Modern molecular biological studies have significantly improved understanding of structural and functional organization of the female reproductive system. The paper gives a brief overview of the literature and own research on verification and expression in the endometrium and placenta of many peptides, biogenic amines, steroids, cytokines and other signalling molecules, which, acting as hormones, enzymes, inhibitors, receptors, growth factors, immunoregulatory agents, transport's and binding proteins, provide the local regulation of intercellular neuroimmunoendocrine relationships that play a key role in the mechanisms of human embryogenesis and reproduction.

Multicomponent analysis of variations of serum marker antibodies is an efficacious tool for preventive (pre-clinical) diagnosis of immune disorders causing serious diseases. Successful development of this method may lead to revision of the approaches accepted in modern medicine and facilitate practical transition to the prognosis-prevention paradigm. The study of antibody spectra reflecting individual genetic and epigenetic features provides a basis for prognostication of health and pathological conditions. We believe that in most cases early diagnosis of reversible pathologic processes their further development can be arrested which provides a real opportunity to preserve health.

Autoregulative systems are being formed through dynamical changeability of structural components. Initial structural organization determinates possible variants of regulative connections with different probabilities resulting in a more successful formation of one system and retarding in the appearance of another one. It emphasized the domination of structural principle of functional selective mobilization during the creation of physiological, pathological and ambivalent systems (having, accordingly, adaptive, disadaptive and ambivalent significance). That's why result of system activity has not a dominant role in the process of system formation (the result, if it has adaptive significance, only promotes the consolidation of previously formed regulative connections).

Study of stem cells by methods of molecular and cellular biology brings us closer to understanding the basis of life. At the same time, the problem of stem cells has great social resonance caused, first of all, by their potential to treat pancreatic diabetes, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. Prospects for stem cells in medical practice and the ethical problems that arise are discussed.

A lot of physiological processes including cell proliferation, cell migration, and differentiation are regulated by intercellular and cell-matrix interaction. The misbalance of intercellular and stroma-epithelial interaction is one of main factor of initiation of different pathological processes. Nonhealing wounds (chronic inflammation) and adenocarcinomas, despite the different external features, have many general inner features: cell proliferation, survival, cell migration, differentiation induced by cocktail of different growth factors and cytokines which promote inflammation and angiogenesis. Various stroma components including extracellular matrix are active participants of wound healing and cancer growth. The changes of pl-integrins distribution and cytokine expression, TGFbeta in particular, influence the development of pathological processes. It is possible to consider these factors as potential pharmacological targets.

Standards for organization of a postmortem service have been approved by the Russian Health Care Surveillance Committee in 2006.

In our day, it is possible to find many Internet-based suggestions to cure almost any disease with the use of stem cells. Meanwhile, there is still no convincing evidence that stem cells can be safely transplanted into humans to restore the function of a damaged tissue or organ. Moreover, until recently, specialists had not been able to agree on which cells should be regarded as stem cells. The authors characterize the situation in cellular medicine in the following way: great expectations, big problems, and contradictory effects.

The aim of voluntary certification is to improve the quality of pathology service and to implement it under the Russian Federation's laws and existing standards. The noncommercial organization "Voluntary Certifying System for Postmortem Studies" has been set up, which includes expert groups comprising highly skilled specialists.

With the assistance and direct participation of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, the I. M. Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy has developed and introduced an unique elitist educational system to train of scientific and pedagogical staff at the pre- and postdiploma training stages on the basis of their close relationships and continuity, within whose framework a specially designed faculty has been successfully operating for 10 years. The basic principle that ensures its effective activity and solution of many didactic problems is the individualization and differentiation of an educational process by using a great diversity of reserves and organizational forms. The created system is unique in Russian and foreign practice. It improves the quality of scientific and pedagogical staff training, promotes more effective creation of staff reserves for the departments of higher educational establishments and research institutes of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.

The paper deals with different aspects of the relationships occurring between the pregnant woman and the fetus having paternal antigens. Analysis of a great deal of recent information clearly indicates that local uterine immunity plays a great role during pregnancy. The specific features of the gene expression of major histocompatibility by an invasive trophoblast and the immunosuppressive function of placental fibrinoid are discussed. A detailed account of the immunocompetent cells, including T lymphocytes, giant granular lymphocytes, and macrophages, that are involved in immunological responsiveness within the decidua is given.