Background: Early detection of vision problems in young children is crucial, as they may lead to lifelong disabilities such as amblyopia and strabismus. However, conducting visual acuity (VA) evaluations in this age group is challenging. We developed novel VA testing software tailored for young children with engaging animal images and sound effects to encourage participation. Methods: A total of 414 children aged three to five years were included in the study. Each child underwent evaluation using both the newly developed VA testing software and the Spot Vision Screener (SVS, Welch Allyn, USA; software Ver. B), a portable autorefractor. Statistical analysis was performed to explore the complementary roles of VA and refractive error measurements in identifying vision problems. Results: Among the 414 children, 407 (98.3%) successfully completed the VA test using the new software. Bilateral decimal VA of 0.8 (LogMAR 0.1) or higher was observed in 383 of the 407 children (94.1%). Of the 24 children with VA < 0.8, 7 (29.2%) were already under ophthalmological follow-up, while 17 (70.8%) were newly identified as having possible visual developmental issues. SVS detected refractive errors in 21 out of 407 children (5.2%). However, 14 of the 24 children (58.3%) with VA < 0.8 showed no refractive error on SVS evaluation. Conclusions: Assessment of both VA and refractive error provides complementary information for identifying potential vision impairment in young children. Practical VA testing is particularly important, as the SVS may not detect a substantial proportion of children with possible VA deficiency. These findings support the usefulness of child-friendly VA assessment tools in preschool vision screening.
Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of preventable sight loss. The United Kingdom achieves high overall uptake through organised diabetic eye screening programmes, but aggregate performance may conceal inequalities. This systematic review synthesised United Kingdom evidence on attendance-related associated factors, barriers, facilitators and interventions, with particular emphasis on minority ethnic communities and related inequalities. MEDLINE and Embase via Ovid, Web of Science, Scopus, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Google Scholar, citation searching and targeted United Kingdom grey-literature sources were searched and updated to 18 August 2026. Fourteen primary studies met the inclusion criteria. Younger age and socioeconomic deprivation showed the most consistent associations with lower or delayed attendance across multiple large routine-data analyses. Ethnicity-related associations varied by group and setting, and several datasets were limited by incomplete ethnicity recording. Qualitative, mixed-methods and survey evidence identified communication difficulties, competing work or education, appointment inflexibility, transport, inaccurate contact details and fragmentation with diabetes care as plausible barriers. One cluster-randomised trial in practices serving South Asian communities increased mean practice-level attendance from 74% to 89% (adjusted difference 12 percentage points, 95% confidence interval 7–17). Overall confidence was strongest for age- and deprivation-related associations and lower for specific mechanisms and interventions. Equity improvement should combine robust demographic monitoring with locally demonstrated barriers and the evaluation of intervention reach and sustained attendance.
Myopia is a growing public health problem expected to affect half the global population by 2050, making appropriate management of the condition necessary. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge and practices of South African optometrists regarding childhood myopia management. A quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive design with a survey method was employed. An online questionnaire was distributed to practicing optometrists and included questions related to demographic information, knowledge of myopia and associated ocular pathologies, diagnostic work-up and management of childhood myopia. Data were summarised using descriptive statistics, and further analysed with univariate binary and ordinal logistic regression analysis where the independent variables were years of experience, certification and interest. A total of 124 completed questionnaires were received. The majority of participants used non-cycloplegic refraction and less than 20% performed dilated fundus examinations. Single vision distance spectacles were most commonly prescribed despite awareness of the efficacy of interventions to slow myopia progression. However, factors such as cost and the need for clinical guidelines limit the practice of evidence-based management. Participants were aware of some of the ocular pathologies associated with high myopia, indicating that this knowledge needs to be reinforced. Results from this study may be used to aid optometry policy development, regulatory council decisions and guide the content of professional development programmes to enhance knowledge.
This study intends to investigate how online shoppers’ confusion influences consumers’ decisions to abandon their shopping carts in online retailing, based on the ‘Approach–avoidance motivation theory’. This research also aims to investigate the moderating role of negative consumer reviews/electronic word-of-mouth and the mediating role of emotional exhaustion between online shoppers’ confusion and shopping cart abandonment. Three hundred seventy-seven relevant responses of online shoppers from northern Indian were obtained through the convenience sampling technique and analysed using SPSS 26 and SmartPLS 4.0. The study found that online shoppers’ confusion influences shopping cart abandonment directly and indirectly through emotional exhaustion. Furthermore, negative consumer reviews and/or electronic word-of-mouth moderates the direct correlation between online shoppers’ confusion and emotional exhaustion as well as the indirect correlation between online shoppers’ confusion and shopping cart abandonment via emotional exhaustion. The current study will help e-retailers in designing effective strategies that reduce cart abandonment rate and boost sales and profits.
Background: This study aimed to identify the factors associated with self-reported visual difficulty and uptake of spectacle/contact lens correction among women of reproductive age in Malawi. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional secondary analysis of the 2024 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey data. Outcomes were self-reported visual difficulty and use of spectacles/contact lenses. Age, residence, region, education, and marital status were examined as associated variables. Categorical variables were summarized using frequencies and percentages. Chi-square tests, multinomial and binary logistic regression models were used to assess associations. Results: The analysis included 5634 women aged 15–49 years; 78.3% lived in rural areas, and 62.4% had primary education. Self-reported visual difficulty was significantly associated with region, age, residence, education, and marital status (all p ≤ 0.004). Reported use of spectacle/contact lenses was also associated with these factors. Increasing age was associated with higher odds of reporting “some difficulty” seeing (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.06–1.09). Compared with women in the Southern region, those from the Northern (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.5–2.9) and Central regions (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2–2.1) had higher odds of reporting visual difficulty, with stronger associations for “a lot of difficulty” in the Central region (OR 4.3, 95% CI 2.1–8.6). Urban residence was associated with higher odds whereas being married/living together, divorced/separated, or widowed was associated with lower odds. Conclusion: Self-reported visual difficulty and use of spectacles/contact lenses varied by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Targeted strategies to improve access to affordable eye care may reduce barriers to uptake of corrective services and reduce visual impairment among women in Malawi.
Artificial intelligence (AI) in fashion retail has transformed consumer interaction, yet limited research explains why customers simultaneously feel motivated and inhibited towards AI-powered applications. This study examines the factors shaping adoption intention in AI-based fashion retailing by applying the motivation–inhibition perspective. A qualitative phase involving 63 Indian users of AI-enabled retail applications identified three motivators, namely personalized recommendations, feature appeal and positive shopping experience, and three inhibitors, namely privacy concern, technology anxiety and complexity in use. These themes guided the development of a measurement scale, which was validated through a two-phase survey of 971 Indian consumers using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling. The results reveal that feature appeal ( β = 0.646, p < .05) significantly enhances adoption intention, while privacy concern significantly inhibits it ( β = –0.681, p < .05). The study concludes that adoption intention is best understood through the coexistence of both motivators and inhibitors. Managerially, the findings highlight the need to improve feature-rich experiences, strengthen personalization engines and reduce friction and privacy-related concerns in AI-powered fashion applications.
Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in vision science are commonly evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha, yet Rasch-based statistics may provide different information about their reliability. This study compared Cronbach’s alpha, a Classical Test Theory (CTT) index, with Rasch person reliability and the person separation ratio across three vision-related questionnaires: the Symptom Questionnaire for Visual Dysfunctions (SQVD; n = 434), the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI; n = 294), and the Quality of Vision questionnaire (QoV; n = 288), using retrospective data from unselected clinical populations. Cronbach’s alpha indicated acceptable internal consistency across all questionnaires (α = 0.80–0.87), whereas Rasch person reliability was lower (0.62–0.80) and person separation ratios ranged from 1.29 to 2.00, indicating more limited discrimination. Item reliability was generally high (0.90–0.97) overall but declined in subgroups with restricted score variability. Discrepancies were most pronounced in the OSDI, where estimates approached their theoretical floor when subgroups were defined by the questionnaire’s own scores. Cronbach’s alpha and Rasch-based statistics are not interchangeable and capture different aspects of measurement precision: alpha may overestimate internal consistency, whereas person reliability and the separation ratio provide complementary information about discriminatory capacity. These findings support reporting both CTT and Rasch-based reliability statistics when evaluating vision-related PROMs in clinical populations.
Studies suggest that anticipation in sports-related tasks is better if the task maintains the coupling of perception and action required in competition. Study 1 addressed the question of whether gaze tracking varies between coupled tasks in baseball and softball batters. Fifteen subjects executed either a coupled task (partially swinging a bat at an approaching ball) or an uncoupled task (predicting the passing height of an approaching ball). The ball was stopped by a net 8 feet (2.44 m) in front of the subject. Rapid gaze shifts occurred for 53.0% of the pitches in the uncoupled task, and for 39.7% of the pitches in the coupled task (p = 0.039). The number of predictive gaze shifts toward the terminal ball location in each condition (i.e., the expected location of bat–ball contact in the coupled condition, and the observer in the uncoupled condition) did not vary between the conditions (p = 0.388). Study 2 examined whether gaze fixations on the net found in Study 1 occurred because passing height judgments could not be improved at distances closer than 8 feet from the observer. Passing height judgments were lower when the ball was allowed to pass by the observer, suggesting that subjects processed trajectory information within 8 feet.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) extends beyond the brain to the visual system, offering a promising window for pathology, monitoring, and intervention. This review synthesizes evidence on AD-related visual impairments across molecular, cellular, circuit, and cortical levels. We examine the eye–brain pathological relationship as a working framework, noting experimental evidence for brain-to-eye amyloid-β (Aβ) transport in mouse models and associations between retinal and cerebral pathology in humans, while emphasizing that bidirectional pathological transport has not been established. Structural and functional changes in the retina, optic nerve, and visual cortex are reviewed, alongside white matter damage and posterior cortical atrophy patterns. We evaluate emerging multimodal tools (OCTA, ERG, and hyperspectral imaging) that shift diagnosis toward an integrated “structure–vessel–function” assessment. We critically examine non-pharmacological interventions, including 40 Hz gamma stimulation and photobiomodulation, discussing their mechanisms, translational challenges, and the dissociation between structural and cognitive outcomes. We propose the visual system as a candidate pathological window, a quantitative monitoring platform, and an investigational intervention entry point in Alzheimer’s disease. However, clinical translation of these applications requires standardized acquisition protocols, prospective longitudinal validation, and robust mechanistic evidence. To advance this agenda, we identify three priorities: multimodal data integration, closed-loop neuromodulation strategies, and methodologically rigorous validation frameworks.
Purpose: Keratoconus is a progressive corneal ectatic disorder that causes visual impairment, particularly in adolescents and young adults. Evidence on its epidemiology in Latin America and the Caribbean remains limited. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of keratoconus and evaluate associated factors, including eye rubbing, sex, family history, and allergy history, in the region. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar was conducted on 15 December 2025 for observational studies published up to December 2025. Study selection and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers, with disagreements resolved by consensus. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Pooled prevalence estimates and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using a random-effects model with variance-stabilizing transformation. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic, and publication bias was explored using funnel plots and Egger’s test. Results: Seven prevalence studies were included in the primary meta-analysis following exclusion of three studies from the previous version of the review, with no additional eligible prevalence studies identified in the updated search. One additional nationwide registry-based study from Colombia was identified but excluded from the primary prevalence synthesis because it reported incidence derived from administrative diagnostic coding rather than clinically assessed prevalence. Among the seven prevalence studies, reported prevalence ranged from 0.50% to 2.88%. The pooled prevalence of keratoconus was 2.07% (95% CI: 1.53–2.79), with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 71.9%). Subgroup analyses suggested that prevalence estimates varied by study design, with lower estimates observed in community- and school-based studies and higher estimates in clinic-based studies. No statistically significant associations were identified for eye rubbing, sex, family history, or allergy history; however, these analyses should be interpreted cautiously due to small sample sizes, heterogeneous exposure definitions, and wide confidence intervals. Conclusions: Keratoconus prevalence estimates in Latin America and the Caribbean remain variable and should be interpreted cautiously due to substantial heterogeneity, differences in study design, variability in diagnostic criteria, and differences in case ascertainment. The findings highlight important evidence gaps and support the need for well-designed population-based studies using standardized diagnostic criteria to inform screening strategies, early detection, and eye-care planning in the region.
Retail brands have increasingly adopted self-service options to enhance customer attention and engagement. This study builds on that trend by introducing the concept of customers’ self-service delight (SSD). Across six stages of research, the present study develops and tests a typology of customers’ SSD, which is conceptualized as an intrinsic hedonic motivation to serve oneself while making a purchase. The scale development process comprises six stages: two qualitative processes (focus groups and open-ended survey), an expert opinion analysis, exploratory data analysis and validation studies. Data were collected from active users of self-service technologies in different stages following a mixed research design approach. Various statistical techniques were used, such as exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, regression analysis and structural equation modelling. The study identifies nine unique SSD dimensions and their items, and finally checks the scale’s predictive power to measure SSD within the offline retail context. Several theoretical and decisive implications have also been discussed based on multiple SSD dimensions. Researchers and policymakers can now rely on diverse SSD measures that best fit their context. At the same time, the former also get some insights into future research directions.
Purpose: This research highlights how behavioural, demographic and perceptual aspects affect bottom of the pyramid (BoP) customers’ intentions to use digital banking services in India. To comprehend how constructs such as perceived usefulness, ease of use, behavioural control, trust, risk perception and fees/charges shape attitudes and eventually determine digital banking adoption intention within economically underprivileged banking consumers is the main objective of this study. It acknowledges the critical value that digital financial inclusion has in promoting the use for those who have low incomes. Methodology: The research follows an analytical structure that is based on a quantitative research methodology and structural equation modelling. To collect accurate data, standardized questionnaires were given to an accurate representation of 504 BoP customers from different parts of India. A 5-point Likert scale was applied to test 34 items that covered 8 important variables connected to adopting digital banking. The constructs’ resilience was significantly checked by thorough validity and reliability testing, which covers exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU), perceived behavioural control (PBC), perceived risk (PR), perceived trust (PT), fees/charges (FC), attitude towards digital banking (ATDB) and intention to adopt digital banking were all assessed directly and through mediation by the hypothesis testing conducted within the SEM framework. Findings: The study’s findings indicated that each of the seven proposed hypotheses is positive and statistically significant. In particular, ATDB are significantly improved by PU ( β = 0.183, p < .001), PBC ( β = 0.157, p = .004), PEOU ( β = 0.198, p < .001), PR ( β = 0.162, p = .002), FC ( β = 0.122, p < .001) and PT ( β = 0.175, p < .001). Among BoP users, this positive attitude significantly predicts their propensity to utilize digital banking ( β = 0.543, p < .001). However, although PR usually prevents adoption, the positive effect found indicates that BoP consumers have a positive ATDB when problems are seen as controllable or exceeded by benefits, with adequate transparency and trust. The framework used has an outstanding goodness-of-fit indices (CMIN df = 1.737, RMSEA = 0.038, CFI = 0.961) which highlight the findings’ validity and dependability. Originality: This research is focused on India’s BoP customers, who are among the most economically disadvantaged and technologically disadvantaged consumers, in contrast to the majority of earlier studies that focus on modern cities or higher-income consumers. The research improves the knowledge of digital banking adoption among low-income consumers by combining several behavioural, demographic and perceptual aspects into a strong SEM framework and validating extensive scales with good reliability (Cronbach’s α > 0.75 across constructs). Conventional assumptions are further challenged by the positive correlation between PR and attitude, pointing to complex dynamics in the relationship between risk and trust for BoP consumers. This unique addition speeds up the adoption of digital banking in lower-middle income nations by offering a useful scholarly and academic guide.
The proposition that ‘human beings are egocentric by nature’ has long been a subject of contention. Some scholars posit that humans possess an innate self-centredness, prioritizing their own needs and desires above all else, while others assert that humans harbour the capacity for empathy and compassion towards fellow beings. The divergent perspectives within this discourse, coupled with a heterogeneous body of literature, have necessitated the conceptualization of a nuanced and growth-oriented paradigm known as the ‘quiet ego’. This article presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 210 documents sourced from the Scopus database to elucidate the developmental trajectory of research in the quiet ego domain. The findings reveal a substantial escalation in research output from 2007 to 2022. Using VOSviewer and RStudio’s Biblioshiny tool, this study delineates publication trends and assesses contributions in terms of authorship, journal outlets, institutional affiliations and geographical distribution. Moreover, network analysis techniques are employed to elucidate keyword co-occurrences and collaboration networks among researchers. Thematic evolution and content analysis are employed to identify prevalent topics and themes within the field. Lastly, the article addresses research lacunae and methodological constraints and outlines avenues for future inquiry in the realm of quiet ego research.
Determinants of financial behaviour have increasingly attracted scholarly interest as financial advancement and digitalization have been growing. Whereas good financial decisions have been associated with good financial literacy, new studies have provided insights into the significance of accounting psychological aspects and digital skills to elucidate financial performance. This article evaluates the implications of objective, subjective and digital financial literacy and financial anxiety on financial behaviour as well as satisfaction. Listing 400 digitally engaged people as a sample analysed with the help of structural equation modelling and AMOS 26, a structured questionnaire was carried out using verified reliability and validity assessments. The positive predictors of financial behaviour were digital financial literacy, objective knowledge and subjective knowledge. The financial anxiety conditioned a poor effect on financial capacities and emotional state. Financial literacy partially mediated the association between financial anxiety and financial behaviour in digitally motivated situations. There was a significant gender moderation effect of this relationship, with negative associations between females, but no significant effect of age. Cognitive, emotional and digital integration further develop the behavioural finance theory and promote the financial health of everyone in a changing economic environment.
This study aims to examine the association between green banking practices and the operational efficiency of banks. Green banking practices are measured through the green banking index, which is prepared by applying the content analysis technique. To measure the operational efficiency of banks, the two-stage network data envelopment analysis model is applied. Data are taken for 22 Indian banks for a period of 5 years ranging from 2021 to 2025. To achieve the objective of this study, panel data models and two-step system GMM are applied. The empirical findings of this study reveal that green banking practices positively influence banks’ operational efficiency. Green finance, green operations, green policy and green awareness are the subindices, and all these also positively affect the operational efficiency of banks. Based on the results, recommendations are provided to policymakers, bank managers and regulatory authorities. Green banking practices can facilitate sustainable development by ensuring the direction of funds towards eco-friendly projects.
Background: The rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is a currently indispensable pre-clinical model for fundamental discovery and translational research in glaucoma surgery. While not fully representative of the human eye, the rabbit often serves as the site of the first robust assessment of a new chemical entity in an anatomically and physiologically relevant setting. In later stages of development, the rabbit is also a critical model for regulatory-facing Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)-graded pre-clinical safety studies. However, while guidelines exist for human glaucoma surgeries in terms of patient profile vs. surgery type and success criteria, there is limited collated information available on how rabbit glaucoma filtration surgeries are designed, use and mode of administration of anti-metabolite Mitomycin-C (MMC) and post-operative antibiotic and anti-inflammatory dosing regimes. These disparities limit cross-comparability in studies and encourage sub-optimal study design and incomplete reporting. Methods: This review investigated and collated current procedural and reporting practices based on 100 peer-reviewed rabbit glaucoma filtration surgery publications from the years 2011–2025. Publications meeting acceptance criteria were segmented into pre-operative designs (ethical approval, rabbit characteristics, study duration), intra-operative (surgery type, surgical approach, use of MMC) and post-operative follow-up (antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, analysis and adverse events). Results: It was found that there were clear preferences in animal model selection, study design and intra-/post-operative anti-fibrotic/inflammatory treatment regimes. Additionally, there were several areas identified where reporting was ambiguous or omitted, e.g., rabbit age, post-operative treatments, adverse events. The levels of omission were 16–30% and represent areas for improvement and highlight the need for ongoing review in pre-clinical research.
This research investigated the impact of digital financial literacy (DFL), digital payments experience (DPE) and perceived risk (PR) on the willingness to adopt (WTA) the Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), with trust (TR) and likelihood of adoption (LOA) serving as interplay factors. This research examines the interplay of these dimensions using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology framework and applies structural equation modelling for a quantitative analysis via a meticulously designed questionnaire administered to 590 respondents across the cities involved in the first round of pilot testing in India. The analysis of data was performed through Smart-PLS 4, examining the influence of TR and LOA by bootstrapping with 5,000 samples, which assessed the direct and mediating effects among the variables, alongside the implementation of IPMA analysis for the target constructs. DFL, DPE and PR substantially affect TR and LOA and they serve as significant mediators in the relationship among these factors and users’ WTA CBDC. The research offers policymakers a chance to tackle issues of trust and the adoption probability, since these were the primary determinants influencing behavioural intention.
Discerning the dynamic interconnectedness symphony between Bitcoin’s spot and derivative markets in its embryonic contemporary landscape is imperative for unveiling the potential opportunities for arbitrage and hedging. So, this article is an attempt to explore the interconnectedness dynamics between spot market and derivative markets of Bitcoin, covering the period from January 2018 to May 2024 using conventional measures (Johansen’s cointegration test, VECM and Wald’s block-exogeneity test) and evolved measures (DCC model and wavelet coherence). Their empirical estimates discern significant long-term insistence and spillover effects between spot and derivative markets, significant one-way enduring causality from derivative market to spot market and significant two-way brief period causality from spot market to derivative market and from derivative market to spot market. These pieces of evidence of significant dynamic interconnectedness between the Bitcoin’s spot and derivative markets undermine the potential of arbitrage opportunities while affirming the hedge prospectus with more pronounced leading effect in its derivative market over the long term.
This article examines whether fintech adoption impacts income diversification among the Indian commercial banks. It also checks whether this impact differs by ownership type—public or private—and whether the relationship is impacted by COVID-19. We use a balanced panel of 30 banks from 2016 to 2022. The empirical results suggest that fintech adoption improves income diversification in private sector banks. However, we did not find such impact for public sector banks. The probable reasons are that private banks have better organizational responsiveness, regulatory flexibility and cost efficiency. The article shows that fintech impacts public and private banks differently. Our results also suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic did not change the diversification patterns. This finding signals the presence of structural factors. Our results have implications for both policymakers and banking sectors. We suggest targeted regulatory reforms and capacity-building measures to facilitate fintech adoption in public sector banks. These findings give insights for policymakers and bank managers driving the digital transformation initiatives in other emerging markets.
Purpose: Small finance banks (SFBs) are one of the major initiatives by the Reserve Bank of India to solve bank service challenges to underserved customers in India. This research seeks to establish the pattern of bank service adoption and usage by customers in SFBs in Kerala. The main focus of this research is the assessment of the quality of service and customer satisfaction in SFBs and the analysis of their impact on the sustained patronage of these banks by customers. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study used a quantitative research approach and a descriptive research design. Four hundred fifty responses were collected through a purposive sampling method. In order to carry out data collection, the entire state of Kerala was divided into three regions: North, Central and South. On the basis of branch location and branch size of SFBs, the following regions were selected for data collection: Kozhikode, representing the north region; Ernakulam, representing the central region; and Thiruvananthapuram, representing the south region. Findings and Managerial Implications: The service quality of SFBs was assessed by using the measurement model ‘SERVPERF’. The findings of the current study indicate that the mean percentage score of the service quality of SFBs in Kerala is 82.96%, which indicates that the service quality of SFBs in Kerala is excellent. Overall, the customers’ adoption and usage of SFB deposit services are good, but the loans availed by the customers are average, while investment and insurance products availed are low. The regression analysis indicated that the SFB’ service quality substantially determines the level of satisfaction among the customers. It further indicated that customer satisfaction strongly determines their intentions in patronizing SFBs. Originality/Value: This study aims to present a general overview of the effect of SFBs’ service quality on customer satisfaction and patronage intentions. The research can add substantially to the body of knowledge by evaluating the effect of service quality on customer satisfaction in Kerala’s SFBs. It will benefit academic researchers and offer practitioner-directed findings for bank administrators, policymakers and other financial stakeholders.
