Objective: This study presents a coherent preliminary electromagnetic design of a 2-kW low-speed permanent-magnet generator for a small wind turbine, linking the aerodynamic operating point with the main electrical design variables. Theoretical Framework: The analysis is grounded in wind-turbine aerodynamic relationships, synchronous permanent-magnet machine theory, and recent literature on direct-drive generators for small wind-energy systems. Particular attention is given to distinguishing magnet remanence from effective air-gap flux density. Method: An analytical sizing procedure was applied to a turbine radius of 2.6671 m, a design wind speed of 10 m/s, and a tip-speed ratio of 5.55. Rotor speed, shaft torque, electrical frequency, phase voltage, phase current, winding resistance, and turns per coil were calculated for an 18-pole, three-phase arrangement. A sensitivity analysis was performed for effective air-gap flux densities from 0.6 to 1.2 T. Results and Discussion: The design point gives 198.7 rpm, a minimum ideal shaft torque of 96.1 N·m, and 29.8 Hz. For 0.8–1.0 T, the estimated winding requires approximately 304–235 turns per coil, showing strong sensitivity to effective pole flux and magnetic geometry. Research Implications: The results provide an analytical baseline for subsequent finite-element analysis, thermal assessment, converter design, and prototype testing. Originality/Value: The study provides an internally consistent coupling between turbine operation and generator sizing while explicitly identifying the magnetic uncertainties that prevent premature selection of a final winding.
Objectives: This study explores the inherent dysfunctions within the Brazilian state apparatus, analyzing the economic, social, and psychological consequences of corruption and excessive bureaucracy. Furthermore, it aims to propose guidelines for organizational and institutional reforms designed to mitigate these systemic issues in the country. Theoretical Framework: The research is grounded in literature regarding socioeconomic development in the face of bureaucratic dysfunctions and the ineffectiveness of traditional anti-corruption policies. The theoretical framework addresses the vulnerabilities of a robust State when permeated by illicit schemes, utilizing the empirical event of "Operation No Discount" (Operação Sem Desconto) as an illustrative element of these systemic failures. Methodology: The study adopts a qualitative approach, consisting of a systematic literature review and the comparative analysis of international case studies that have successfully implemented anti-corruption and prevention practices. Results and Discussion: The analysis demonstrates that the overlay of excessive bureaucracy onto a robust state apparatus facilitates corrupt practices, yielding profound negative impacts across society's economic, social, and psychological spheres. Moreover, it is argued that traditional control mechanisms have proven ineffective in curbing such deviations when applied in isolation. Research Implications: The findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive institutional and organizational reforms within public administration. It suggests the formulation of public policies focused on debureaucratization, the simplification of governmental processes, enhanced transparency, and the strategic adoption of information technologies as central mechanisms for mitigating corruption. Originality/Value: The relevance of this work lies in the articulation between Brazil's contemporary institutional challenges and applicable international best practices. This article offers practical contributions by proposing a transition from a traditional punitive model to a preventive and technological governance model, which is essential for national socioeconomic development.
Objective: To propose a composite indicator framework for assessing sustainability performance under the Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) perspective in higher education institutions. Theoretical Framework: Sustainability assessment in universities has relied on isolated indicators, voluntary reports, and ranking systems that lack integration among ESG dimensions and offer limited managerial applicability. Method: A hierarchical composite index was developed based on indicator normalization, expert-based weighting, and multicriteria aggregation using the Weighted Sum Method. The framework integrates environmental, social, and governance indicators into a global ESG index. Results and Discussion: The framework was applied to the Chemical Institute of UERJ (IQ/UERJ). Results revealed differentiated performance across ESG dimensions, with strong social engagement, intermediate governance performance, and opportunities for improvement in environmental management. Research Implications: The framework provides a practical tool for institutional diagnosis, prioritization of sustainability actions, and performance monitoring in academic units. Originality/Value: This study extends ESG assessment to higher education institutions, offering a transparent, replicable, and decision-oriented methodological approach.
Objective: To evaluate air quality in different spaces of a public hospital in the Federal District, using environmental parameters such as humidity, temperature, and carbon dioxide, in accordance with ABNT (Brazilian Association of Technical Standards) normative standards. Theoretical Framework: It is based on the principles of Public Health and Health Promotion, articulated with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 3 and SDG 11) and the Social Determinants of Health. It also considers guidelines for indoor air quality, hospital management, and ventilation in healthcare services. Method: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted, with data collection at six strategic points in the hospital using the MX1102 Digital Thermo-hygrometer with Data Logger and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sensor, manufactured by Onset Computer Corporation, a company specializing in environmental data loggers, which allowed the measurement of environmental conditions. The results were compared with current standards. Results and Discussion: The research indicated that environmental conditions were partially in compliance with standards. In the Surgical Center and ICU, temperature and humidity were adequate, but high CO2 levels suggest the need for improvements in ventilation. In high-traffic areas, high temperatures and low humidity can cause discomfort. As this is an initial study, it is recommended, firstly, to install more efficient ventilation systems and continuously monitor environmental parameters to ensure a safe and comfortable environment. Research Implications: In conclusion, rigorous control of environmental conditions is essential for the safety and well-being of all hospital users and workers. Implementing improvements will reduce the risks of hospital complications, as well as provide a more conducive environment for user recovery, accelerating the discharge process. Originality/Value: The study also suggests the creation of public policies based on continuous monitoring and the adoption of hospital environmental management practices using technologies.
Objective: Analyze the contribution of carbon credits generated by photovoltaic solar energy and International Renewable Energy Certificates (I-RECs) to greenhouse gas emission reduction and the expansion of renewable energy. Theoretical Framework: The study is grounded in the context of climate change driven by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and the growing relevance of environmental asset markets as mechanisms for decarbonization and sustainable development. Method: A qualitative approach was employed, based on a literature review and document analysis of carbon credit mechanisms, I-REC certification, and recent regulatory developments. Results and Discussion: The findings indicate that carbon credits and I-RECs play complementary roles in climate mitigation and renewable energy expansion. However, challenges persist regarding transparency, traceability, regulatory standardization, and environmental integrity. In Brazil, recent advances such as the implementation of the Brazilian Emissions Trading System (SBCE) reflect a transition toward a more structured and compliance-driven market. Research Implications: The results highlight the need for improved governance, regulatory alignment, and technological innovation to enhance the effectiveness of these instruments. Originality/Value: This study contributes by integrating carbon market mechanisms with renewable energy certification, emphasizing their joint role in advancing climate policy and sustainable energy transitions.
