Dynamic bioelectronic interfaces are required to simultaneously ensure stable tissue integration for chronic recording and controllable debonding for device reconfiguration or retrieval. This challenge is particularly acute for implantable neural interfaces, where weak adhesion compromises signal fidelity, while permanent adhesion may cause secondary tissue damage during removal. Here, we developed a photo-programmable neural biointerface incorporating a self-healing bPDMS@Fe matrix based on a carboxyl-functionalized polydimethylsiloxane network dynamically crosslinked by Fe3+-carboxylate coordination. The resulting electrode exhibits robust adhesion to diverse substrates and biological tissues, as well as on-demand removal through UV-induced adhesion weakening. Moreover, it supports stable epidermal electrocardiogram recording under various conditions. Furthermore, the biointerface is translated into a 9-channel cortical electrode array that enables stable local field potential recording and spatiotemporal mapping of seizure-associated neural activity in freely moving mice. This work establishes a dynamic adhesive strategy as a new materials design paradigm for neural bioelectronic interfaces toward next-generation chronic electrophysiological monitoring devices.
Flexible ionic conductors that maintain stable electrical performance under large deformation are critical for wearable sensing. However, their geometric design space couples topology, manufacturability, and deformability in a high–dimensional parameter space that trial–and–error approaches cannot navigate efficiently. Here, we present a data–driven structural design workflow for zigzag–patterned silk fibroin ionic conductors. Zigzag unit cells parameterized by four control points yield 3000 mirror–tiled variants whose biaxial unfoldability, quantified as the mean stretch ratio $${\lambda }_{{mean}}$$, is labeled by quasi–static simulations. An XGBoost surrogate trained on 15 structural descriptors predicts $${\lambda }_{{mean}}$$ with $${R}^{2}$$ = 0.97. A continuous–action A2C reinforcement learning agent then uses the surrogate to search for high–unfoldability configurations under manufacturability constraints. Three optimized configurations at $${\lambda }_{{pred}}$$ = 1.27, 1.77, and 2.04 are fabricated as direct–write–printed silk fibroin ionic conductors with ten–channel resistance readout. Under cyclic joint flexion, the devices produce distinct spatial response patterns: the λ = 1.27 device shows a symmetric dual–hotspot distribution, the λ = 1.77 device concentrates response in one dominant channel (peak $$|\varDelta R/{R}_{0}|$$ = 0.82), and the λ = 2.04 device achieves multi–hotspot coverage with the highest mean amplitude (0.27). Spatial fingerprints persist across bending speeds (Spearman ρ = 0.75–0.84), establishing a complete pathway from geometric parameterization through reinforcement learning optimization to experimental validation.
Reflective displays have attracted considerable attention owing to their ultralow-power operation and compatibility with flexible and wearable platforms1. Although dynamic optical modulation has been demonstrated in reflective displays, including electrophoretic displays (EPDs), their operation remains confined to the visible spectral range. These spectral limitations restrict their applicability in environments that require reliable and simultaneous delivery of optical information to both human and robotic vision systems under varying illumination conditions2,3. Here, we introduce an electrically tunable dual-band Gires-Tournois (DB-GT) resonator integrated with a conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), realizing a dual-band active-matrix display platform that achieves simultaneous visible and near-infrared (NIR) modulation within a single active layer. By modulating the complex refractive index of PEDOT:PSS through electrochemical doping within a low-voltage range (−2.0 V to +1.0 V), the system achieves high reflectance contrast across dual bands, yielding a hue variation of ΔHue = 167.2° in the visible range and ΔR = 38% at 1270 nm in the NIR range, with rise time of 88 ms and a fall time of 165 ms. Furthermore, a 4 × 4 active-matrix pixel array fabricated on a flexible thin-film transistor (TFT) backplane demonstrates independent pixel-level control, supported by a high on–off ratio ( ≈ 106), low off current, and high spatial uniformity, collectively suppressing pixel crosstalk. The DB-GT resonator array is validated through visible–NIR dual-band recognition under bright conditions and robust NIR pattern recognition under haze and low-light conditions, demonstrating its potential for visual information delivery to both human and robotic vision systems.
Multiplexed sensor arrays expand biomedical interfaces by allowing independently recoverable sensing sources to share limited transmission, addressing, readout, acquisition, and computational resources. This Review compares time-, frequency-, spatial-, optical-, code-, and hybrid-multiplexing through a requirement–resource framework. We examine how signal integrity, front-end electronics, calibration, materials, mechanics, power, and data handling constrain source-specific recovery and outline architecture-selection principles for reliable physiological sensing and bidirectional biointerfaces.
Soft and conformal wearable wireless systems are promising for healthcare, ambient Internet-of-Things and mission-critical applications, but persistent operation is hindered by mechanical deformation and fluctuating energy availability. Existing wearable systems are typically confined to fixed communication modes, relying on either energy-intensive active radios or low-power but functionally limited passive schemes. Here we present a bio-inspired octopus-like energy-resilient wireless skin (ERWS) with adaptive active–passive communication. The ERWS uses active communication for multimodal sensing and localization when energy is sufficient and switches to low-power backscatter sensing and data transmission when energy is limited. A time–frequency–space co-design enables this operation: undervoltage-lockout-based energy management controls temporal mode switching; dual-band operation assigns Bluetooth communication and radio-frequency (RF) energy harvesting to 2.4 GHz and wake-up/backscatter communication to 915 MHz; and a flexible optically transparent antenna, flexible solar cell and central functional island are vertically integrated. An island–bridge architecture mechanically decouples RF-sensitive components from stretchable interconnects, preserving electromagnetic performance under deformation. Experiments demonstrate autonomous mode switching, reliable active and passive communication, hybrid solar/RF energy harvesting, deformation tolerance and multimodal physiological monitoring, establishing the ERWS as an energy-resilient wearable platform for persistent operation under dynamic conditions.
