Nanotechnology has made a big difference in animal production and health. This review study looks closely at both the good and bad sides of using nanotechnology in raising livestock. For animal feed special nano-formulated additives have shown they can help animals use their food better, keep them growing steadily, and make nutrients easier for them to absorb. This could mean more food production, healthier animals. The review also discusses the potential problems that come with using nanotechnology widely with animals. It raises concerns about nanoparticles possibly being toxic, to make sure nanotechnology does help animals stay healthy and productive in a sustainable way, we need to do our research thoroughly, have strong rules in place and be careful how we develop new technologies. Nanotechnology has great potential in enhancing animal health and productivity through animal feed efficiency, targeted delivery of drugs and better diagnostic tools. But we should be cautious around issues of toxicity how these materials may accumulate in the environment, and regulatory challenges. To reap all that nanotechnology has to offer and minimize risks in veterinarians and animal applications we need a comprehensive approach which includes continued study combined with rigorous safety measures. This review article aim is to assess the advantages and disadvantages of applying nanotechnology to animal productivity and health
Panax ginseng is a widely recognized medicinal plant known for its hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. These properties are largely attributed to its active constituents, the ginsenosides. Diclofenac, a commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug is associated with clinically significant hepatotoxicity characterized by oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and hepatocellular injury. This study aimed to investigate the protective and therapeutic efficacy of the alcoholic extract of Panax ginseng against diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity in adult male rats. Forty-nine rats were allocated into seven experimental groups and administered diclofenac, P. ginseng extract, or combined treatments for 30 days according to the study design. Serum biomarkers of liver function (ALT, AST, ALP) and oxidative stress (MDA, SOD) were measured, and liver tissues were subjected to histopathological evaluation. Diclofenac administration resulted in marked elevations in liver enzyme activities and significant oxidative stress, accompanied by histological alterations including vacuolar degeneration, hepatocellular necrosis, and inflammatory infiltration. In contrast, both co-administration and post-treatment with Panax ginseng extract produced substantial improvements in biochemical and histological parameters, restoring enzyme levels, reducing lipid peroxidation, enhancing antioxidant activity, and improving liver architecture. The Panax ginseng extract alone produced no adverse hepatic effects. These findings demonstrate that the alcoholic extract of Panax ginseng possesses both preventive and therapeutic hepatoprotective properties against diclofenac-induced liver injury, likely mediated through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. The results support its potential use as a natural agent for mitigating drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
Large cell lung carcinoma (LCLC) is a highly aggressive, undifferentiated subtype of non-small cell lung cancer characterized by rapid metastasis and resistance to traditional systemic chemotherapies. Targeted immunotherapies using cytokines like Interleukin-24 (IL-24) represent promising avenues to selectively induce cancer-specific cell death. This study evaluated the concentration-dependent cytotoxic and molecular modulatory effects of IL-24 on patient-derived primary LCLC cell lines. Primary LCLC cultures established from ultrasound-guided tru-cut biopsies were treated with varying concentrations of recombinant human IL-24 protein. Cell viability and growth inhibition rates were quantified using the MTT colorimetric assay. Transcriptional variations in the autophagic flux marker (LC3) and the initiator of intrinsic apoptosis (caspase-9) were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). MTT assay profiling demonstrated a strong concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect after 48 hours of treatment, yielding a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 22.9 pg/mL. Cell viability sharply collapsed from 82.5% at a sub-threshold dose of 5 pg/mL down to 14.7% at the maximum concentration of 100 pg/mL. RT-qPCR tracking showed a robust, dose-dependent upregulation of LC3 across all tested doses, indicating immediate activation of the autophagic pathway. Conversely, apoptotic response tracking revealed a distinct threshold activation; caspase-9 expression remained low at 10 pg/mL but co-elevated drastically with LC3 at higher concentrations of 50 pg/mL and 100 pg/mL. These findings validate that IL-24 exerts potent anti-cancer activity in primary LCLC by triggering excessive, toxic autophagy that drives past a cytoprotective survival threshold, successfully engaging the ATG4/ATG5 molecular switch to orchestrate a fatal transition into the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Consistently supported by quantitative alignment between gene upregulation and loss of viability, IL-24 proves to be a compelling therapeutic candidate that warrants advanced in vivo evaluation.
The present study investigated the antibacterial activity of the alcoholic extract of Curcuma longa (turmeric) against acne-causing bacteria. Acne vulgaris is a common irritating skin condition in adolescents and adults, comprising pimples, comedones, pustules, and cysts due to chronic inflammation of hair follicles and associated sebaceous glands. Visual manifestations of acne often result in psychological complications such as depression and social morbidity. Three bacterial species, including Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes (Cutibacterium acnes) and Staphylococcus epidermidis, were used in this study. The alcoholic extract was prepared using (75%) ethanol, and evaluated through the disc diffusion method to measure inhibition zones. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. Results revealed that the turmeric extract exhibited antibacterial activity against all tested strains, with inhibition zone increasing proportionally with the extract concentration. The highest concentration (100 mg/mL), the mean inhibition zones for S. aureus, P. acnes, and S. epidermidis were (39.21±0.75 mm), (33.04±1.06 mm), and (42.30±0.90 mm) respectively. Positive control (tetracycline 10 μg) produced inhibition zones of (40.00±0.71 mm), (34.45±0.06 mm), and (43.45±0.21 mm) against S. aureus, P. acnes, and S. epidermidis, respectively. The MIC for all tested bacteria was (25 mg/ml), while the MBC was (100 mg/mL). The findings suggest that the alcoholic extract of Curcuma longa may serve as a natural alternative or complementary treatment for acne, particularly against S. aureus and S. epidermidis.
Curcumin, a turmeric-derived polyphenol, modulates apoptotic signaling and cell-cycle control, whereas etoposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor, exerts cytotoxicity by inducing DNA strand breaks. To delineate their relative actions on tumor cell viability, the objective was to directly compare the dose-dependent cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects of curcumin and etoposide in ER-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells, quantifying changes in viability and survival across graded concentrations and characterizing attendant morphological alterations. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were seeded at 1 × 10⁴ cells per well in 96-well plates and into two groups (three technical replicates each): control DMSO (100µL), curcumin (31.2, 62.5, 125, 500, and 1000 µg/mL), etoposide (31.2, 62.5, 125, 500, and 1000 µg/mL). Treatments were applied for 72 h at 37°C. Cell viability was quantified by the MTT assay while morphological observations were documented by inverted microscope. Significantly, at the maximum concentration evaluated (1000 µg/mL), both drugs elicited pronounced morphological changes in MCF-7 cells. MTT analysis demonstrated a clear dose-dependent reduction in cell viability. Curcumin therapy diminished viability to 51%, whereas etoposide treatment led to a 75% reduction in viability at the identical quantity (1000 µg/mL). The determined half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values were 165.4 µg/mL for curcumin and 89.2 µg/mL for etoposide, corroborating the significant cytotoxicity of both therapies.
