the growth of microorganisms at low concentrations. It has been established that iodoethers are 2-4.5 times more effective than ethanol. Unsaturated ethers do not decompose and cannot be corrosive; their use for these purposes does not cause side effects.
The article presents a method for determining carboplatin using amperometric titration in a Britton-Robinson universal buffer solution (pH 1.81-9.0) in the presence of thioacetamide. Based on the research results, it was shown that this method has high sensitivity and reproducibility. The equivalence point was determined by amperometric titration. This method is convenient and suitable for quantifying carboplatin in the biochemical analysis of oncology patients undergoing chemotherapy, as well as in pharmaceutical analysis.
Assessment the transfer of aluminum (Al) from potentially contaminated agricultural soils and bioaccumulation in fruits was the main focus of current study. After determination of Al concentration in soils and fruits, soil-plant-transfer-factors (SPTF) were calculated and compared to those reported in related studies. Obtained Al concentrations were compared to acceptable limits that given by FAO/WHO. Soil samples include surface soils (s) and depth soils (d), while fruit samples include cantaloupe melon, grape, pomegranate and mandarin. Samples were digested by microwave-assisted oven and Al concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Results indicates that Al concentrations in soils were high (>50.22mg/Kg) than in fruits (<0.947mg/Kg). Results revel that Al concentrations in studied fruits were low than the maximum permissible concentrations in fruits given by FAO/WHO. Despite this concentration, caution must be taken regarding presence of high Al in soils and fruits. Calculated SPTF values for Al were relatively low (<0.0134), this confirm that the general ability of Al to bio-accumulate was relatively limited.
This study evaluated the chemical quality of drinking water from 157 sources across northern, central, and southern regions of the Republic of Moldova, sampled during two seasonal campaigns. Significant differences were observed between source types, with wells showing the highest contamination levels: 35.7% of samples exceeded the nitrate limit (50 mg/L), 33.1% exceeded the sulfate limit (250 mg/L), and 23.6% surpassed the TDS threshold (1500 mg/L). Artesian boreholes frequently exhibited elevated fluoride and sulfate concentrations linked to geological formations, while public supply and filtered water were largely compliant. Statistical analysis using non-parametric tests and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) confirmed distinct hydrochemical regimes and a clear mineralization gradient across sources. These findings highlight potential public health risks, especially for rural populations relying on decentralized sources. The study underscores the need for regular monitoring and improved management of groundwater resources, although its cross-sectional design and lack of geospatial data limit the ability to assess temporal or spatial trends.
