In the opera texts written in the Southern Min dialect during the Ming and Qing dynas-ties,there exists a multifunctional form"ni".Based on its phonological and grammatical characteris-tics,this paper identifies its etymology as"ran".In addition to inheriting the functions of the mor-pheme of quality/manner,adjectival suffix,and comparative particle from Classical Chinese,the word"ni(ran)"has undergone innovative developments in the Southern Min dialect:When placed at the end of a sentence to refer to the preceding context,it evolves into a sentence-final particle;when it is positioned between a verb and its object,it becomes a perfective aspect marker.Moreover,the re-sultative clause"shi/zuo zai ni"has evolved into a hypothetical interrogative particle through two sta-ges of contraction.
There is a sentence "(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (minqing bu er)" in chapter 11 of Ziyi of the Book of Rites. The corresponding characters of Ziyi in Guodian bamboo slips and Shangbo bamboo slips are respectively written as "(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (binqing bu shi)" and "(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(minqing bu yi)". The old interpretations are both"(sic)(sic)(sic) & (minqing bu te)". Through comprehensively and meticulously sorting out characters and words adaptation relationship related to "(sic)(shi)" and "(sic)(chi)" in excavated documents, this article points out that their meaning can be adapted with semantic symbols such as (in), (sic)((sic))(mi),(sic)(yi)" and "(sic)(yu),(sic)(jin),(sic)(bei)" etc., and its sound can be adapted with phonetic symbols such as "(sic)(shi),(sic)(yi),(sic)(li),(sic)(lai)" etc,, resulting in adapted original characters such as"(shi),(shi),(shi),(sic) (shi)" etc.. Based on this, the character "t(shi)" in Guodian bamboo slips should be a variant of the character "(sic)(shi)", and the character "(sic)(er)" of the Bpok of Rites should be a mistake of "(shi)" and also a variant of the character "(sic)(shi)","(sic) (shi)" means "to conceal" or "to disguise". The previous interpretation of "(sic) (qing)" as referring to mind", "psychology", etc, is wrong. Rather, it should be interpreted as implying the meaning of sincerity", "honesty", etc,, the opposite of the meaning of "(sic)(shi)". The sentence "(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) ninqing bu shi)" means "the people are honest and not disguised". Ancient rulers have always been oncerned about how to ensure the people refrain from concealing or withholding the truth, which is often found in ancient books. Based on the new understanding resulted from the study of characters and words adaptation relationship related to "(sic) (shi)" and "(sic) (chi)", this article reinterprets some related characters and words in unearthed and passed down literature.
This paper first categorizes the discourse contexts of "shishishang"((sic)(sic)(sic)) into two major types: contrastive and non contrastive, of which the contrastive category includes complete contrast and partial contrast and the non contrastive category encompasses various semantic relationship types such as causality, question-answering, exemplification, and coordination. The paper then demonstrates from a synchronic grammaticalization perspective that "shishishang" has undergone a shift in usage from nominal to adverbial and from a phrasal structure to a discourse marker. During its se mantic evolution from expressing contrast to non contrast, metaphorical cognitive mechanism plays a crucial role. Finally, the article delves into the meta discourse property and function of "shishis hang". Its meta-discourse property manifests as subjectivity, topicality, and directionality, while its meta-discourse function is characterized by interactivity.
The possessive can be interpreted as agent inside a DP but a noun in noun incorporation is limited to the theme reading. While each fact has been analyzed in the literature, their contrast, yet to receive due attention, In fact, no coherent account can be given to the contrast within the cur rent theoretical framework whether one regards hend movement as the exclusive means for wordifor Imation or takes words to be formed independently of syntax. The proposed solution consists of two components: a) Integrate the strengths of the syntactic and lexicalist models by appreciating the fact that direct merger of word-internal components is inevitable in every version of syntactic word-forma tion. b) Realize that the 0 criterion is the only licensing principle when syntax merges two heads to produce a new head, It is further shown that the means for saturation must include theta-composition.
Old Sino Korean generally refers to the Korean readings of Chinese characters prior to the unification of the Korean Peninsula in the 7th century. Drawing on the proper nouns documented in Samkuk Saki and Samkuk Yusa, as well as the records from Idu and Hyangka, this paper investigates the phonetic realizations of the zhang((sic)) initial group and the yi ((sic)) initial in Old Sino-Kore an. By comparing these realizations with Old Chinese phonology at different stages, we propose that the readings of Chinese characters in Old Sino-Korean can be stratified into early and late layers. The early layer is characterized by the/k/reading of the zhang initial and the/*1-/reading of the y in itial, which align closely with the ziesheng ((sic)(sic)) system. In contrast, the later layer is marked by the /*t-/ reading of both the zhang and yi initials, reflecting a phonological system similar to that evidenced in the Yinqueshan Han slips. Previous studies have shown that Sino Korean preserves pho netic features from Old Chinese. Middle Chinese, Old Mandarin and Modern Mandarin. This paper further demonstrates the existence of different layers in Old Sino Korean, highlighting the complexity and continuity of language contact between Old Korean and Old Chinese, Future research should sys tematically examine the phonological system of Old Sino-Korean to further elucidates its internal stratification.
