This study, within the scope of the Identification, History, and Archaeological Survey of the Manzikert Battlefield, comprises the analysis of the skeletons unearthed in the excavations carried out in Malazgirt/Af & scedil;in between 2022 and 2024, the findings obtained, and their comparison with previous anthropological studies. The 51 graves uncovered in the excavations were determined to conform to Islamic burial traditions. It was ascertained by the radiocarbon method that the graves date to the 11th and 12th centuries CE. In addition, analyses of sex, stature, trauma/injury, and biological distance were conducted; in particular, in the context of the traumas, traces of inter-group conflict and violence were encountered, and among males, sharp-force injuries directly associated with intentional violence and occurring around the time of death, as well as defensive fractures on the ulna bones, were identified. The frequency of the traumas encountered on the individuals' cranial and postcranial bones is also striking. Bringing the human losses of the Battle of Manzikert into focus, this study sheds light for the first time, with concrete data obtained from the field, on the individuals' causes of death, the physical traumas they sustained, and the burial practices in the region.
This study addresses Satuq Bughra Khan narratives on the conversion of Turks to Islam regarding cultural interactions and social life. Adopting the document analysis technique, we explore these narratives in a literary work recorded in libraries as Tezkire-i Bu & gbreve;ra Han, Tezkire-i Bu & gbreve;rah & acirc;n & icirc;, Tezkiret & uuml;'l-Evliy & acirc;-y & imath; Bu & gbreve;rahan & icirc;, Tezkire-i Uveys & icirc;ye. It is concluded that Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan narratives encapsulate codes from the variants of the Oghuz Khagan Saga, in addition to the national discourse dating back to Orkhon Inscriptions. The mentioned work also attempts to identify the leadership of Satuq Bughra Khan with the life and experiences of Muhammad, the holy prophet of Islam. In this study, we also address the miracles of Khan as a Uwaisi sheik and his place in the Tabaqat and examine data on personal names and their relationships with oral and written culture in Turkic languages.
From the 1920s onward, Turkestan & eacute;migr & eacute;s in Europe established organizations and publications that played an important role in the anti-Soviet national movement. A leading figure of the Turkestan & eacute;migr & eacute; movement, Kares Kanatbay founded the Turkeli Committee in Munich in 1951 as an alternative to the National Turkestan Unity Committee. The committee soon became controversial and was often regarded as a source of division within the Turkestan & eacute;migr & eacute; movement. It and its publication, Turkeli magazine, were frequently accused of pursuing a pro-Russian policy. This study examines the establishment of the Turkeli Committee and its activities within the Turkestan national movement in exile. It also analyzes the issues of Turkeli magazine, evaluating their role in anti-Soviet activities and the struggle for Turkestan's independence. Based on archival materials and contemporary sources, the study provides new insights into the political and publishing activities of Turkestan & eacute;migr & eacute;s in post-war Europe and contributes to the historiography of the Turkestan & eacute;migr & eacute; movement.
This study analyses the impact of China's economic and financial relations with the Turkestan States-Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan-on voting alignment of these five states with China in the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). Data from the 2000-2021 period covers variables such as imports, exports, external debt, number of projects, commitment amounts and economic freedom index. The voting alignment ratio was used as the dependent variable. Due to the failure to meet parametric assumptions and the lack of significant results from panel models, the Theil-Sen regression method was preferred. The results reveal that economic and financial relations have varying effects on political alignment depending on the country. Economic variables show a significant effect in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, while explanatory power is quite limited in the cases of Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. The study demonstrates that the potential of economic incentives to increase political alignment can only be effective when combined with internal political structure, institutional capacity and foreign policy orientations.
The period of Kublai Khan is known as when innovative economic practices were adopted in China, and the use of paper money was turned into a state policy. While previous dynasties ruling the Chinese lands had limited paper money to regional contexts, Kublai Khan made it compulsory across the country and turned paper money into a centralised means of payment. By establishing exchange offices, he also prohibited the outflow of metal coins from the government and ensured that the precious metals remained within the borders. Through this policy, he could keep the money supply under control and reinforce the legitimacy of the central authority. Widely used in tax collection, gift giving, and salaries, paper money became one of the essential elements of the dynasty’s financial system. Interactions, developments and transformations related to paper money are evident in Chinese and Uyghur written sources and this study examines the subject within this framework.
