This report describes root canal treatment through cone beam computed tomography and magnification through a surgical microscope of C-shaped mandibular second premolars in the same patient. The mandibular left second premolar with Sert and Bayirli type XV classification was treated for symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and apical periodontitis. The mandibular right second premolar with Vertucci type V classification was re-treated because of a deficient previous root canal treatment, which also involved buccal canal transportation, furcal perforation and two separated instruments in the lingual canal besides symptomatic apical periodontitis. During the root canal re-treatment, buccal canal transportation and furcal perforation were sealed with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA-Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil), separated instruments were removed and a better obturation was achieved. In the 6-month follow-up the patient reported no symptoms, the radiographs of both teeth showed no apical radiolucencies and the percussion tests were negative. For this case, cone beam computed tomography and magnification were essential to identify this unusual root canal morphology, allowing successful endodontic treatment to be achieved.
With the advent of three-dimensional (3D) printing, there has been an enhanced focus on the creation of models in dental education. These models range all the way from simple teeth for predoctoral educational programmes to more sophisticated models that can be used in both continuing educational settings and in postgraduate/graduate specialty programmes. In this article, the development of a model to teach the decompression technique is described along with a case report that demonstrates the application of this procedure.
Hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealers have been available to dentists for over a decade. How have these materials changed views on root canal treatment? Is there demand for a change in the standard treatment protocols that are accepted when using common sealers? Do hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealers offer a new understanding of the root canal filling material, developing its properties from sealing abilities to healing abilities? A number of issues must be addressed when using hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealers for root canal obturation. This narrative review provides an overview of the clinically relevant aspects of root canal obturation with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealers.
Background Hydraulic materials are used in Endodontics due to their hydration characteristics namely the formation of calcium hydroxide when mixing with water and also because of their hydraulic properties. These materials are presented in various consistencies and delivery methods. They are composed primarily of tricalcium and dicalcium silicate, and also include a radiopacifier, additives and an aqueous or a non-aqueous vehicle. Only materials whose primary reaction is with water can be classified as hydraulic. Objectives Review of the classification of hydraulic materials by Camilleri and the literature pertaining to specific uses of hydraulic cements in endodontics namely intra-coronal, intra-radicular and extra-radicular. Review of the literature on the material properties linked to specific uses providing the current status of these materials after which future trends and gaps in knowledge could be identified. Methods The literature was reviewed using PUBMED, and for each clinical use, the in vitro properties such as physical, chemical, biological and antimicrobial characteristics and clinical data were extracted and evaluated. Results A large number of publications were retrieved for each clinical use and these were grouped depending on the property type being investigated. Conclusions The hydraulic cements have made a difference in clinical outcomes. The main shortcoming is the poor testing methodologies employed which provide very limited information and also inhibits adequate clinical translation. Furthermore, the clinical protocols need to be updated to enable the materials to be employed effectively.
Nowadays, in order to prevent the early loss of cariously or traumatically damaged teeth in paediatric dentistry, different types of endodontic treatments are considered. Over the past decade, paediatric dentistry has primarily shifted its focus towards the preservation of vital tissues and improvement of treatment outcomes, and has benefitted immensely from the introduction of effective and safe bioactive endodontic materials. Since 1993, the year in which mineral trioxide aggregate was introduced, hydraulic calcium silicate-based biomaterials have made a significant impact on endodontic treatments. There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that hydraulic calcium silicate cements are beneficial for both the least aggressive and most invasive type of vital pulp therapies, as well as for the management of non-vital primary/permanent young teeth. Moreover, clinicians' skills and knowledge regarding the applications of hydraulic calcium silicate-based biomaterials play a crucial role in achieving success with the applied methods. The objective of this review is to summarise the recent developments concerning hydraulic calcium silicate-based biomaterials and provide an overview of some existing trends alongside current theories that have significantly influenced the art and science of paediatric endodontics.
