Luther considered printing to be God's greatest invention-and rightly so: unlike his predecessors, he was able to benefit from the rapid dissemination of his ideas thanks to Gutenberg's movable type. Fifteen days after posting his 95 theses, the Holy Roman Empire was informed, and Europe a month later. In Lorraine, and more specifically in Metz, studying the role of books in the spread of the Protestant Reformation during the 16th and 17th centuries remains challenging due to the scarcity of historical research. However, the work of Philip Benedict, based on post-mortem inventories of Calvinists in Metz, provides valuable insight into reading practices and the consumption of religious books. Three main areas are examined: the geographical distribution of readers, the production of books (both local and imported), and their consumption, particularly in the Metz region. While early Reformation prints (such as Flugschriftenand ephemeral publications) are scarcely found, the key works of Calvinism soon became predominant: the Bible, the Book of Martyrs, Calvin's Institutes, and French theologians' catechisms. In the 17th century, Lewis Bayly's Practice of Piety enjoyed notable success. Printing thus fostered a more internalized and autonomous form of religiosity, rooted in personal reading in the vernacular, and played a central role in the diffusion of the Reformation in Lorraine.
This article aims to show the importance of the year 1627 in the government of Count-Duke of Olivares. Through a detailed analysis of sources and bibliography, it explains how the appointment of officials and the selection of individuals for important positions varied before and after this date. The main objective is to delineate both the governmental intentions that drove the failed project of appointing the Cardinal Infante as Inquisitor General and the reasons that motivated the replacement of Gabriel de Trejo as President of Castile. In turn, new data are provided on the how and why of his appointments, concluding with an assessment of the short-and medium-term effects of the two cases analyzed.
The appearance of the cult to Saint Thomas of Villanova, in Coimbra, dates back to the second half of the 17th century. The arrival in the city of a relic and a rock statue of the saint, from Valencia, on January 18th, 1687, led to the founding of a brotherhood dedicated to him, on the initiative of the chapter of Coimbra, in November of the same year. It was installed on the altar of the invocation of its patron, for devotional purposes, in the parish church of the Se. The purpose of this work is to study this confraternity, through an approach to the registry office, brothers, leaders and accounts of the brotherhood.
Charles V had to face the complex issue of governing an empire made up of multiple territories with different political traditions and an enormous geographical distance between them. This reality, combined with the emperor's mobility, required the monarch's absences to be managed. In Castile, the solution was to turn to his wife, Isabella of Portugal (1503-1539). This paper analyses the delegation of royal power to her through an analysis of the governorship, the formula chosen to legally and politically support the delegation of royal power; the suitability of Isabella as a "Spanish princess"; and a study of the context in which the government of the empress took place and developed.
This article analyzes the reception of the iconographic norms defined by Session XXV of the Council of Trent in the ecclesiastical legislation of the Viceroyalty of Peru (16th-18th centuries). Our approach consists of studying how these European prescriptions regarding religious images were transmitted, adapted, and even reinterpreted in the texts produced by local authorities. Through the analysis of these primary sources, we aim to demonstrate how the colonial Church actively participated in the redefinition of the uses of sacred images.
This article examines demographic change and family life in the port town of Portugalete between the 16th and 18th centuries. Based on parish records and population censuses, it explores birth and marriage patterns, fertility behavior, and household structures within a society shaped by Tridentine Catholicism. The family reconstitution method reveals trends of late marriage, extended birth intervals, and a certain social tolerance toward premarital conceptions. The findings highlight a community open to migration yet strongly regulated by religious and social norms. Portugalete thus serves as a valuable case for understanding demographic dynamics in early modern Basque Country.
The appearance of the cult to Saint Thomas of Villanova, in Coimbra, dates back to the second half of the 17th century. The arrival in the city of a relic and a rock statue of the saint, from Valencia, on January 18th, 1687, led to the founding of a brotherhood dedicated to him, on the initiative of the chapter of Coimbra, in November of the same year. It was installed on the altar of the invocation of its patron, for devotional purposes, in the parish church of the Sé. The purpose of this work is to study this confraternity, through an approach to the registry office, brothers, leaders and accounts of the brotherhood.
This article examines demographic change and family life in the port town of Portugalete between the 16th and 18th centuries. Based on parish records and population censuses, it explores birth and marriage patterns, fertility behavior, and household structures within a society shaped by Tridentine Catholicism. The family reconstitution method reveals trends of late marriage, extended birth intervals, and a certain social tolerance toward premarital conceptions. The findings highlight a community open to migration yet strongly regulated by religious and social norms. Portugalete thus serves as a valuable case for understanding demographic dynamics in early modern Basque Country.
Charles V had to face the complex issue of governing an empire made up of multiple territories with different political traditions and an enormous geographical distance between them. This reality, combined with the emperor's mobility, required the monarch's absences to be managed. In Castile, the solution was to turn to his wife, Isabella of Portugal (1503–1539). This paper analyses the delegation of royal power to her through an analysis of the governorship, the formula chosen to legally and politically support the delegation of royal power; the suitability of Isabella as a “Spanish princess”; and a study of the context in which the government of the empress took place and developed.
Lutero consideraba que la imprenta era el mayor invento de Dios, y con razón: a diferencia de sus predecesores, pudo difundir sus ideas rápidamente gracias a los tipos móviles inventados por Gutenberg. Quince días después de publicar sus 95 tesis, el Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico fue informado, y Europa un mes más tarde. En Lorena, y más concretamente en Metz, el estudio del papel del libro en la difusión de la Reforma protestante en los siglos XVI y XVII sigue siendo difícil debido a la falta de investigaciones. El trabajo de Philip Benedict, basado en los inventarios post mortem de los calvinistas de Metz, permite sin embargo analizar las prácticas de lectura y el consumo de libros religiosos. Se abordan tres ámbitos: la distribución de los lectores, la producción de libros (locales o importados) y su consumo, en particular en la región de Metz. Aunque los primeros impresos reformistas (Flugschriften, ocasionales) no estaban muy difundidos, las principales obras del calvinismo se impusieron rápidamente: la Biblia, el Libro de los Mártires, la Institución de Calvino, catecismos. En el siglo XVII, La Práctica de la Piedad de Lewis Bayly tuvo un éxito considerable. La imprenta fomentó así una forma de religiosidad más interior y autónoma, basada en la lectura personal en lengua vernácula, y contribuyó en gran medida a la difusión de la Reforma en Lorena.
This article aims to show the importance of the year 1627 in the government of Count-Duke of Olivares. Through a detailed analysis of sources and bibliography, it explains how the appointment of officials and the selection of individuals for important positions varied before and after this date. The main objective is to delineate both the governmental intentions that drove the failed project of appointing the Cardinal Infante as Inquisitor General and the reasons that motivated the replacement of Gabriel de Trejo as President of Castile. In turn, new data are provided on the how and why of his appointments, concluding with an assessment of the short- and medium-term effects of the two cases analyzed.
This article analyzes the reception of the iconographic norms defined by Session XXV of the Council of Trent in the ecclesiastical legislation of the Viceroyalty of Peru (16th-18th centuries). Our approach consists of studying how these European prescriptions regarding religious images were transmitted, adapted, and even reinterpreted in the texts produced by local authorities. Through the analysis of these primary sources, we aim to demonstrate how the colonial Church actively participated in the redefinition of the uses of sacred images.
La esclavitud ha sido objeto de constante revisión historiográfica desde las últimas décadas, sin embargo, aún quedan algunos aspectos que requieren un análisis más exhaustivo. En este artículo se estudian varios procesos judiciales en Ciudad Rodrigo, fundamentalmente, donde algunos amerindios pleitearon por obtener la libertad de la que estaban privados ilegalmente. Para ello se ha recurrido a fuentes procedentes del Archivo General de Indias y se ha prestado especial atención a los casos de esclavitud que afectaron a niños o a grupos familiares establecidos en Castilla.
