Hydroxyapatite (HA) with chemical formula of Ca-10 (PO4)(6)(OH) (2) is prepared from eggshell and di -potassium -phosphate with chemical formula of K2HPO4 in the present work. Adequate amount of egg -shell containing Calcium Oxide (CaO) was soaked in di -potassium phosphate solution (ratio: Ca/P=1.67) at 37 C-degrees at different soaking times to obtain nano -crystalline HA which was characterized by X -Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transition Electron Microscopy (TEM) and FT-IR studies. The crystal grain size is very little dependent on the soaking time in di -potassium -phosphate solution, and the grain sizes are almost uniform and regular in shape. The egg -shell derived HA nanoparticles could be used to make scaffolds of different shapes and pore sizes for clinical uses. This process of low temperature HA synthesis is simple, and environmentally friendly for the mass production of pure hydroxyapatite nano -crystalline.
Poly Ethylene Glycol- Stearate (PEG -SA) is used to prepare coated solid lipid nanoparticles (NPs) in the present work with loading curcumin extracted by Turmeric powder (cur -polymer coated-SLNs) by the micro emulsification method. Evaluation of the kinetic release of prepared nanoparticle was resulted. Particle size, zeta potential and polydispersity index were evaluated by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS). The particle size and zeta potential of cur PEG coated-SLNs were measured as 153 nm. Differential scanning calorimetric indicated that the majority of curcumin loaded in PEG -NP were in amorphous state which is desirable for drug delivery. Drug entrapment efficiency (EE) was 99%. The modification procedure led to a reduction in the zeta potential values, varying from -40.0 mV for the uncoated particles to -23 mV for that of (PEG -SA) -coated NP. FT-IR spectra and HPLC analysis of plain SLNs and pure curcumin exhibited no peak shifting and no loss of characteristic functional group peaks. Shape and surface morphology of particles were determined by transition electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy that revealed the spherical shape of nanoparticles. The In vitro curcumin release of (PEG -SA) -coated SLNs and SLNs showed slight decrease performed for PEG-SA-SLNs one because of coating impact of covering layer.
Cr(2)O(3 )nanoparticles are synthesized via solid -state thermal decomposition of the mixture of Cr(NO3)3 center dot 9H2O (as Cr precursor) and benzoic acid (as fuel) at 500 or 600 2C for 3 h and characterized by FT-IR and UV -Vis spectroscopy, VSM, XRD and TEM. Also, characterized using zeta potential PZ measurement. FT-IR and XRD results confirm high degree of crystallinity of Cr(2)O(3 )nanoparticles with approximate to 16-18 nm average crystallite size. The size distribution of the as-prepared Cr(2)O(3 )nanoparticles is estimated to be in the range of 10-60 nm using TEM images. The morphology of the as-prepared Cr(2)O(3 )nanoparticles is almost ellipsoidal or pseudo-spherical. In addition, the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) under UV light was studied. The effects of pH solution, sorbent dose and irradiation time were investigated. Based on changes in the UV -Vis spectra of MO, photocatalytic efficiencies were calculated about 91% and 89% for CeO2 nanoparticles prepared at 500 or 600 (sic)C, respectively.
Nanoscale bioactive glasses have been gaining attention due to their superior osteoconductivity. The combination of bioactive glass nanoparticles with polymeric systems enables the production of nanocomposites with potential to be used in a series of orthopedic applications, including tissue engineering and regenerative. This research has been done to study characteristic and biocompatible evaluation of a nano bio composite ceramic. In this regard synthesis of this S646 bioactive glass has been considered afterwards, the bioglass S646/chitosan/ carbon nanotube is synthesized with different amounts of S646 bioactive glass by sol-gel method. The synthesized nanoparticles and nanocomposites are characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, X-ray Powder Diffraction, and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to evaluate crystal structure, microstructure and morphology. The results indicated that, the synthesized bioglass S646/chitosan/carbon nantube nanocomposite has average particle size of about 41-49 nm and percentages of crystallinity about 64-86% for all samples. The result of FT-IR analyses showed the purity in the structure of bioglass of S646 and nano composite.The outcomes revealed that, with increasing the amount of S646 bioactive glass the shape of the particles changed from spherical and the particle size was reduced owing to the increase in amorphous phase in the material which reduced the crystallinity and crystal size of nanocomposite particles. The result of MTT assay indicated nontoxicity and also increasing the percentage of bioactive glass increased cell viability.
Copper nanoparticles are widely used in various industries and products. Size and morphology are two important parameters to determine nanoparticle properties. In this study, copper nanoparticles were synthesized without an inert environment using two different reducing agents namely ascorbic acid and sodium hypophosphite. Various capping agents (PVP 105, PVP 4x104, PEG 6000, SDS, CTAB and glycerol) were used as stabilizers. The effect of several parameters including reducing agent concentration, type and amount of stabilizer and precursor concentration on the size and stability of the resulting nanoparticles have been investigated. The synthesis experiments have resulted in a 25-60 nm average size of nanoparticles based on the synthesis conditions, the stabilizer type and concentration. Also, this research provides a fast and simple way for the synthesis of stable pure colloidal copper nanoparticles in polyol, which is accomplished by decreasing CuSO4.5H(2)O using sodium hypophosphite in glycerol, without inert and homogeneous medium and non -agglomeration, 25 nm copper nanoparticles were obtained. The as synthesized copper nanoparticles are characterized using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and dynamic light scattering techniques.
Cancer is a fatal disease that has long plagued and damaged people. In the last two decades, many researchers have been interested in the use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in medicine and pharmaceutical application particularly in the field of cancer diagnostics and treatment. The goal of this article is to provide an overview of MNPs as well as the principles of successful techniques for delivering these nanoparticles to cancer cells. According to an examination, there are two types of active and passive techniques for delivering MNPs to cancer cells. The targeted transfer of nanoparticles to the tumour happens in the active approach, which uses specific molecular ligands of tumour cells and irradiates an external magnetic field to the tumour area, whereas the passive method penetrates the tumour due to its permeability and nanoparticle retention. MNPs offer a variety of applications in biomedicine, including targeted medication delivery to tumours, magnetic resonance imaging, and cancer treatment with hyperthermia, due to their magnetic nature and capacity to carry pharmaceuticals. The use of MNPs in medicine has led to focus on the treatment of cancer. This review indicates that a reduction in the side effects and biological damage produced by chemotherapy in patients can be obtained using MNPs.
In this study, Sr Gdx Fe(12 -x) O19 nanostructures (x= 0, 0.2(3% Gd), 0.4 (6%Gd),0.6(9%Gd), 0.8 (12%Gd)) were synthesized by self-combustion sol-gel method and then calcined at the temperature of for 3 h. This compound was then composited with functionalized graphene oxide (GO) for the photocatalytic degradation of Enrofeloxacin. FE-SEM, EDS, XRD, and FT-IR analysis were employed to investigate the particle size, elemental composition, morphological structure, functional groups determination and structural composition of the samples. VSM, BET-BJH, TGA-DTA, DRS and zeta potential analysis were also used to assess the magnetic properties, surface area, thermal stability, band-gap determination and suspension stability of the specimens, respectively. For evaluation of performance, photocatalytic degradation of Enrofeloxacin (an antibiotic that is widely used for domestic animals) is performed. The results showed that the 3% and 6% Gd-doped composites had the highest efficiencies in the photocatalytic reaction.
In this paper, the quantities of nanomaterials used in the construction industry in Iran in recent years have been estimated. Then the amounts of nanomaterials in different environments of water, air, soil, and municipal wastewater from 2015 to 2019 in Iran have been estimated. The results show that during these few years, the amount of nanoparticles imported has been more than its production. This study shows that the highest concentrations of nanoparticles in different environments are SiO2, TiO2, Fe2O3, and carbon nanotube, respectively. The concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and Fe2O3 in different environments has increased with a gentle slope during five years. This could be due to the increasing use of these nanoparticles in the industry without control and the lack of appropriate filters to prevent nanoparticles from entering the environment. The results of this study show that during five years, the concentrations of SiO2, TiO2, carbon nanotube, and Fe2O3 nanoparticles have increased by about 4%, 30%, 28%, and 45% in water and %11, 16%, 27% and 29% in air, respectively. Also, their concentrations in soil % were 23, 18%, 43%, and 52%; and in municipal wastewater %30, 27%, 37%, and 61%, respectively.
Y-type zeolite can be considered as one of the most applied zeolites at industrial scale, especially for catalytic transformations among various zeolites. Various synthesis techniques are employed to produce zeolite Y among which hydrothermal technique is considered as the most prevalent. In this study, synthesis of Y-type nano-zeolite was investigated through template-free hydrothermal technique. At various temperatures and aging times, zeolite Y was synthesized in the 10-30 nm size range with the first stage temperature of 25 & DEG;C and 87 & DEG;C as the second stage temperature. The as-synthesized zeolite was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Field-Emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Nitrogen adsorption-desorption, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and NH3-TPD and utilized as the nano-catalyst in methanol to dimethyl ether (DME) conversion process. Based on the results, at 400 & DEG;C, 53.7 % conversion to DME was obtained with 100% purity using the hydrogen form of zeolite Y (H-Y) nano -catalyst. Natural zeolite is also considered as a proper additive to economize the product.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Ag/WO3 photocatalytic process for degradation of Flumequine (FL) antibiotic from aqueous solutions. In this study, WO3 and Ag/WO3 particles were synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS)/Map, Brunauer, Emmett, Teller (BET)/Barrett, Joyner, Halenda (BJH) and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) techniques. The photocatalytic degradation of FL from aqueous solutions was studied by Ag/WO3 photocatalyst under sunlight irradiation. The response surface methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD) with 4 variables was used to investigate the relationship between the obtained responses and process variables and optimize with Design Expert software. In this study, the effect of pH, time (min), photocatalyst mass (g) and FL concentration (mg/L) were evaluated at 5 levels. Finally, the software is the best point to achieve the highest degradation efficiency of FL 99.54%, in optimal conditions at pH 3.07, time 101.14 (min), photocatalyst mass 0.13 (g) and FL concentration 41.3 (mg/L).
One of the most important challenges today is the sweetening of petroleum compounds. The presence of sulfur in these compounds can have detrimental effects on the environment, equipment, catalysts, and final products. The aim of this study was to use NiWO4/W5O14/WO3 composite nanostructure to solve this problem using photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization method. This composite nanostructure was synthesized by Pechini sol-gel method and analyzed by XRD, EDS, FESEM, FT-IR, and DRS. W5O14 and WO3, which are types of tungsten oxides, increase the photocatalytic efficiency by reducing the bandgap in the nanocomposite. As a result, the nanostructure can decompose more than 73% of the sulfur in thiophene after 180 minutes under visible light. Efficiency can be increased by optimizing the amount of photocatalyst and irradiation time.
In this work, novel Bi14W2O27/Bi2WO6 nanocomposite was prepared by a modified Pechini sol-gel approach. The effect of the gelling agent, chelating agent and mole ratio of chelating agent to total metals was controlled to produce ultrafine Bi14W2O27/Bi2WO6 nanoparticles. The as-prepared Bi14W2O27/Bi2WO6 nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, FESEM, FT-IR, EDS and UV-Vis analysis. The Bi14W2O27/Bi2WO6 nanostructures exhibited excellent photocatalytic desulfurization of thiophene (similar to 90%) after 120 min of simulated sunlight irradiation. The high-efficiency of photocatalytic desulfurization of the as-prepared Bi14W2O27/Bi2WO6 can be attributed to the improved visible-light absorption, ultrafine nanoparticles, and high separation and low recombination rates of charge carriers. In addition, a reliable photocatalytic desulfurization mechanism was explained using radical trapping experiment, which indicated that the photogenerated center dot O-2(-) and (OH)-O-center dot species had a significant contribution in the photocatalytic desulfurization reactions of Bi14W2O27/Bi2WO6 nanocomposite. The excellent photocatalytic desulfurization efficiency, good recyclability, solar-driven, and simple synthesis of Bi14W2O27/Bi2WO6 nanocomposite are promising for photocatalytic applications.
Three-dimensional mesoporous CeO2 hollow sphere (M-CeO2-HS) modified glassy carbon electrode (M-CeO2-HS/GCE) was developed in this study as a very sensitive voltammetric sensor for detection of terazosin. This produced modifier was characterized by techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). There was a remarkable improvement in the electrochemical behavior relative to terazosin electro-oxidation on M-CeO2-HS/GCE surface, compared to bare GCE, in the optimized conditions of supporting electrolyte pH and casted modifier concentration. An oxidation peak was found for terazosin on modified electrode surface at the potential of about 0.57 V in phosphate buffer solution (pH=7.0). The linear dynamic range was 0.01 to 600.0 µM and the limit of detection was 1.9 nM with the aid of anodic peak of terazosin. Some advantages were reported for the modified electrode, including satisfactory reproducibility towards terazosin, potent stability, strong sensitivity and easy production. Practical applicability of the M-CeO2-HS/GCE was tested to detect the low level of terazosin in clinical and pharmaceutical formulations.
The wastewater containing TertButyl alcohol (TBA) contains water-soluble polymer discharged from different chemical and textile industries. In this study, through the application of the ZnFe(2)O(4 )approach in a batch photoreactor, the decomposition of synthetic wastewater, including TBA was investigated. The co-precipitation method was utilized for synthesizing the ZnFe2O4 nano photocatalyst. Using FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD, and SEM images, the characterization of catalyst was ascertained. For evaluation and exploration of the stability of nano photocatalyst particles, the Zeta potential was utilized. The influence of different crucial factors including the concentration of the catalyst, the initial dosage of contaminants, and pH, on the mineralization of TBA was studied. At optimal situations (pH at 6, 25 mg/l of TBA, and 0.9 g/l of catalyst) and after 120 min of remediation time, around 58% of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and 93.5% of TBA was eliminated. Main reason for the generation of active radicals in the photocatalytic method is the electron-hole mechanism. According to the Langmuir Hinshelwood model, the kinetic of the TBA decomposition was elucidated hence, the half-life of the reaction and the apparent rate of the pseudo-first-order reaction were obtained (t1/2=35 min) and (Kapp=1.98x10(-2) min(-1)), respectively.
In this paper, a new Nano-Scale structure of dual material gate oxide stackdouble gate TFET (DMGOS-DG TFET) with the inclusion of the dielectric pocket (DP) is proposed in the drain region. Hence, the gate consists of three parts, The work function engineering with the gate oxide stack (SiO2 as the bottom layer and HfO2 as the top layer) improves on current, leakage current and ambipolar behavior. In addition, the dielectric pocket (DP) has been used in the drain region to achieve better ambipolar performance. Moreover, it is found that in comparison with the low-k DP (SiO2), the presence of the high-k DP (HfO2) provides a lower ambipolar current due to the greater depletion width in the drain region. Furthermore, the ambipolar behavior of the DPDMGOS-DG TFET structure has been investigated by changing the length and thickness of the high-k DP. Finally, the comparative analysis of DMGOSDGTFET and high-k DP-DMGOS-DG TFET on high-frequency performance reveals that DP inclusion reduces the gate-to-drain capacitance, which leads to the improved cut-off frequency.
In this study, through the application of TiO2/ZnS as a novel nano photocatalyst, the degradation of AR18 in synthetic wastewater was explored. The nano photocatalyst was synthesized by the co-precipitation method and characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) techniques. The average size of ZnS/ TiO2 nano photocatalyst was 79nm. For experimental design and statistical analysis of each factor including AR18 concentration, pH, catalyst dosage, and treatment time on the degradation rate of AR18 (response) by Central Composite Design (CCD) was used. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrates a second-order regression model with R2 = 0.9995, adjusted R2=0.9991, and predicted R2=0.9982 for the removal of AR18. The optimum conditions for each operating factor were as the following: AR18 concentration at 30 mg.L-1, catalyst dosage at 1.2 g.L-1, pH at 5, and treatment time at 120 min. In these conditions, the actual and predicted AR18 removal was 94% and, 93.07%, respectively.
In this paper, a new method for the synthesis of spherical CoO nanoparticles using a new metal-organic framework of Co(II) is reported. Nanoparticles of a coordination polyaned nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and IR spectroscopy were used to characterize the CoO nano-structures. Experimental results showed that the morphology of the CoO nanoparticles is spherical and the size of the nanoparticles is dependent on the particle size of compound 1.
In this study, TiO2/Ag nano photocatalyst was synthesized by sol-gel method and used for degradation of Chloridazon (CLZ) in aqueous media. The prepared catalyst was characterized using powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) techniques. The Crystallite sizes of pure TiO2 and Ag/TiO2 nanoparticles were 20 and 60 nm, respectively. The Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed for experimental design and statistical analysis of independent operational parameters. According to the results of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) plots of Design-Expert software, the optimal conditions for each critical variable were as the follows: time at 113 min, pH at 6.8, initial concentration of CLZ at 40 mg/l, and catalyst concentration at 0.83gr/l. The maximum effectiveness in the experimental and predicted CLZ removal was 94.2 and 93.5%, respectively. The outcomes of Analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated high determination coefficient quantities (R2 = 0.9997, Predicted R2=0.9989, and Adjusted R2=0.9994) which validated the reliability of the second-order regression model.
It has been found that semiconductor nanocomposites have good photocatalytic behavior and can be used for the photo-removal of organic pollutants from wastewater. Zinc Oxide, one of the eco-friendly semiconductor materials, was chosen to form a nanocomposite with graphene oxide. Graphene oxide in Zinc Oxide-based nanocomposites improves the photoactivity and photostability of Zinc Oxide. Hummers method was used to prepare graphene oxide, and then Zinc Oxide/Graphene Oxide nanocomposite was synthesized. The nanocomposites were annealed at different temperatures of 300 degrees C, 400 degrees C, and 500 degrees C. Raman spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy confirmed the structure of synthesized graphene oxide nanosheets. Structural characterization of the nanocomposites was investigated using X-ray diffraction, Transmission Electron Microscope, and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope. X-ray diffraction patterns of nanocomposites demonstrate that the annealed sample has better crystallinity than the other samples at 300 degrees C and were used to investigate the photocatalytic process. The photocatalytic experiment of the Zinc Oxide/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites was carried out by photo-removal of methylene blue using a laboratory-made reactor in alkaline, acidic, and neutral solutions. Photo-removal results revealed that the maximum percent photo removal of 83% was achieved in the alkaline solution.
Transition metal ions have been extensively studied for the removal of heavy metal ions as efficient adsorbent from aqueous solution. In this work, Fe2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized by thermal decomposition route of FeSO4.4H2O at the presence of urea (1:1 molar ratio) at two different temperatures (500 °C and 600 °C) and characterized by XRD and TEM. The XRD result show that single-phase of α-Fe2O3 was prepared by increasing of calcination temperature from 500 °C to 600 °C. TEM images confirmed that the as-prepared products have a different shapes and that particle sizes are in the range of tens nanometers. The average crystallite size of pure α-Fe2O3 calculated from XRD pattern was 53.1 nm and 41 nm, respectively, depending on the method employed. In addition, Pb(II) adsorption has been studied and considered as a function of pH solution, contact time, initial Pb(II) concentration and also adsorbent dosage. The adsorption results show that the iron oxides were able to high percentage remove Pb(II) by increasing of contact time, adsorbent dosage and initial Pb(II) ion. The pH solution of 6 proved to be the most suitable for the removal of Pb(II).
