After the Tang Dynasty, the southward shift of China’s economic center of gravity became evident with the reign of the Wan Li Emperor, in the East Sea, the Yellow Sea, and the South Sea, Chinese ships and goods traveling between Fu Jian and Manila, contributed to early globalization. Nan Yang’s merchants and their families initiated the first wave of emigration. After the Second Opium War and the signing of the Treaty of Bei Jing , the Treaty of Tian Jin , the mass Chinese laborers became an unavoidable diplomatic and legal issue for the Forbidden City. In 1873, Chen Lanbin and his delegation began investigating the conditions of Chinese laborers in Cuba, Treaty on Chinese Laborers in Cuba was signed, this marked the first substantive action taken by Qing to safeguard the rights of emigrant workers. It also became an important component of the Zong Li Ya Men’s role in near-modern Chinese diplomatic history.
Background: Febrile seizures are the most common seizure disorder in childhood, affecting approximately “2–5% of children worldwide”. Although typically benign, they are a frequent cause of emergency department visits and are associated with significant parental anxiety and healthcare utilization. Objective: To systematically synthesize current evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, management, and prognosis of febrile seizures in pediatric populations. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with “PRISMA 2020 guidelines”. Electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library, were searched for studies published “up to March 2026”. Eligible studies included clinical practice guidelines, systematic reviews, and observational studies involving children aged 0–18 years. Study selection and eligibility assessment were performed using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were extracted on study characteristics, clinical findings, and management strategies. Due to heterogeneity in study designs and outcomes, a qualitative synthesis was performed. The quality of evidence was assessed using a “modified GRADE approach”. Results: A total of “20 studies” met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis. The evidence consistently indicates that febrile seizures are generally benign and self-limited events. Routine neurodiagnostic testing, including electroencephalography and neuroimaging, is not indicated in simple febrile seizures. Benzodiazepines remain the first-line treatment for prolonged seizures. Prophylactic antiepileptic therapy is not recommended due to an unfavorable risk–benefit profile. Emerging evidence highlights the role of neuroinflammatory pathways and genetic susceptibility in seizure pathophysiology. Recurrence occurs in approximately “30–40% of cases”, while the overall risk of subsequent epilepsy remains low. Conclusion: Febrile seizures have a favorable prognosis and should be managed using a conservative, evidence-based approach centered on clinical evaluation, risk stratification, and parental education. Current evidence supports minimizing unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Future research should focus on improving risk stratification and integrating emerging biological insights into clinical practice.
Background: Abusive head trauma (AHT), historically referred to as shaken baby syndrome (SBS), is a major cause of severe traumatic brain injury in infants and young children and is associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and diagnostic complexity. Objective: To systematically review current evidence regarding the clinical manifestations, neuroimaging findings, differential diagnosis, and neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with AHT in pediatric patients. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for studies published between January 2020 and March 2026. Eligible studies included observational studies, cohort studies, case-control studies, imaging-based investigations, clinically relevant review articles, and consensus statements evaluating clinical, radiological, or neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants and children with AHT. Because of heterogeneity in study design, outcome reporting, and availability of extractable data, findings were synthesized qualitatively. Results: A total of 428 records were identified. After removal of duplicates and screening, 25 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. The most frequently reported clinical manifestations included seizures, irritability, altered mental status, apnea, vomiting, feeding difficulties, and developmental impairment. Subdural hematoma, retinal hemorrhage, cerebral edema, and hypoxic-ischemic injury were the predominant neuroimaging findings. Several studies emphasized the importance of differentiating AHT from benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces, coagulation disorders, accidental trauma, and other non-traumatic conditions. Long-term sequelae included developmental delay, epilepsy, cognitive impairment, motor dysfunction, visual impairment, and behavioral abnormalities. Conclusion: AHT remains a complex pediatric condition associated with significant neurological morbidity and diagnostic challenges. Neuroimaging plays a central role in evaluation, but multidisciplinary assessment and careful differential diagnosis are essential to avoid misclassification. Long-term neurodevelopmental follow-up is critical for affected children.
Introduction: Post-viral syndromes are characterized by the persistence of symptoms following acute viral infection. In the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, Long COVID—also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC)—has emerged as a clinically relevant condition with prominent neurological manifestations. Objective: To describe the neurological manifestations of post-viral syndrome and Long COVID, and to analyze the pathophysiological mechanisms proposed to underlie these neurological symptoms in adult and pediatric populations. Methods: A qualitative systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and SciELO for articles published between January 2020 and May 2025. Observational studies, clinical trials, systematic reviews, and consensus guidelines addressing neurological manifestations of post-viral syndrome or Long COVID were included. A total of 23 studies met inclusion criteria and were synthesized qualitatively. Results: The most consistently reported neurological manifestations included persistent fatigue and post-exertional symptom exacerbation, cognitive dysfunction (“brain fog”), headache, sleep disturbances, dysautonomia, sensory abnormalities, and neuropathic symptoms. Mechanistic domains most frequently implicated across studies included immune dysregulation and neuroinflammation, endothelial and microvascular dysfunction, mitochondrial and metabolic impairment, autonomic nervous system disruption, and possible viral persistence or immune-mediated injury. Pediatric studies reported a similar symptom spectrum, with particular impact on cognitive performance, headache, fatigue, and mood or behavioral disturbances. Conclusions: Neurological manifestations represent a core component of Long COVID and related post-viral syndromes. Current evidence supports a multifactorial pathophysiology involving immune, vascular, metabolic, and autonomic mechanisms. Improved mechanistic understanding and standardized phenotyping are essential to guide future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, particularly in pediatric populations.
This technical note assesses the ecological impacts of logging for beams in the community of Segundo Congresso, Niassa, Mozambique, under the Chipanje Chetu program. Dendrometric methods were used to collect diameter at breast height, commercial and total height, identification of local species, volume of standing tree, volume of logs and sawn wood, in addition to volumetric yield. Data were organized in Excel 2024 and analyzed using ANOVA in Statistix 8, with means compared by Tukey's test at a 5% significance level. From the results, it was found that the chainsaw operator lacks technical knowledge, aggravating the unsustainable exploitation, since the forest supply is critical, trees of large diameter and height are scarce and dispersed, especially Vitex doniana (Mpindimbe) and Pericospi angolensis (Muanga). The sample included 3 trees with DBH > 50 cm and total height between 16 and 21 m, generating standing volumes of 2.92–5.65 m³ and commercial volumes of 1.07–1.88 m³, with an average yield of 17.25 m³ per tree. The low yield is due to the diameter, height, morphological quality of the trees and the experience of the operator. The production of beams was 35 per log, corresponding to 0.68 m³ of sawn wood per tree, equivalent to 46.78% of commercial yield. Ecologically, the activity has positive impacts, such as the preservation of the ecosystem, as it is a semi-mechanized exploration with only a chainsaw and displacements on foot, and it also has negative impacts that are manifested in the pressure on the same large species and low availability, and the lack of technical knowledge of the operator generates operational inefficiency in the conversion of logs into beams.
