"This study attempts to analyze the variables of nutritional status found among children of elementary school age in West Sumatra [Indonesia] by utilizing...rural household data. The nutritional status under observation was that of...children [in] the 1st year [of] elementary school and was based on the correlation of the physical height and the standard age. The findings show that there is a difference in the nutritional status between male and female children which was accounted for by...family composition." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
"This paper presents a mosaic of business opportunities arising from the different demographic characteristics of the provinces in the western part of Indonesia. The author discusses the total number of population, density, and per capita income to [shed] some light on the volume of the market. He also presents the business impact of the [changes] in fertility, mortality, and the...life style of those aged 40-64." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
"This paper shows the demographic prospect of population in the Eastern part of Indonesia, especially in four provinces: Bali, East Kalimantan, South Sulawesi and South East Sulawesi." The focus is on the sociodemographic characteristics of consumers in the region, and the implications for commerce. (SUMMARY IN ENG)
There are two basic models for estimating population growth: the geometric population growth (GPG) and the exponential population growth (EPG) models. The annual rate of population growth consists of the total number of population at a certain time using exponential and geometric growth assumptions. These 2 functions will present 2 different curves in a 2-dimensional space or coordinate system. Considering the 2 functions as continuous functions of time, it is demonstrated that the geometric and exponential population growth curves are, in fact, identical curves under some restrictions. On the basis of equations the identity or restriction is a sufficient condition for the GPG and EPG curves going through two fixed points. The identity also shows that the GPG and EPG curves are identical curves if they have to go through two fixed points. When considering population data having more than two observations the regression models are fitted using the GPG and EPG models. Model 1 can be presented as a simple linear regression model, while model 2 can also be presented as a simple linear regression model. The geometric and exponential population growth rates are calculated for Indonesia using the 1980 and 1990 Population Censuses with total populations of 147,490,000 and 179,322,000, respectively. In practice, the corresponding two functions will not yield the same results because of rounding errors. The results may lead to wrong conclusions about the geometric and exponential growth curves, because the total population in 1990 is not equal to 179,322,000. On the other hand, using the direct/1-step computation with geometric and exponential growth assumptions yields the same population projections except that the growth rates are different. In fact, the exponential growth rate is always smaller than the geometric one.
Weighted least squares regressions and pooled regression models were used to examine the determinants of infant mortality in developing countries. Data were obtained from the UNICEF's "State of the World's Children, 1987" for 87 countries with data on gross national product, percentage of literate females, percentage of low birth weight infants, daily caloric supply per capita as a percentage of the daily requirement, percentage of population with access to drinking water, total fertility rate, and the population to nurses ratio. Data was unavailable on breast feeding practices and government expenditures on health. Weighted procedures were used because of heteroscadascity problems: total fertility rate was associated with the variance in the error term. The results of pooled data showed that the female literacy rate had the strongest impact on infant mortality, followed by access to clean water and the number of population per nursing person. The impact of female literacy was still strong in high infant mortality countries when controls for gross national product were included. Puzzling findings were the negative sign of low birth weight and the insignificant effect of the total fertility rate. The suggestion was that low birth weight may be expressed already in the level of education and availability of health programs. Fertility's lack of wide variations may explain the insignificant effect. Findings showed that infant mortality was 22.19% higher in countries with gross national product under $500. In low infant mortality countries, none of the environmental variables significantly explained infant mortality. Low birth weight increased its impact on infant mortality among these countries but was still not significant. The findings suggested that infant mortality was most affected by low birth weight and amount of population per nurse in more affluent countries. Environmental factors were more important in explaining high levels of infant mortality in less affluent countries.
