Objective. This study aimed to compare the effects of menstrual cycle phases on strength and hypertrophy in eumenorrheic women who practice resistance training (RT). Methods. The methodology followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, with searches conducted in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and the CAPES Journal Portal using the descriptors “Muscle Strength,” “Menstrual Cycle,” “Fertile Period,” “Follicular Phase,” “Luteal Phase,” and “Resistance Training.” Studies were included if they involved healthy adult eumenorrheic women practicing RT and whose protocols investigated MC, strength, and hypertrophy. After applying the eligibility criteria, 12 articles were included. Methodological analysis used the TESTEX tool. Results. It was found that the luteal and follicular phases have the potential to promote greater strength and hypertrophy gains, possibly due to the predominant hormonal combination. In addition, training periodization strategies based on MC phases were shown to optimize strength and performance outcomes, as evidenced in studies that adapted RT frequency and intensity according to the MC. Furthermore, some studies did not find statistically significant differences between phases, which may be related to methodological limitations such as small samples, variations in intervention protocols, and lack of rigorous cycle monitoring. Conclusion. It is concluded that the luteal and follicular phases demonstrate greater potential for muscle hypertrophy gains due to the predominant hormonal combination in these periods, and that further investigations are needed regarding muscle strength gains.
Objective: To compare the technical-tactical profiles of elite female boxers according to competition level (Santiago 2023 Pan American Games vs. Paris 2024 Olympic Games), weight category, round, and bout outcome. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted using official videos from the Santiago 2023 Pan American Games and the Paris 2024 Olympic Games. Thirty bouts were analyzed (60 athlete-bout observations; 180 rounds); Round-of-32 bouts were excluded because this phase occurred only in the Olympic tournament. Technical-tactical actions were classified as movement, attack, defense, clinch, and pause, and normalized by effective bout time (actions·s⁻¹). Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models accounting for the nesting of rounds within bouts. Results: Competition level influenced defense rate, which was higher during the Olympic Games than during the Pan American Games (p = 0.006). Weight category influenced movement, attack, and defense rates, with lower- and intermediate-weight categories exhibiting higher values than higher-weight categories (p ≤ 0.022). Round affected clinch and pause rates, both of which increased from the first to the second and third rounds (p ≤ 0.005). Bout outcome influenced attack rate, with losers displaying higher values than winners (p = 0.014), whereas no outcome-related differences were observed for the remaining variables. Conclusions: Competition level and weight category influenced the technical-tactical demands of elite female boxing. The higher attack frequency of losers, without corresponding differences in defensive or movement actions, reinforces that success in elite female boxing depends on the effectiveness of technical execution rather than on action volume.
Introduction: Adolescence marks a pivotal stage for establishing health behaviors, yet it often lays the groundwork for future non-communicable diseases due to shifts in physical activity patterns. This study aimed to examine the lifestyle-related correlates of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among Portuguese adolescents. Methods: A sample of 1117 students (489 boys; 628 girls), aged 12 to 18 years, from primary and secondary schools in northern Portugal, completed a self-administered online questionnaire facilitated by their Physical Education teacher. The questionnaire assessed socio-demographic factors, sedentary time, and perceived physical health. Binary logistic regression was used to estimate associations with sufficient MVPA (≥300 min/week). Results: Greater time spent sitting (OR: 0.999 [95%CI: 0.998 to 1.000]; p=0.047) and longer sleep duration (OR: 0.997 [95%CI: 0.995 to 1.000]; p=0.034) were inversely associated with meeting MVPA recommendations. In contrast, more frequent consumption of vegetables (OR: 1.132 [95%CI: 1.038 to 1.234]; p=0.005) and white meat (OR: 1.210 [95%CI: 1.075 to 1.362]; p=0.002) was positively associated with sufficient PA levels. Conclusion: The study demonstrates how clustered healthy behaviors—diet, physical activity, and sleep—co-occur among sufficiently active adolescents. These findings reinforce the need for integrated, school-based health promotion strategies that target multiple lifestyle domains to support adolescent well-being and reduce future health risks.
Introduction. Postural assessment in professional football academies provides screening information for monitoring motor development during sensitive growth stages. Objective. To describe and compare, in an exploratory manner, the postural profile — measured through six articular angles computed by an artificial-intelligence system (APECS) — in 120 Peruvian youth footballers from U-13, U-15, U-17 and Reserve categories. Methods. A quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive-comparative design was used. Digital AI-assisted photogrammetry (APECS) was applied in the frontal plane. Statistical analysis included Shapiro–Wilk, Levene, Kruskal–Wallis, Dunn post-hoc with Bonferroni correction, Spearman's rho and effect sizes (ε² and η²). An exploratory multivariate layer comprised PCA and four clustering techniques (K-Means/Ward, Fuzzy C-Means, GMM and archetypal analysis). Results. Significant between-category differences emerged in five of the six variables, with large effects for foot angle (H=23.15; p<0.001; ε²=0.17) and pelvic inclination (H=17.39; p<0.001; ε²=0.12). U-17 players showed the best-aligned frontal-plane profile. The multivariate analysis revealed a weak latent structure (KMO=0.496) with fuzzy boundaries between postural profiles. Conclusions. AI-assisted postural assessment is a useful and scalable exploratory screening tool for youth football academies; its prognostic value requires further validation against gold-standard measurements and longitudinal injury data.
Introduction: Digital twins represent a multidisciplinary opportunity for precision medicine and sports performance optimization; however, there is still a lack of a comprehensive synthesis of the methodologies, enabling technologies, and conceptual frameworks applied in these fields. Objective: To review the state of the art of digital twin applications in health and sport from 2009 to 2025, identifying key technologies, application domains, and major research gaps. Methodology: A review of reviews was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and the PRIOR Statement. Twenty-one studies were included (12 systematic reviews, 6 scoping reviews, 2 narrative reviews, and 1 meta-review). Methodological quality was assessed using AMSTAR-2. Results: The main technologies identified were conceptual frameworks (28%), artificial intelligence and machine learning (24%), neuromusculoskeletal modeling (20%), wearable devices and IoT (20%), and motion capture systems (16%). The most frequent application domains were sports performance (32%), injury prevention (20%), rehabilitation (20%), general health (16%), and occupational ergonomics (12%). Methodological quality was heterogeneous: 28% of the reviews showed moderate confidence, while 72% presented low or critically low quality. Conclusions: The findings reveal technological fragmentation and a gap between computational development and clinical validation. Although digital twins demonstrate high clinical and engineering potential, their implementation requires greater prospective validation, standardization of metrics, and robust evaluation frameworks.
Introduction: Spanish professional football has usually been analysed from the perspectives of performance, the market and competitive management, although its working conditions require a specific reading through the lens of decent work. This approach allows footballers to be understood as workers embedded in a professionalised, regulated sporting field shaped by organisational demands. Objective: To analyse professional footballers’ perceptions of decent work in Spanish professional football, considering their working conditions, risks, inequalities and opportunities for professional development. Methodology: An exploratory, descriptive and qualitative study was conducted through sixteen semi-structured interviews with professional footballers competing in Spanish men’s and women’s categories during the 2024/2025 season. The interviews were transcribed, reviewed by the participants and analysed through a thematic-categorical strategy based on seven dimensions of decent work. Results: The results revealed an ambivalent labour reality. Professional gratification, group cohesion and physical and medical resources were identified, alongside limited participation, invisible workload, contractual uncertainty, gender pay inequality, lack of knowledge about rights, uncertain professional transition and insufficiently institutionalised mental health support. Discussion: Shows that invisible workload, mental health, pay inequality and professional transition should be addressed as organisational dimensions of football work. Conclusions: It is concluded that decent work offers a useful framework for guiding sport management, governance and labour protection policies in professional football.
Introduction: In Colombia, despite the different public policies related to physical activity, it still does not reach the desired levels and does not reach all municipalities. Objective: Develop a physical activity model to improve quality of life in Colombian municipalities. Methodology: This research is carried out under the positivist paradigm, assuming as valid the knowledge that comes from empirical sciences. It is descriptive, correlational, explanatory and exploratory, a quasi-experiment is carried out. Using the GPAQ questionnaire of the World Health Organization as pre and posttext, as well as different techniques: SPSS 28.0, VosViewer and Lisrel 15. that allowed the obtaining and processing of the results. Results: Physical activity levels in the selected municipalities are not reaching the desired levels, with low participation and a lack of consistency, especially in the workplace. Access to physical activity services is limited in rural areas. The model positively transforms these results. After its implementation, the initial indicators improved. Discussion: The results found in the research are directly related to the theories and results of the authors cited and worked on in the research. Conclusions: The physical activity model for the development of quality of life in Colombian municipalities worked in the department of Córdoba, Colombia, with positive results and improvement of indicators.
Introduction: Frustration tolerance is a key psychological skill for emotional regulation and personal well-being. Regular physical exercise has been associated with psychological benefits that may contribute to its development. Objective: To analyze the relationship between physical exercise and frustration tolerance among Spanish adults, considering variables such as age, gender, type of sport, and sports experience. Methodology: A quantitative, cross-sectional, and correlational design was employed with a sample of 341 participants divided into two age groups (18–35 and 36–60 years). Data were collected through a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Harrington Frustration Intolerance Scale. Comparisons were made between individuals who practiced physical exercise and those who did not, as well as between participants engaged in individual and team sports. Results: Regular physical exercise was associated with greater frustration tolerance, with no significant differences found according to the type of sport. Likewise, individuals with greater sports experience showed greater frustration tolerance. Additionally, participants aged 36–60 years and men obtained significantly higher scores. Discussion: The findings suggest that physical exercise may be associated with greater use of emotional self-regulation and coping strategies when facing adverse situations, which could contribute to explaining the higher levels of frustration tolerance observed in physically active individuals. Conclusions: Regular physical exercise is associated with better management of frustration, supporting its potential as a preventive and educational tool for promoting emotional health and psychological well-being.
Objective: to examine the associations between range of motion in the early stance of running and hip and knee muscle strength in runners and non-runners. Methodology: Twenty-nine asymptomatic adults (17 runners and 12 non-runners) underwent two-dimensional kinematic analysis of treadmill running at a self-selected speed and isokinetic assessment of the hip and knee muscles. Trunk, pelvis, hip, knee, and ankle ranges of motion between initial foot contact and peak knee flexion during stance were analyzed in the sagittal and frontal planes. Muscle strength was expressed as peak torque normalized to body mass. Associations were examined using Pearson correlations, controlling for running speed. Results: The results revealed group-specific associations. In the total sample, only the peak torque of the hip internal rotation was associated with ipsilateral trunk inclination. When the groups were analyzed separately, distinct patterns emerged: in non-runners, eccentric peak torque of the knee flexors was associated with ankle dorsiflexion; in runners, higher hip and knee peak torque values were associated with smaller trunk and knee ranges of motion in the sagittal plane. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the relationship between muscle performance and running kinematics is specific and influenced by running experience.
Introduction: Socio-emotional development is key to school coexistence in Colombian secondary education, a setting where popular dance emerges as a cultural and pedagogical resource. Objective: This theoretical review aimed to synthesize the evidence on how popular dance fosters self-regulation, empathy, cooperation, and communication in the classroom. Methodology: To this end, a documentary search was conducted in databases and institutional repositories using specialized search equations, prioritizing empirical studies and theoretical contributions related to the socio-behavioral dimension, resulting in a final corpus of 33 local, national, and international studies. Results: Findings show that these initiatives strengthen students' sense of belonging, improve classroom climate, and reduce relational tensions when supported by teacher mediation, clear objectives, and spaces for reflection, although gaps remain in standardized measurement and long-term follow-up. Conclusions: It is concluded that popular dance functions as a bridge between culture and school to transform coexistence in a participatory way, provided it is applied with methodological rigor and a situated reading of the inequalities in the environment.
Background. Vertical jump height does not capture the time over which propulsive force is produced. This study introduces RPeM (Relative Propulsive efficiency Metric), an exploratory index relating jump height to concentric time in university athletes. RPeM is descriptive and is not proposed as a measure of fatigue, readiness, or injury risk. Methods. 349 university athletes (216 men, 133 women) performed SJ, CMJ, and CMJFree, assessed with My Jump Lab at 240 fps; 567 observations were retained after quality-control and best-attempt selection. RPeM (jump height ÷ concentric time; cm·s⁻¹) was analysed with a log-transformed linear mixed model (jump type, sex, and sport as fixed effects; athlete as random effect); non-parametric tests served as sensitivity checks. Results. The model explained substantial variance (marginal R² = 0.324; conditional R² = 0.960). RPeM differed by modality (F₂,₁₉₅ = 300.18, p < .001, η²p = 0.755), sex (F₁,₃₂₇ = 75.67, p < .001, η²p = 0.188), and sport (F₆,₄₀₈ = 7.42, p < .001, η²p = 0.098). Estimated marginal means increased from SJ (94.3) to CMJ (111.0) to CMJFree (132.6 cm·s⁻¹) and were higher in men (135.5) than women (91.8). Conclusions. RPeM behaves coherently across modalities and sex but shares 60–70% of its variance with jump height (r = 0.78–0.84), largely re-expressing the variable from which it is derived. It is an exploratory, transparent descriptor requiring further evaluation before applied use; the readiness output showed zero variance and could not be analysed.
Introduction: This article presents an autoethnographic pedagogical experience in an undergraduate degree program in Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, aimed at fostering embodied awareness. It clarifies the transmaterialist onto-epistemological perspective as an interpretive framework along with its principles of pedagogical action. Objective: To analyse the educational approach as an empirically grounded, reflective experience, integrating its theoretical foundations with critical teacher self-reflection and qualitative evaluations from students. Methodology: A qualitative autoethnographic research design was used. The narrative corpus included anonymous student evaluations, which were analyzed using categorical content analysis. Results: A portion of the students progressed from an initial cultural shock, characterized by resistance to the practice and the dominance of the traditional view of the discipline, toward an experience marked by greater openness, personal growth, and group cohesion. Discussion: Although some students remained skeptical, reaffirming the dominant technocratic view of the discipline, the findings generally showed that the learning experience was highly meaningful and transferable to everyday life. Conclusions: The experience fostered a shift among students from a body-as-object conception toward embodied awareness, recognizing the ethical and political implications of embodiment. Furthermore, it showed the applicability of this proposal to other areas such as athletic training or sport, although in some cases a preference for a mechanistic view of the discipline persisted. Mindful teacher presence constitutes the decisive factor in the successful implementation of contemplative pedagogical approaches in physical education.
Introduction: Padel is an intermittent racket sport characterised by physical, technical-tactical, and psychological demands. Competitive anxiety may affect performance and well-being. Objective: This study aimed to analyse pre-competitive anxiety in padel players according to sex and competitive level. Methodology: The sample comprised 136 players, including 68 men and 68 women, classified as professionals (n = 20) or amateurs (n = 116). The Sport Anxiety Scale-2 was used to assess somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption. Descriptive statistics and two-way analyses of variance examining sex, competitive level, and their interaction were conducted, with significance set at p < .05. Results: No significant sex-by-level interaction was observed for any anxiety dimension. Somatic anxiety did not differ significantly according to sex or competitive level. Worry was significantly higher in women than in men (mean difference = 3.21 points; p < .001) and in amateurs than in professionals (mean difference = 2.17 points; p = .015). Concentration disruption was also higher in women (mean difference = 1.93 points; p = .005) and amateurs (mean difference = 1.85 points; p = .007). Amateur women recorded the highest concentration disruption score (10.6 ± 3.3 points), whereas professional women also showed elevated worry (13.9 ± 3.4 points). Items concerning poor performance received the highest ratings, while somatic symptoms received the lowest. Conclusion: These findings are consistent with greater cognitive and attentional involvement than somatic expression in pre-competitive anxiety. Psychological preparation should be tailored to players’ needs, particularly women and amateurs.
Introduction: Sprint interval training (SIT) has become one of the most widely studied time-efficient training strategies for improving athletic performance. Nevertheless, evidence regarding its effects on specific cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular variables remains fragmented. Objective: To examine the effects of SIT on cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular variables associated with sports performance through a systematic review of the recent literature. Methodology: Twenty-one studies involving different athletic populations and SIT protocols were included. Outcomes comprised relative and absolute VO₂max, maximal aerobic speed (MAS), maximal and resting heart rate, countermovement jump (CMJ), sprint performance, repeated sprint ability (RSA), and peak power output (PPO). Results: SIT improved several physiological and performance-related outcomes, particularly in recreational or moderately trained individuals. The most consistent adaptations were observed for VO₂max and PPO, while MAS also improved, especially when SIT was combined with sport-specific training. Evidence for RSA was limited. The magnitude of the adaptations appeared to depend on participant characteristics, intervention duration, training volume, and protocol specificity. Conclusions: SIT is an effective and time-efficient strategy for improving key physiological variables associated with sports performance. However, its effects are not consistent across all outcomes or populations. Future studies should standardize SIT protocols, isolate the effects of SIT from concurrent training components, and evaluate its application in specific sports.
Objective: To analyze the technical-tactical behavior and scoring effectiveness of techniques in elite female extra-lightweight (≤48 kg) judo across the last three Olympic cycles (2016, 2020, and 2024). Methods: A retrospective observational study which analyzed 159 official International Judo Federation World Circuit contests (53 per cycle) involving athletes ranked among the top 20 in the World Ranking. A total of 107 scoring techniques were identified according to the Kodokan classification and the official IJF rules applicable to each Olympic cycle. Results: No significant differences were observed in the distribution of technical groups across Olympic cycles (χ²=3.109, p=0.927; Cramér's V=0.121). Likewise, the distribution of techniques resulting in Ippon (χ²=3.637, p=0.888) and Waza-ari (χ²=6.383, p=0.604) remained stable. Although the overall technical profile was preserved, the diversity of individual scoring techniques increased from 17 techniques in the 2016 Olympic cycle to 24 in the 2020 cycle, and remained high in 2024 (23 techniques). Sode-tsuri-komi-goshi predominated in 2016, whereas Ouchi-gari became the most frequent scoring technique in 2020 and remained among the leading techniques in 2024. Katame-waza consistently produced most Ippon, whereas Ashi-waza and Te-waza remained the principal sources of Waza-ari. Conclusions: Despite successive IJF rule modifications, the technical profile of elite female extra-lightweight judo remained remarkably stable across the last three Olympic cycles. Elite athletes expanded their technical repertoire while maintaining the effectiveness of the principal scoring strategies, providing coaches with evidence to optimize weight category-specific technical and tactical training.
Introduction: Physical activity is recognized as a protective factor for mental health; however, evidence regarding its relationship with body composition and psychological symptoms remains inconsistent. Objective: To analyze the relationship between symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress and levels of physical activity and body composition (Body Mass Index and body fat percentage) in university students. Methodology: A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted with 115 university students (M = 20.4 years, SD = 3.5) from a private university in Colombia. Psychological symptoms were assessed using DASS-21, physical activity using IPAQ-SF, and body composition using body mass index and bioelectrical impedance analysis. One-way ANOVA and Pearson correlations were performed. Results: No significant differences were found in depression, anxiety, and stress according to physical activity levels or body fat percentage. However, students with overweight or obesity presented lower levels of anxiety than those with normal weight. Descriptively, participants with underweight and with a “lean” body fat percentage reported higher symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress than those with normal weight and overweight or obesity. Discussion: The lack of significant associations may be explained by sample homogeneity and absence of mediating variables, suggesting that physical activity may influence mental health indirectly. Lower anxiety in overweight-obese students partially supports the “jolly fat” hypothesis. Conclusions: Levels of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms did not vary according to physical activity intensity. Students classified as overweight or obese based on body mass index showed fewer anxiety symptoms than those classified as normal.
Introduction: University teaching encompasses the dimensions of teaching, research, extension, and management, and involvement in these dimensions may take different forms throughout the professional trajectory. Objective: To identify the profile and involvement in the dimensions of teaching among Physical Education professors, considering the stages of the teaching career and the administrative category of the universities. Methodology: This descriptive, quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted with 107 professors from in-person undergraduate and/or graduate Physical Education programs at universities in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Results: Most participants were male, aged between 36 and 50 years, had a partner, held a doctoral degree, were in the intermediate career stage, and were affiliated with public universities. Greater involvement was observed in research and extension, whereas participation in administrative positions was less frequent. Early-career professors were younger, were mainly hired through selection processes, worked primarily in undergraduate programs, and showed less involvement in research and extension. Intermediate-career professors had higher workloads, greater involvement in graduate programs, and greater participation in research. Late-career professors maintained high workloads but showed less involvement in graduate programs. Discussion: Differences across career stages indicate that involvement in the dimensions of teaching changes throughout the career, with an expansion and diversification of academic activities during the intermediate stage and a reconfiguration of priorities during the final stage. Conclusion: Career stages and institutional contexts influence professors’ involvement in the different dimensions of teaching, highlighting the importance of institutional policies that consider the specific characteristics of each career stage and promote the integration of teaching, research, extension, and management. These findings broaden the understanding of faculty professional development in Higher Education.
Introduction: In high-performance soccer, in addition to the players' physical, technical and psychological qualities, the competence to make the right tactical decisions, and to translate them into actions, is becoming increasingly important for achieving good results in matches. Objective: This study aimed to determine the impact extent of physical, technical, tactical and psychological factors on the status of young football players (YFPs). Methodology: A total of 40 under-20 YFPs from 2 professional clubs were divided into 2 groups according to their status in the team (starting players or reserves). The YFPs performed physical, technical and tactical intelligence tests and answered a questionnaire to outline their psychological profile. Data were analyzed using binary logistic regression using the SPSS v.20 pro-gram Results: The results showed that the starting players are better in 16 of the 22 indicators analyzed, with three of them showing significant differences: concentration (P<0.05; d=0.65), motivation (P<0.00; d=1.15) and anxiety control (P<0.01; d=0.81). The model to analyze the effects with the 4 factors revealed a statistically significant fit (P<0.01), with a good explained Nagelkerke variance of R2=0.41. Of the factors analyzed, mental strength and tactical performance significantly contribute to starting (P<0.05). Furthermore, these variables have a relevant effect size on the YFP status, increasing the chance of starting by 1.15 respectively and 1.2 for each point on the scale. Conclusion: Therefore, it is concluded that the difference between being a starter and a reserve in YFPs is mainly attributed to tactical intelligence and mental strength.
Introduction: In the context of higher education, there is growing interest in active teaching methodologies that promote the development of socio-emotional and creative competencies, which are essential for professional performance. Objectives: To analyze the impact of a pedagogical intervention based on Body Expression on emotional intelligence (EI) and creative self-efficacy (CSE) among undergraduate students enrolled in the Bachelor's Degree in Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, while also examining potential differences according to gender and the type of sport practiced. In addition, the characteristics of the activities perceived as most challenging were explored. Methods: The sample consisted of 35 university students (43% women; M = 18.82, SD = 1.04). The intervention comprised nine practical sessions and five theoretical sessions, each lasting 90 minutes, delivered through a mixed-methods approach. Emotional intelligence, creative self-efficacy, and mood were assessed using validated questionnaires, complemented by a qualitative analysis of students' perceptions. Results: Significant improvements were found in several dimensions of emotional intelligence and creative self-efficacy, as well as a positive effect on mood. Qualitative findings revealed that students identified the creation of a safe environment, collaborative group work, performing in front of classmates, and the use of expressive resources such as music and costumes as key factors in helping them step outside their comfort zones. Conclusions: Body Expression constitutes an effective pedagogical strategy for promoting the development of socio-emotional and creative competencies, while also contributing to students' emotional well-being in the context of higher education.
Introduction: The physiological benefits of physical exercise are well documented in health promotion and preventing diseases, although the intensity and duration of such exercise may alter the efficiency of certain variables. Objective: To investigate intensity and volume effects in interval training both practically and biochemically. Methodology: Young military personnel were randomly assigned to three interval aerobic exercise groups at light, moderate, and intense intensities, with progressively lower training volumes prescribed as exercise intensity increased (G1, G2, and G3, respectively) measured by their residual heart rate for 12 weeks. Pre/post data of body composition and non-acute biochemical markers from the study population were collected. Results: After 12 weeks, all groups showed significant reductions in body fat mass, whereas only G1 exhibited significant reductions in BMI, body fat percentage, and resting heart rate. G2 and G3 showed significant increases in lean mass percentage. Regarding oxidative stress, significant changes were limited to DCF, GSH, and NO, with differences between groups depending on intensity and duration, while protein carbonylation, SOD, and sulfhydryl group content remained unchanged. Discussion: Interval training improved body composition regardless of intensity, with light-intensity training showing additional benefits for BMI and resting heart rate, while moderate- and high-intensity training favored lean mass gains. Conclusion: Effects on redox balance were more limited and intensity-specific, suggesting that exercise intensity should be considered when targeting oxidative stress outcomes in military populations.
