Klasik Türk edebiyatında bir şairin etki gücünün göstergelerinden biri nazirelerdir. Bir şairin kaç zemin şiiri olduğu ya da kaç şair tarafından tanzir edildiği o şairin edebî etkisini ortaya koyar. Söz konusu edebî etkile(n)me bir nazire unsuru olan kafiye ve redif benzerliği ile tespit ve takip edilebilir. Şimdiye kadarki çalışmalarda Nesimî ve Şeyhî’nin “yok” redifli şiirleri üzerinden böyle bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada ise, “yok” redifli şiirlerin zemin şiirinin hangisi olduğu konusu, Nesimî ve Şeyhî ile aynı zaman diliminde yaşayan Ahmedî’nin de aynı redifle yazılmış şiiri dikkate alınarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bunun için 14 ve 15. yüzyıl şairlerinin divanları taranarak “yok” redifli şiirler derlenmiş, nazire unsurlarının yanı sıra tarihsel ve sosyal veriler de değerlendirilerek zemin şiir olabilme nitelikleri bakımından irdelenmiştir.
İran çeşitli Türk dillerine ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Bunların en fazla konuşura sahip olanı bu makalede, toplumdilbilim açısından ele alacağımız Azerbaycan Türkçesidir. Makaleninamacı, Azerbaycan Türkçesinin güncel görünümünü iki dillilik, dil politikası, dilin toplumsal işlevleri, dile karşı konuşurlarının tutumu ve dilin formel eğitimi açısından ortaya koymaktır. İran’daAzerbaycan Türkçesi toplumdilbilim çerçevesinde inceleyen nitelikli çalışmalar daha önce yapılmıştır. Ancak toplumdilbilim açısından bakınca eski tarihli sayılır. Aradan geçen zamandaartan iletişim kanallarının yarattığı değişim/dönüşüm konuya güncel bir bakışı gerekli kılmaktadır. Yeni iletişim kanalları Azerbaycan Türkçesine yeni işlev alanları açmıştır. İran’daki Türkdilleri arasında Azerbaycan Türkçesinin seçilmesi, konuşur sayısı fazla olduğu için sosyokültürel açıdan diğer Türk dillerine göre daha görünür olmasıdır. Çalışmanın sonuç bölümünde bulgularışığında Azerbaycan Türkçesinin güncel görünümüne dair yorumlarda bulunulmuştur. Azerbaycan Türkçesinin işlevlerinin İran’da genişlediği ve konuşurların ana/birinci dile olan eğilimininarttığı sonucuna varılmıştır.
Bu makale, Xuan Zang’ın Batı Göktürk Kağanlığına yaptığı ziyareti inceleyerek, kağanlığın 7. yüzyılda Doğu ile Batı arasındaki kültürel ve manevi ilişkilerdeki rolünü ele almaktadır. Kaynaklardan eldeedilen bilgiler ışığında makalenin amacı, Batı Göktürk Kağanlığının ve özellikle de Kağan Tong Yabgu’nun Xuan Zang’ın yolculuğundaki rolünü ve önemini vurgulamaktır. Bu bağlamda, Xuan Zang’ın Batı Göktürk Kağanlığının siyasi merkezi olan Çu ve Talas bölgelerinden geçerek izlediği güzergâhın önemi ve bu durumun onun yolculuğuna olan etkisi ele alınmaktadır. Ayrıca, Xuan Zang’ın Tong Yabgu Kağan ile olan etkileşimi, kağanın ona sağladığı destek ve bu desteğin Xuan Zang’ın yolculuğuna olan katkısı ortaya konmaktadır. Makalede bununla birlikte Xuan Zang’ın seyahatnamesinin ışığında Batı Göktürk kağanı Tong Yabgu’nun devlet yönetimi ve kişisel özellikleri tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır.
Çalışma, IV.-VI. yüzyıllar ait Yunanca ve Latince kaynaklar aracılığıyla Azak-Kırım bölgeleri ile Don-Dinyeper nehirlerinin aşağı mecralarındaki siyasal hareketliliği ve bu hareketliliğe bağlı olarak gelişen arazi kullanımını gözlemlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, amaca yönelik iki soru çerçevesinde geliştirilmiştir: İlk olarak söz konusu Yunanca ve Latince kaynakların özgün bir içerik sunup sunmadıkları konusunu sorgulamak. İkinci olarak da araştırmanın mekânsal çerçevesinde yer alan bölgenin Avrasya Bozkırları tanımlanması içinde hayvancılık merkezli bir kültüre ev sahipliği yaptığı yaklaşımını kaynaklarla uyumluluk bakımından sorgulamak. Söz konusu kaynakları eleştirel bir bakış açısıyla analiz ederek, bölge sakinlerinin arazi kullanım pratikleri ve yaşam tarzları hakkında kayıtlarda yer alan bilgileri karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirmenin mevcut bilgilerimize yeni katkılar sağlama potansiyeline sahip olup olmadığını sorgulamaktır. Söz konusu tarihî kaynaklar bölgedeki tarımsal potansiyelin ve tarımsal faaliyetlerin hayvancılığın önüne geçtiğine dair işaretler taşımaktadır. Diğer yandan çalışma sonuçları aynı coğrafyada ve aynı zamanda yaşamış toplumların mevcut literatürdeki tanımlanma biçimini sorgulamaya açmakta, Hun ve diğer Türk toplulukları için kullanılan bozkır halkları ve göçebe halklar kavramsallaştırılmasını tarihsel verilerle uyum sorununa işaret etmeye çalışmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada, Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı (TDT) üyesi olan Azerbaycan, Kazakistan, Kırgızistan, Özbekistan ve Türkiye’nin demiryolu ve havayolu yük taşımacılığı ile iktisadi büyüme arasındaki karşılıklı etkileşimler incelenmektedir. 2007-2020 dönemi verileri kullanılarak, bu etkileşimlerin varlığını incelemek amacıyla panel bootstrap nedensellik testi uygulanmaktadır. Test sonuçlarına göre, Özbekistan’da demiryolu yük taşımacılığı ile iktisadi büyüme arasında pozitif ve çift yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilmektedir; Kırgızistan’da ise demiryolu yük taşımacılığından iktisadi büyümeye doğru pozitif ve tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi saptanmaktadır. Buna karşın, Azerbaycan, Kazakistan ve Türkiye için demiryolu yük taşımacılığı ile iktisadi büyüme arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamaktadır. Havayolu yük taşımacılığı ile iktisadi büyüme arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisini incelemek amacıyla kurulan modellerin test sonuçlarına göre, yalnızca Türkiye’de havayolu yük taşımacılığı ile iktisadi büyüme arasında pozitif ve çift yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi bulunmaktadır. Bu sonuç, TDT üyesi beş ülke arasında yalnızca Türkiye’de havayolu yük taşımacılığının iktisadi büyümeye, iktisadi büyümenin de havayolu yük taşımacılığına olumlu katkı sağladığını göstermektedir.
This article examines Xuan Zang's visit to the West Turkic Khaganate and discusses the role of the Khaganate in the cultural and spiritual relations between East and West in the 7th century. In the light of the information obtained from the sources, the aim of the article is to emphasize the role and importance of the West Turkic Khaganate, and especially the role of the Khagan Tong Yabgu in Xuan Zang's journey. In this context, the importance of Xuan Zang's route through the Chu and Talas regions, the political center of the Western Turkic Khaganate, and the impact of this situation on his journey are discussed. In addition, Xuan Zang's interaction with Tong Yabgu Khagan, the support provided by the Khagan and the contribution of this support to Xuan Zang's journey are revealed. In addition, in the light of Xuan Zang's travelogue, the article tries to determine the state administration and personal characteristics of the West Turkic Khagan Tong Yabgu.
Iran today is home to millions of speakers of various Turkic languages. In this article, Azerbaijani Turkish, one of the Turkic languages in Iran, is analyzed from a sociolinguistic perspective. The aim of the article is to present the current outlook of Azerbaijani Turkish from various perspectives (bilingualism, language policy, social functions of the language, speakers' attitudes towards the language and formal education of the language). Although qualified studies examining Azerbaijani Turkish in Iran within the framework of sociolinguistics have been conducted before, the passage of nearly twenty years since these studies and the change created by increasing communication channels necessitates an updated look at the subject. New communication channels have opened new functions and fields for Azerbaijani Turkish. The reason why Azerbaijani Turkish was chosen among the Turkic languages in Iran is that Azerbaijani Turks are the most populous Turkic community in terms of speakers and this language is socioculturally more visible than other Turkic languages. In the conclusion part of the study, comments are made in light of the findings on the current outlook of Azerbaijani Turkish. It is concluded that Azerbaijani Turkish is expanding its sociolinguistic function in the country and the tendency of speakers towards the mother/first language is increasing.
Turkish diaspora families in Europe maintain strong family structures and intergenerational ties, which facilitate the transmission of cultural values to future generations. However, they are not immune to the broader transformations and challenges reshaping family life worldwide. This study aims to examine the impact of family transformation on the Turkish diaspora in Germany, with a particular focus on single-mother households. Based on qualitative interviews with fifteen Turkish immigrant women who became single parents due to divorce, the study identifies the key challenges and needs of these families and analyzes the support systems they engage with to address them. Findings show that single mothers primarily require guidance, housing, and educational support for their children. They initially rely on immediate social networks and later on Turkish community networks and associations, yet this process often produces feelings of exclusion and unmet expectations. In contrast, German institutions and society are evaluated more positively due to their respect for individual boundaries and the support they provide. These experiences play an important role in shaping women's acculturation orientations in child-rearing practices.
The study aims to observe land use in the Azov-Crimea region and the lower courses of the Don-Dnieper rivers during the IVth-VIth centuries through Greek and Latin historiographical data. The study is guided by two problems. First, it questions the notion that Greek and Latin sources from this period lack original historical value. Second, it questions the prevailing view that the region, as part of the Eurasian Steppes, was primarily characterized by a culture centered on animal husbandry. By critically analyzing these sources, the study evaluates their potential to provide insights into the land use practices and lifestyles of the region's inhabitants. These historiographical data indicate that the agricultural potential and agricultural activity of the region overtook animal husbandry. On the other hand, the study's findings question how societies that lived in the same region and at the same time are defined in the modern literature, and seek to point to the problem of compatibility with historical data in the conceptualization of the Huns and other Turkic communities as "steppe peoples" and "nomadic peoples".
In Classical Turkish literature, one of the indicators of a poet's influence is the nazires. The number of zemin (primary) poems a poet has indicates and how many poets have adapted a poet's works reveals his literary influence. The literary influence can be detected and followed through the similarity of rhyme and repeated rhyme, elements of a nazire. In the studies so far, such an evaluation has been made on the poems of Nesimi and & Scedil;eyhi with the rhyme "yok". In this study, the issue of which is the ground poem of the poems with the rhyme "yok" was evaluated by taking into account the poem written with the same rhyme by Ahmedi, who lived in the same period as Nesimi and & Scedil;eyhi. For this purpose, the divans of the 14th and 15th century poets were searched and poems with the rhyme "yok" were compiled. In addition to the nazire elements of the poems, historical and social data were also evaluated and their qualities of being a groundwork poem were examined.
Considered as the rotation axis of the northern celestial hemisphere, north pole star was called altun qaz & eng;uq "gold stake" in OT (Old Turkic). The article finds that Turkic north pole star tradition exerted its influence on Chinese culture twice. At the first time, the Chinese transcribed OT qaz & eng;uq into g & omacr;zh & egrave;n ((sic)(sic)) in the Warring States period. And at the second time, the transmission took place in the Qing dynasty, when the government tried to confirm that the huge rock called altan gamma adasu in Mongolian was the origin of the Yellow River, the Mongolian translation of OT altun qaz & eng;uq was translated into "gold north pole star" ((sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)).
The ongoing climate crisis is one of the most severe threats to ecological, economic, and social development, affecting millions worldwide. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is essential to limit the effects of the global climate crisis. This study aims to assess environmental sustainability by analyzing the impact of key determinants of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and T & uuml;rkiye, the member states of the Organization of Turkic States. According to the results of the autoregressive distributed lag bounds test (ARDL), based on data covering the period 1997-2019, economic growth, energy use in agricultural productivity, and industrialization increase CO2 emissions, whereas forest area reduces CO2 emissions in the long run. The findings were evaluated for the aforementioned countries, and corresponding policy implications were presented.
Diplomacy was in its formative stages during the Middle Ages, and states used advanced diplomatic tools in their interactions. Diplomatic methods such as treaties, mediation, marriage alliances, and cooperation offered distinct advantages and reflected the role and position of a country in the international arena. Analyzing the interstate relations of the Qarakhanids and Saljuqs, we found that they initially had similar state structures, cultural and economic traditions, and religion, but evolved in different directions as a result of their interactions. This article argues that the diplomatic methods and tools used by a state reflect its level of internal development and affect the effectiveness of its actions. Moreover, the article offers a new holistic perspective on interstate relations in the Turkic world.
This study examines the relationship between women's beliefs about the glass ceiling and their work engagement in higher education institutions in Kazakhstan. The proposed theoretical model was tested using PLS-SEM. Data were collected from 274 women working in higher education institutions in Kazakhstan. Women's beliefs about the glass ceiling were examined across four dimensions (denial, resilience, resignation, and acceptance), while work engagement was measured using the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. The findings indicate that denial and resilience positively affect work engagement, whereas resignation and acceptance negatively affect it. The results show that women's beliefs about the glass ceiling play an important role in shaping their level of work engagement. The study provides a comprehensive understanding of women's beliefs about the glass ceiling and work engagement in Kazakhstan's higher education sector.
The "Syrdarya Region" or "Syr Region's" geographical definition denotes the Syr Darya River's lower reaches and the Aral Sea's eastern shores. The Kazakh tribe's regional ethnic formation is complex and formed in several historical phases. Its history dates back to ancient ages. It was the Saka-Massagetae's political-administration center, and Kangui clans' land during the Early Iron Age. Turkish-origin clans/tribes migrated to the Syrdarya Region and Oghuz and Kipchak states settled there during the Early Medieval Age. The Mongol-Tatar invasion was the next regional migrative movement. The regional Turkic clans/tribes joined the subsequent ethnic formation of the "Kazakh" people. The Syrdarya Region, under the Dzungar invasion, became a large migration center and the home for a complex clan/tribe union with the Greater, Middle, and Lesser tribe Kazakhs. This study covers the history of complex relations between the clan/tribe in the Syrdarya region, which has been a center of commerce since the ancient ages.
In this study, the reciprocal interactions between railway and air freight transportation and economic growth in the member countries of the Organization of Turkic States (OTS), namely Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and T & uuml;rkiye, are examined. Data from the 2007-2020 period are utilized to analyze the existence of these interactions, employing the panel bootstrap causality test. According to the test results, a positive and bidirectional causality relationship was detected between railway freight transportation and economic growth in Uzbekistan, and a positive and unidirectional causality relationship from railway freight transportation to economic growth in Kyrgyzstan. No significant relationship could be detected between rail freight transportation and economic growth for Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and T & uuml;rkiye. The test results of the models established to determine the causality relationship between air freight transportation and economic growth indicate the existence of a positive and bidirectional causality relationship between air freight transportation and economic growth only in T & uuml;rkiye. This result shows that among the 5 countries in OTS only in T & uuml;rkiye, air freight transportation has a positive contribution to economic growth, and economic growth has a positive contribution to air freight transportation.
The geopolitical landscape of post-Soviet Eurasia has been shaped by the emergence of independent Turkic states and their evolving regional cooperation mechanisms. The Organization of Turkic States (OTS) has become a central platform for fostering diplomatic, economic, and security collaboration among its members. This study examines the potential of the OTS to develop into a pluralistic security community in Turkic World, where conflicts are addressed through institutionalized dialogue rather than force. Applying Adler and Barnett's analytical framework, the research explores the presence of sustained mutual interests, shared cultural and political identities, and institutionalized communication as fundamental pillars of security community formation. This approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the organization's role in shaping regional stability and integration. Ultimately, the study argues that the OTS exhibits key characteristics of an emerging pluralistic security community, offering a foundation for deeper regional cooperation and collective responses to shared security challenges in the Turkic World.
The financial statement data of banks and the economic analyses generated using these data play a crucial role in assessing the performance rankings of banks amid intensifying competitive conditions. This study aims to evaluate the economic performance of banks listed in the Borsa Istanbul (BIST) 50 index and five banks listed on the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange for the period 2013–2023, employing Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods such as Standard Deviation (SD) and Combinative Distance-based Assessment (CODAS). The significance levels of factors affecting ranking outcomes were determined using the Weka program, and a financial performance ranking forecast for 2024–2025 was conducted for a randomly selected bank. Upon examining the rankings obtained from SD and CODAS methods, M&T Bank consistently ranked among the top banks across both countries throughout the study period. Additionally, an analysis based on artificial neural networks revealed that, within CODAS ranking evaluations, total liability data proved to be the most influential determinant in both Turkish and Kazakh banking sectors.
The Aral Sea Basin environmental disaster has deteriorated the socio-economic and environmental circumstances of the local communities in Central Asia. The main challenges in the basin are water scarcity, food insecurity, health problems and economic contraction. Due to irresponsible use of water resources during the Soviet period and current climate change, the water body of the Aral Sea has decreased to the lowest level. This article aims to analyze the socio-economic and ecological impacts of environmental degradation in the Aral Basin from a sustainable development perspective which encompasses social, economic, and environmental dimensions. Moreover, several regional and international recuperation efforts were examined as examples of possible sustainable solutions. The contribution of this article to the literature is the assessment of the selected Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) performances of the basin countries located in Central Asia.
Bu çalışmada Azerbaycan, Kazakistan, Özbekistan, Kırgızistan ve Tacikistan ekonomileri için enflasyon belirsizliği ile enflasyon oranları arasındaki ilişki güncel ve alternatif bir yaklaşım olan zamanla değişen stokastik volatilite modeli kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Farklı yaklaşımlara karşı dirençli sonuçlar elde edebilmek amacıyla çalışmada statik stokastik volatilite modeline dayalı bulgulara da yer verilmiştir. Bu modellerin tahmininde Bayesyen yaklaşımına dayalı Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algoritmasından yararlanılmıştır. Çalışma bulguları inceleme kapsamındaki tüm Türk Cumhuriyetleri için enflasyon belirsizliğinin enflasyon oranları üzerindeki etkisinin pozitif ve istatistiki olarak anlamlı olduğu sonucuna işaret etmektedir. Bulgular ayrıca bu etkinin özellikle Tacikistan, Kazakistan ve Özbekistan ekonomileri için çok daha belirgin olarak ortaya çıktığını göstermektedir. Bir dönem gecikmeli enflasyon oranlarının ise cari dönem enflasyon belirsizliği üzerinde istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir etkisinin bulunmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bulgular enflasyonla mücadele, makroekonomik istikrarın sağlanması ve sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyüme oranlarına ulaşılabilmesi açısından ilgili Türk Cumhuriyetleri’ndeki politika yapıcılara önemli bilgiler sunmaktadır.
