Background: Euphorbia hirta Linn, belonging to the family of Euphorbiaceae is commonly referred to as a medicinal herb due to its multiple uses in the traditional system of medicine. Objective: This review paper attempts to discuss some of the phytochemical constituents, extraction process, botanical features, and pharmacological effects of Euphorbia hirta. Methodology: The leaves of the plant were shade dried, powdered, and extracted with methanol using maceration method for 48 hours. Results: The phytochemical screening showed the presence of various biologically active chemical substances like alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, and phenolic compounds, contributing to the medicinal properties of the plant. The biological activities contributed by these phytochemicals include antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, galactogenic, diuretic, and antifertility properties among many others. It was observed that ethanolic and aqueous extracts of E. hirta have shown significant antimicrobial activities against pathogenic microorganisms like Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Additionally, the plant exhibited effective antioxidant activity and scavenged free radicals in many in vitro studies. Conclusion: Euphorbia hirta Linn proves itself to be an important medicinal plant because of its pharmacological potentials.
Digital therapeutics (DTx) mark a major advancement in modern medicine, using advanced software technologies to deliver clinically validated treatments for various physical and mental health conditions. Unlike general wellness apps that focus on fitness or lifestyle tracking, DTx are evidence-based medical interventions developed through rigorous clinical research to ensure safety, efficacy, and measurable outcomes. Delivered via digital platforms such as smartphones, tablets, or specialized medical devices, DTx aim to prevent, manage, and treat diseases through personalized and data-driven care. The rapid progress of information and communication technologies (ICT) has accelerated digital healthcare innovation, as seen with Pear Therapeutics’ reset the first FDA-approved DTx in 2017 for substance use disorder. This milestone signaled the start of a new era in medicine, where digital treatments can complement or even replace traditional drug-based therapies. Chronic diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and respiratory illnesses cause over 70% of global deaths, often due to poor lifestyle habits and aging populations. DTx offer continuous, personalized care through real-time monitoring, behavioral insights, and feedback, helping patients manage their conditions more effectively. Technologies such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) further enhance outcomes by improving adherence, reducing medical errors, and lowering hospitalization rates. Since the FDA’s first approval, the DTx market has expanded rapidly, with over 400 products now available or in development to address conditions from depression and insomnia to diabetes and hypertension. Their key advantages accessibility, affordability, and scalability make DTx a powerful alternative to traditional, in-person healthcare. By merging clinical science with digital innovation, digital therapeutics are reshaping the healthcare landscape, shifting it from reactive illness treatment toward proactive, preventive, and personalized care for long-term well-being.
The study was performed during the kharif seasons to examine the effects of weed control techniques and planting methods on the quality, yield, and growth of paddy. Four crop planting methods as planted rice, direct seeded rice, drum seeded rice, and the system of rice intensification (SRI) and four weed control strategies as bispyribac sodium 25gha⁻¹ at 25 DAS/T, bispyribac sodium 25gha⁻¹ at 25 DAS/T combined with hand weeding at 40 DAS/T, two hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS/T, and a weedy check were held using a split-plot design with three replications. Relative to alternative weed management techniques, hand weeding (20 and 40 DAS/T) demonstrated superior maximum plant height, shoot density/m2, dry matter accumulation, grain yield, and nitrogen uptake by the crop. The SRI method exhibited superior results in comparison to other planting methods.
Methyl parathion, a highly toxic organophosphorus insecticide, is widely employed in agriculture. Runoff from these fields frequently pollutes freshwater ecosystems, endangering non-target aquatic life. This study assessed the acute toxicity of methyl parathion on the freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) in a controlled laboratory setting. Healthy fish were subjected to varying concentrations of methyl parathion in static bioassay systems over a 96-hour period. Mortality rates, behavioral changes, and toxic symptoms were documented at 24, 48, 72, and 96-hour intervals. The median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) was calculated using probit analysis. Fish exposed to the chemical displayed hyperactivity, erratic swimming, and excessive mucus production, loss of balance, breathing difficulties, and surfaced frequently before dying. Previous studies have reported the 96-hour LC₅₀ value for H. fossilis to be approximately 7.0 ppm, indicating the species' high sensitivity to organophosphate pesticides. These findings reveal that methyl parathion poses substantial ecological threats to freshwater fish populations and can negatively impact aquatic biodiversity. The study underscores the importance of stringent regulation of pesticide application near aquatic habitats.
The present study investigates the stability behavior and antimicrobial activity of Cu (II), Co (II), and V(IV) complexes of the hydrazone ligand 2-[(E)-{2-[hydroxy(phenyl)methyl] hydrazinylidene} methyl] phenol (HMP). The ligand, previously synthesized via condensation of 2-hydroxy-6-methylbenzaldehyde with hydrazinephenylmethanol, acts as a bidentate donor through azomethine nitrogen and phenolic oxygen atoms. Metal complexes were prepared in a 2:1 (M: L) ratio and their stability was assessed using spectrophotometric techniques, complemented by thermal analysis. Formation constants and thermodynamic parameters were evaluated to elucidate the strength and nature of metal–ligand interactions. The complexes exhibited appreciable stability, with stability trends consistent with metal ion properties and coordination geometry. Antimicrobial screening against selected Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and fungal strains revealed enhanced biological activity of the metal complexes compared to the free ligand, which is attributed to increased lipophilicity and chelation effects upon coordination. Among the complexes studied, the Cu (II) complex demonstrated the highest antimicrobial efficacy, correlating with its observed stability parameters. The combined stability and biological results suggest that HMP-based transition metal complexes possess promising potential for further bioinorganic and pharmaceutical investigations.
