Los estudiantes necesitan desarrollar un adecuado nivel de velocidad lectora para lograr una buena fluidez y comprensión lectora. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar cómo se desarrolla la velocidad lectora en diferentes géneros textuales —narrativo y expositivo— entre los escolares a lo largo de la escuela primaria. Los resultados muestran que a medida que los lectores avanzan en niveles escolares, adquieren una mayor velocidad de articulación y de elocución en la lectura. Sin embargo, los estudiantes de diferentes grados pueden variar la forma en que usan su velocidad lectora en diferentes géneros textuales, y la dirección de esta variación también puede diferir según las métricas de medición de la velocidad. Este estudio sugiere que los fonemas, al ser menos sensibles a las características del texto que las palabras y las sílabas, son las mejores unidades para estudiar el efecto de los géneros textuales sobre la velocidad lectora. En este sentido, los estudiantes de los primeros grados de primaria mantuvieron una velocidad lectora constante en los diferentes géneros textuales, mientras que los lectores avanzados aceleraron al leer el texto expositivo en comparación con el texto narrativo. Se concluye que cada género discursivo puede exigir a los estudiantes que utilicen su tiempo de una manera particular para apoyar el procesamiento cognitivo del texto y facilitar la reconstrucción de su significado. Sin embargo, este uso específico del tiempo acorde a los géneros solo se observa en los lectores avanzados.
El propósito fundamental de esta investigación es conocer el proceso evolutivo que han experimentado dos marcadores discursivos pertenecientes a la modalidad epistémica –no cabe duda y no me cabe duda– y cuáles son los estadios por los que han pasado hasta llegar a su uso actual, para lo que nos valdremos de los principales corpus históricos del español. La hipótesis de la que partimos es que estas unidades experimentan, por un lado, un proceso de construccionalización y, por otro lado, un proceso de gramaticalización por expansión mediante el que desarrollan los valores pragmáticos que presentan en la actualidad. El valor de esta investigación reside en la escasez de estudios precedentes sobre estas unidades y en la necesidad de completar el paradigma de la modalidad.
Inspector Salazars trauma presents differences with those suffered by other famous investigators prior to her. This article explores the role of victimology and PTSD in inspector Salazars performance. I contend that she is haunted by her memories of child maltreatment and those, along with the crimes she investigates, trigger a number of fear networks which put her in a very fragile mental state and endangering her life. The article focuses on the clinical aspects of her PTSD symptoms, what triggered them and how she starts recovering her agency once she can pull up her resilience and bounce back personally and professionally thanks to the psychological anchors in her life.
In the present work, we focus on the development and command of the disciplinary primary and high school students in Mendoza, Argentina. We focus on the use and evolution of nominalizations as one of the grammatical devices characteristic of these textual genres. This work constitutes a case study in which we analyze the frequency of deverbal and deadjectival nominalizations in four written expository school texts from two seventh-grade students and two and compare their use in productions from both school levels. The analysis is informed by the (SFL, hereafter). Based on the analysis, we found that texts produced by the high school students revealed 58 nominalizations, while the texts produced by primary school students barely revealed 19 build and develop new knowledge and communicative functions. Regarding the functions of nominalizations in the texts, we observed that the most predominant ones were the referential and predicative functions at both school levels, an expected result in the context of disciplinary discourses. Among the projections of this work, we highlight the need to provide a more detailed description of the characteristics of the expository genre in terms of its generic structure in a larger sample, with the purpose of identifying the functions of the nominalizations used and of comparing them according to the school level. Another interesting aspect would be to study the use of nominalizations in university students to continue this research from an ontogenetic perspective.
This article has the aim of recognizing the motif of the uncanny (das Unheimliche) as a fundamental esthetic category in Dark Romanticism, especially in the works "The Sandman" by E.T.A. Hoffmann (1776-1822) and "The Man of the Crowd" by Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849). To this end, firstly a tentative characterization of the uncanny as an aesthetic category is proposed; then a general view of this motif in the stories "The Sandman" and "The Man of the Crowd" respectively will be presented; and lastly the task of a poetry of the uncanny will be tackled. The poetic world of Dark Romanticism is characterized by the uncovering of an inner world with decided shades of chiaroscuro, where the literary work tries to reveal what is not always visible.
The objective of this essay is to understand the relationship between the hero and the monster in epic fantasy, two paradigmatic figures of a literary genre that, as the elements that compose it, has evolved over time. The main trait is verisimilitude, which grounds literary styles such as grimdark, based on saturating the narration with realistic elements to provoke horror on the reader. Here we ponder how this verisimilitude, embodied on the artifact, affects the moral and ideological composition of the hero and the monster. Next, we outline the main principles that determine the connections, exchanges, and behaviors between both archetypes at two moments: one of contamination and another of redemption. Finally, we apply those concepts to two epic fantasy characters, Gollum and Daenerys Targaryen, with the aim of advancing towards a progression (rather than opposition) between the heroic and monstrous figures.
An adequate development of reading rate is necessary to gain reading fluency and good comprehension. The aim of this study was to investigate how reading rate develops across different grades and text genres -narrative and expository- throughout primary school. The results show that as the readers advance in terms of school grade, they gain a greater articulatory and elocutionary reading rate. However, students at different grades could vary the way they use their reading rate across text genres, and the direction of this variation could also differ according to the metrics of velocity measurement. Our study suggests that phones, being less sensitive to text characteristics than words and syllables, are the best units for studying the effect of text genres on reading rate. In this sense, early primary students maintained a constant reading rate across text genres, meanwhile advanced readers accelerated when reading the expository text in comparison with the narrative text. We conclude that each genre may demand the students to use their time in a particular way in order to support the cognitive processing of the text and facilitate the reconstruction of meaning. However, this genre specific use of time in reading appears only in the advanced readers.
The present work arises in response to the need to address the cancellation of Children's and Youth Literature, an emerging cultural phenomenon, from a rigorous and systematic perspective. Hence, our main objective is to tackle the cancellation of folk tales by future teaching professionals through a lexical analysis of their considerations based on aspectual categories (Aktionsart). To this end, data provided by over a hundred trainee teachers specialising in Early Childhood and Primary Education from various Spanish universities have been analysed, and a pragmalinguistic space has been described in which a natural relationship is established between cancellation attitudes and the use of aspectually defined predicates. Thus, faced with the same question regarding the suppression of certain children's tales, a significant percentage of trainee teachers have expressed their position (for, against, or undecided) in a more or less extreme manner based on the use of verbs denoting Activity, Accomplishment, Achievement, or State, and under parameters of regulation between live discourses and cultural inertia. The conclusions indicate that the presence of sexism is seen as a reality by a majority of subjects, but the data derived from the double analysis, lexical and cultural, seem to indicate the existence of different degrees and forms of cancellation ranging from total cancellation (elimination) to partial cancellation (adaptation, rewriting, contextualisation, revision, or critique).
A prolific Chilean writer, Benjam & iacute;n Subercaseaux (1902-1973) presents a certain eroaesthetics in his narrative works, his few poems and his extensive anthropological studies, all of which this article proposes to review in order to define the physical characteristics of the male body in terms of an imaginary that represents the author's convictions about the relations between body, spirit and art. These texts, written mainly between 1930 and 1972, contain a visionary discourse on the matter, allowing to outline the features that the author considers significant regarding a sensitive, developed and mature masculinity.
This paper aims to demonstrate that the syntactic-semantic characteristics of the antecedent and the type of rhetorical relation in which the antecedent and the phoric element appear are relevant potential competitors with identical properties were read to subjects aged about nine years to determine which was the antecedent in a target utterance. A repeated measures ANOVA was the other hand, phoric elements placed in rhetorical relations of subordination are better resolved than in those cases in which the antecedent and the phoric element appear in rhetorical relations of coordination. Finally, if both factors are taken into account simultaneously, unexpected results are found.
In this paper, framed within the so-called cultural geography, we focus on the ways in which literary production participates in the social construction of space in Patagonia Ays & eacute;n. In this way, we propose that writing space (geo-graphing) is never a purely aesthetic exercise but is also political in that it contributes to the promotion and consolidation of certain perceptions of certain places and social sectors while others are omitted or made invisible. In the literature reviewed on Patagonia Ays & eacute;n in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, we identified that this is not a fixed, timeless or monolithic territory, but a dynamic articulation between a plurality of memories and sociospatial trajectories. That is to say, we recognize in its configuration the coexistence of imaginaries and territorialities that vary in terms of the ways of inhabiting and moving through the territory, the meanings and relationships established with the environment or the practices and temporalities that go back to the past and tradition or are projected into the future as a new model of development and (eco)colonization.
This study analyzes the process of political subjectivation of the Women for Life (MPLV) collective, considering the three initial years of the group. Through exploratory research, this study examines the discursive practices and strategies used by the MPLV collective to resist the military regime in the Chilean 1980s dictatorial context. Considering theoretical tools such as political subjectivity and a methodology constructed using the Critical Discourse Analysis approach, this study provides a glottopolitical interpretation of MPLV's political subjectification process. This article concludes that the MPLV collective constituted a plural and feminine political subject that denounced the double repression of women during dictatorship.
Metaphors are used in media and political discourse to conceptualise crucial social phenomena such as economic crises, migration or diseases (Nerghes et al., 2015; Semino et al., 2018). Metaphor has a significant importance in public communication as it establishes links between different conceptual domains, allowing an individual to make metaphorical sense of their social experience. Previous research show that different metaphors used to represent the same phenomenon can substantially influence how individuals reason, feel and act (Nicaise, 2014; Thibodeau and Boroditsky, 2015; Doquin de Saint-Preux and Masid, 2021). This study examines the use of war metaphors to conceptualise the COVID-19 pandemic, comparing the emotional impact, opinions, decision-making, fears associated with the virus and positive factors derived from the pandemic in two groups of 116 Spanish speakers and 116 French speakers. The results highlight the negative impact of the use of this metaphorical domain on the psychological state of the population, as well as the significant differences in perception between French and Spanish speakers for all the variables studied. In general, it is observed that in all cases the mean is higher in Spanish speakers. In line with previous works (K & ouml;vecses, 2005), it is argued that cultural and linguistic differences could significantly affect the perception and impact of the same conceptual metaphors in different languages. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the cognitive mechanisms underlying the effect of metaphors on human behaviour and offers insights for more effective and empathetic communication in future global crises.
The article investigates the reception of Spinoza in the early formulations of German philosophy in the 1790s. It establishes a difference between the poetic reception of the Romantics and Pre-romantics and another systematic reception of philosophers such as Schelling. or Hegel. It also analyzes the connections and intersections between both receptions and their consequences for the evolution of post-Kantian philosophy.
The following article will review the concepts of parody, play, and neobaroque in some of the reference works of the Chilean author Juan Emar, such as Cartas a Carmen (1998), M[i] V[ida]: diarios (1911-1917) (2006) and Cartas a P & eacute;p & egrave;che (2007), as well as in other works of fiction, such as Un a & ntilde;o (1935), Regreso (2016) and Umbral (1977), with the aim of carrying out an analysis of these notions and linking them with avant-garde literature, of which Juan Emar is a faithful exponent.
This study describes how borders are represented in the comic series The Adventures of Tintin and analyzes them from the perspective of Lakoff's frame theory. For this purpose, a classification of borders based on a combination of historical and scale perspectives is utilized, resulting in four distinct types: phantom borders, geopolitical borders, internal borders, and external borders. A dual analysis is presented: on one hand, the role of borders in the narrative, and on the other, how their depiction has contributed to the creation and dissemination of a specific mental framework. The conclusion is that examples of all four categories appear in Herg & eacute;'s works and that, overall, they contribute to the dissemination of a mental framework according to which borders are physical and symbolic spaces that separate different realities rather than serving as points of encounter and between societies.
This article addresses a fundamental theoretical question of a philosophical nature within the field of linguistics, focusing on the work of E. Coseriu: the distinction between language and reality, where "reality" is that to which language can refer as distinct from itself. This distinction is evident in Coseriu's use of expressions such as "extralinguistic" or "extralinguistic reality". I will argue that the distinction is uncritical, and these usages are not consistent with the rational constructive process of the linguistic as a foundational concept in the field. According to this approach, "extralinguistic" can only be a limiting concept, not an operative one. To support this, I will provide a phenomenologically inspired analysis of this constructive process. This analysis will demonstrate that "linguistic" names the intentional respect character of both linguistic entities and the mode of being of intentional agents. Consequently, I will argue that both the uncritical distinction and the uses of "extralinguistic" dissolve.
This article analyzes the corruption of the eschatological imaginary of The Divine Comedy in Among the Lost, by Emiliano Monge. The interpretative proposal argues that the novel does not merely invert the realms of the afterlife, but morally degrades them, transforming hell, purgatory, and paradise into debased spaces in relation to their Dantean referents. This symbolic corruption makes it possible to question the conditions under which moral judgments are issued in contexts of post-structural violence, where victims are forced to act as perpetrators. Furthermore, the novel highlights the aesthetic limitations of the Dantean imaginary in representing contemporary horrors, revealing its inadequacy as a framework of meaning. The article concludes that the novel demands an ethical, political, and representational response to the migrant humanitarian crisis.
School Violence is a concept that has been widely studied since the 70s, which began as a matter of interest for educational sociology, becoming one of the central topics of research in different areas of knowledge nowadays. In this regard, it has not been investigated how Chilean media constructed this concept during the year 2022, in which numerous cases of SV were reported. This research aims to carry out a study of subjective theories regarding the construction of the SV concept by three media. Two levels of analysis of Subject Theories were conducted, a first descriptive level, and a second relational level. It was concluded that the concept of SV is constructed from the concept of Violence per se, which becomes in SV once the context and the actors are recognizably students.
This article revisits the concept of normalization of philosophy in Colombia through Danilo Cruz V & eacute;lez's work on the reception and conditions of reception of Friedrich Nietzsche's oeuvre. By interrogating the historical conditions that Cruz V & eacute;lez establishes for philosophical reception, the article reveals how the "framework of modernity reference" structures Colombian philosophical historiography around four series: material, technical, social, and a fourth, commonly hidden, configured by the values linked to the political-cultural project of the Liberal Republic (1930-1946). This series, overlooked in other approaches, is based on the hierarchization of philosophical production by geographic origin, and the assumption of Western universality as philosophy's natural destiny. The article demonstrates how this framework produces a "indigent narrative" that systematically devalues local philosophical production in favor of an idealized image of European philosophy, presented as the only legitimate model. By documenting Cruz V & eacute;lez's cold reception of the first Colombian readers of Nietzsche, such as Baldomero San & iacute;n Cano and Jos & eacute; Asunci & oacute;n Silva, in favor of later "normalized" interpretations, the article shows how the will toward technical professionalization of a group of Colombian philosophers paradoxically isolated philosophical production from broader cultural engagement, creating a false dilemma between academic legitimacy and social relevance. The analysis proposes furthering the exploration of the diverse Colombian philosophical practices beyond the temporal and methodological limitations of the normalization narrative.
