Summary Adzuki bean ( Vigna angularis ) is an important legume crop cultivated in over 30 countries worldwide. We developed a high‐quality chromosome‐level reference genome of adzuki bean cultivar Jingnong6 by combining PacBio Sequel long‐read sequencing with short‐read and Hi‐C technologies. The assembled genome covers 97.8% of the adzuki bean genome with a contig N50 of approximately 16 Mb and a total of 32 738 protein‐coding genes. We also generated a comprehensive genome variation map of adzuki bean by whole‐genome resequencing (WGRS) of 322 diverse adzuki beans accessions including both wild and cultivated. Furthermore, we have conducted comparative genomics and a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) on key agricultural traits to investigate the evolution and domestication. GWAS identified several candidate genes, including VaCycA3;1 , VaHB15 , VaANR1 and VaBm , that exhibited significant associations with domestication traits. Furthermore, we conducted functional analyses on the roles of VaANR1 and VaBm in regulating seed coat colour. We provided evidence for the highest genetic diversity of wild adzuki ( Vigna angularis var. nipponensis ) in China with the presence of the most original wild adzuki bean, and the occurrence of domestication process facilitating transition from wild to cultigen. The present study elucidates the genetic basis of adzuki bean domestication traits and provides crucial genomic resources to support future breeding efforts in adzuki bean.

BACKGROUND:In plants, RNA silencing is an important conserved mechanism to regulate gene expression and combat against abiotic and biotic stresses. Dicer-like (DCL) and Argonaute (AGO) proteins and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) are the core elements involved in gene silencing and their gene families have been explored in many plants. However, these genes and their responses to stresses have not yet been well characterized in adzuki bean.RESULTS:A total of 11 AGO, 7 DCL and 6 RDR proteins were identified, and phylogenetic analyses of these proteins showed that they clustered into six, four and four clades respectively. The expression patterns of these genes in susceptible or resistant adzuki bean cultivars challenged with drought, bean common mosaic virus and Podosphaera xanthii infections were further validated by quantitative RT-PCR. The different responses of these proteins under abiotic and biotic stresses indicated their specialized regulatory mechanisms.CONCLUSIONS:In this study, 24 genes of the DCL, AGO and RDR gene families in adzuki bean were identified, and the sequence characterization, structure of the encoded proteins, evolutionary relationship with orthologues in other legumes and gene expression patterns under drought and biotic stresses were primarily explored, which enriched our understanding of these genes in adzuki bean. Our findings provide a foundation for the comparative genomic analyses of RNA silencing elements in legume plants and further new insights into the functional complexity of RNA silencing in the response to various stresses in adzuki bean.

Seed coat colour in adzuki bean is an important quality trait and closely associated with anthocyanin metabolism pathways. To further understand the inheritance of seed coat colour pattern, the inheritance between multiple seed coat colours and ivory seed were analysed using F 1:2 , F 2:3 and F 3:4 populations derived from five bi-parental crosses. The differences between ivory and red mottle on ivory are controlled by a single recessive R locus and RI locus, respectively. Green, light brown and golden are all dominant to red and governed by two loci. The B (brown) locus shows dominant epistasis over T locus. The R (red) locus was recessive epistasis to B (black), T (light brown), G (golden), GR (green) and RI (red mottle on ivory) loci. The new insight into the strong recessive epistasis of the R locus will be important for gene mapping and cloning, candidate gene functional validation and quality improvement in adzuki bean.

Abstract Seed coat color is an important quality and domestication trait. The adzuki bean has more than a dozen seed coat colors closely associated with the anthocyanin and flavonoid metabolism pathways. In this study, we explored the pigment composition of 10 different seed coat color adzuki beans including red, black mottle on red, black mottle on gray, golden, green, black, ivory, brown, and light brown. The results showed that anthocyanins are the main pigment in adzuki bean seed coat. There were no carotenoid or pelargonidin derivatives in the seed coats of any accessions. Different colors of adzuki bean seed coat have different pigment compositions and the combination of procyanidins and anthocyanins affected seed coat color. The ivory seed coat had an extremely low proanthocyanidin and anthocyanin content. Only the green adzuki bean seed coats contained chlorophyll. Our results explain the pigment composition of the different seed coat colors and the combination of proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins affected seed coat color in adzuki bean. These results can provide a theoretical basis for the study of adzuki bean coloring mechanism.

Seed coat colour is an important quality trait, domestication trait and morphological marker, and is closely associated with flavonoid and anthocyanin metabolism pathways. The seed coat colour of adzuki bean, an important legume crop, influences the processing quality of its paste, the commodity and its nutritional quality. In this study, the genetic relationships of seed coat colour were analysed using 12 hybridized combinations of F-2 individuals and four F-3 families derived from hybridized combinations between the accessions of eight seed coat colours. The loci of the colour traits were analysed based on phenotypes and using the chi-square test. Ivory colour is recessive to red and is controlled by a single R locus. Black, black mottle on grey, black mottle on red, light brown, golden and brown are all dominant to red. The phenotypes of black mottle on red, light brown, golden and brown are all controlled by a single genetic locus. Black mottle on grey is controlled by two loci. Black is controlled with two loci, and the black locus shows dominant epistasis to another locus. A genetic model of these seed coat colours was predicted. Our results will be important for gene mapping and cloning of seed coat colour characters and for providing further insight into the regulatory network of seed coat colour.

专业实习与毕业论文(设计)是本科人才培养过程中一个重要的实践教学环节.以北京农学院为例,深入分析了学校在"3+1"人才培养模式下,构建与实施专业实习与毕业论文(设计)相结合模式的实践教学体系可行性,并论述了针对学生多元化发展需求实施的3种结合模式途径与成效,为地方高等院校深化教育教学改革,提高人才培养质量提供借鉴与参考.

文章分析了国家经济社会发展和高等教育内涵发展需求对打造金课的必要性,以及金课的含义和特点.建议新时代背景下打造金课要继续强化以下五方面的工作:学校教学质量文化建设、教学研究探索、教师教学技能培训、教学评价和全体学生课堂收获.

[目的]株型是影响作物产量的重要性状,对小豆矮秆窄叶突变体nld进行转录组学分析,以期探究小豆矮秆窄叶的转录水平调控机制.[方法]构建小豆栽培种野生型GM437和矮秆窄叶突变体nld的根、茎、叶转录组文库,利用RNA-Seq进行转录组学分析,对得到的差异表达基因进行GO注释和KEGG富集分析;同时,利用外施激素的方法确定突变体应答激素种类.[结果]转录组分析发现,差异表达基因主要集中于植物激素信号转导通路和苯丙烷生物合成通路.外施赤霉素可部分恢复矮秆窄叶突变体的生长.关键基因4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶、肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶、肉桂醇脱氢酶、黑酸叶绿醇转移酶、4-羟苯基丙酮酸双氧酶等在小豆植株发育过程中起到重要作用.[结论]植物激素信号转导通路和苯丙烷生物合成通路为小豆矮秆窄叶建成主要调控通路,赤霉素在突变体植物激素信号转导通路中起主要作用.

[目的]分析小豆不同粒色的遗传方式及其分离规律,提供粒色基因定位和克隆分离群体,为小豆品质育种提供理论依据.[方法]利用经典孟德尔遗传学研究方法,鉴定3个杂交组合的F2代分离群体和F2∶3家系的表型,进行不同分离模式的卡方检验,确定其遗传方式及分离规律,预测亲本的基因型.[结果]淡褐粒色对红粒色为显性遗传,受单基因控制.淡褐粒色对白粒色受2对基因控制,淡褐粒色对红粒色为显性,红粒色对白粒色为显性,红/白基因对淡褐/红基因具有隐性上位作用.灰底黑斑粒色对红粒色为显性,受2对基因遗传控制.[结论]小豆不同粒色遗传受不同基因型控制,白色是小豆种皮的基础色.

小豆黄酮类化合物含量较高,类黄酮具有保健功能和药用价值.本研究选取279份栽培小豆、野生和半野生小豆种质资源材料,采用紫外分光光度法测定总黄酮含量,并对总黄酮含量与农艺性状进行相关分析.结果表明小豆总黄酮含量的变异范围为1.12～5.97 mg RE/g,育成小豆品种总黄酮平均含量2.95 mg RE/g、变异系数为25.76％;地方品种总黄酮平均含量3.31 mg RE/g、变异系数为26.89％;半野生小豆总黄酮平均含量为3.55 mg RE/g、变异系数为15.77％;野生小豆总黄酮平均含量为4.06 mg RE/g、变异系数为18.23％.野生小豆总黄酮平均含量高于栽培小豆,小豆总黄酮含量与现花期、盛花期、第一荚成熟、100％成熟呈极显著正相关,与籽粒亮度值L呈显著正相关,与百粒重、种子面积、红度值a呈极显著负相关;与地理经度和纬度分别呈极显著和显著负相关,初步分析总黄酮含量随着经纬度升高而降低,随着海拔降低而降低.本研究为高类黄酮小豆种质资源挖掘利用和育种改良提供了参考.

[目的]植物在生长过程中,面对昆虫的取食危害演化出了系统而有效的防御策略.本研究探索了苹果果实应对蛀果害虫危害的防御反应机制.[方法]本文以蛀果害虫梨小食心虫Grapholithamolesta和苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella为研究对象,研究食心虫为害对果树防御酶活性的影响及反映寄主受其危害的应激程度.[结果]结果表明将梨小食心虫和苹果蠹蛾分别接虫子苹果果实处理后,寄主的蛋白质含量、CAT、POD和SOD活性明显高于未被危害果实且差异显著;梨小食心虫与苹果蠹蛾同时取食为害时,CAT活性4-8 d时上升,12d后开始下降;POD活性增强明显高于其它4个处理,SOD活性明显高于其它处理且差异显著(P＜0.05).[结论]苹果果实在遭受到虫害胁迫时,可诱导寄主体内防御酶出现应激反应,从而发挥重要保障作用.

Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis var. angularis), an important food legume, is grown in more than 30 countries, especially in East Asia. Almost 25% of the world population is affected by iron deficiency. Iron is very important on adzuki bean yield and quality. The identification of suitable reference genes in adzuki bean is important for exploring gene expression and the molecular mechanisms of gene, yet few reference genes have been reported for adzuki bean. This research systematically evaluated the stability of 11 candidate reference genes (ACT, ACT1, CYP, CYP2, SKIP16, ELF1B, HDC, Lectin, TUA, PEPKR1, and 18SrRNA) using the geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder protocols under iron-deficient stress. The best combined number of reference genes for all samples was two. ELF1B/Lectin was best for qRT-PCR analysis of roots and combined analysis of roots, stems, and leaves under iron deficiency, ELF1B/CYP was optimum for leaves, and SKIP16/PEPKR1 was optimum for stems. The identification of these reference genes will enable accurate quantification of gene expression under iron deficiency and enhance our comprehension of reference genes in adzuki bean.

为了探讨小豆苗期抗旱性特点,建立抗旱性鉴定指标评价体系,筛选抗旱基因型材料,本研究以苗期盆栽控水方式,对不同来源的235份小豆种质资源进行了干旱胁迫试验.在测定其根系形态、株高、生物量和冠层萎蔫等15项指标的基础上,利用隶属函数值法、主成分分析和聚类分析对抗旱性进行了综合评价.结果 表明,干旱胁迫条件下主根长、侧根长、总根长和根冠比值均比对照组高;主根表面积、侧根表面积、总根表面积、主根体积、侧根体积、总根体积、地上部干重、地下部干重、整株干重和株高值均低于对照组.各性状隶属函数值相关性分析表明隶属函数值平均值与总根表面积相关性最大.主成分分析将15个性状归纳成3个主成分(累积贡献率为82.8％),其中第Ⅰ主成分的载荷主要是根表面积,第Ⅱ主成分的栽荷主要是干重,第Ⅲ主成分的载荷主要是主根长.聚类分析将235份小豆种质资源聚成抗旱型、中间型和敏感型3类,分别占供试材料的8％、63％、29％.根据隶属函数值法和主成分分析法结合不同类型根系形态,可将总根表面积作为小豆苗期抗旱性评价的主要指标.初步筛选出15份小豆耐旱资源材料,为进一步开展小豆抗旱育种和挖掘抗旱基因提供了基础材料.

[Objectives]To improve the selection-efficiency of genetic breeding in adzuki bean,reliability of F2 population identification was explored by mixing-pool method in adzuki bean.[Methods]Each of 35 F2 populations from nine cross combinations was divided into one mixing pool respectively,and SSR marker was used for identifying true hybrid generation,and phenotypes were used as a corroborative evidence.[Results]10 populations from true hybrids were identified in these 35 populations,and phenotypic segregation of 17FMY2007-7 evidenced the result of SSR marker.[Conclusion]Mixing-pool method can effectively identify reliability of F2 population in adzuki bean,and improve the selection-efficiency of genetic breeding,and decrease work load and experiment cost.

[目的]分析小豆花期叶绿素含量的变化规律及其与产量等农艺性状的相关性,以了解小豆叶绿素含量的驯化选择变异和与生育期及产量的关系.[方法]利用SPAD-502 PLUS便携式手持叶绿素仪,测定相对叶绿素含量.[结果]不同小豆材料始花期开始14 d内,相对叶绿素含量不断升高,栽培小豆种质资源的相对叶绿素含量显著高于野生小豆和半野生小豆.栽培小豆相对叶绿素含量与百粒重、种子长和种子宽呈极显著正相关,与最大叶长显著正相关,与生育期呈极显著负相关;野生小豆相对叶绿素含量与生育期、单株产量和种子宽呈极显著正相关,与最大叶宽呈显著正相关.[结论]从野生小豆到栽培小豆驯化进程中,相对叶绿素含量向上选择.栽培小豆相对叶绿素含量增加,与百粒重、种子长和种子宽增加趋同;野生小豆相对叶绿素含量增加,促进单株荚数、单荚粒色和单株产量增加.

[Objective]To research on the genetic behavior of a dwarf/narrow leaf mutant (named nld) in adzuki bean and to observe the change of the agronomic traits under the control of dwarf/narrow leaf mutant gene,[Methods]We used F2 、F3 、F4 seg regation population originated from a cross between landrace GM904 and nld.Fifteen individual plant characters,such as plant height,stem diameter,stem nodes,the first to fifth internode,length of ten internodes from cotyledonary node,pod length,pod width,pods per plant,seeds per plant,grain yield per plant,100 seeds weight in F2 、F3、F4 segregation population were investigated and analyzed.[Results]The result of genetic analysis showed that dwarf/narrow leaf traits was controlled by a single recessive gene,which followed Mendelian inheritance.The results of agronomic traits analysis showed that all of the traits had significant or extremely significant difference from each other;The broad heritability of plant height,stem diameter,node number on main stem,stem internode.length from first to tenth,pod length,pod number per plant were more than 0.9,which indicated that the genetic selection for the above characters could bc available.[Conclusion]The dwarf/narrow leaf mutant gene led to dwarf height,narrower leaves,thinner,stems,lesser stem nodes,shorter internodes length,smaller pods and significantly lower yield.

铁在地壳中含量很高,但植物对铁的吸收与利用率很低,植物缺铁现象十分普遍,导致作物产量与品质严重下降,从而影响人们的营养健康.研究表明,间作是改善作物缺铁的一种有效途径,既可节省空间又对环境不产生污染.基于此,综述间作及间作种间优势研究进展,并总结小豆与旱稻作物间作,并对未来进一步研究提出展望.

[Objective]Variation of seed phenotype characters and relationship among the traits is important for selecting adzuki bean germplasm resources with high yield potential and large grain.[Methods]The accessions of 54 wild adzuki bean,55 semi wild and 255 cultivated adzuki bean from different origins were measured by SC-G automatic seed analyzer.Phenotypic data were analyzed for variance,correlation and principal component analysis.[Results]The results showed that the variation of 100-seed weight was the largest among all the tested accessions,and seed size was gradually increased from wild and semi-wild to cultivated adzuki bean.There was a significantly positive correlation between the weight of 100 seeds,projection area,perimeter,seed length,seed width and diameter.Principal components of seed size and seed shape accounted for 77.21％ and 21.97％ of these accessions in adzuki bean had a wide variation.[Conclusion]There was a significant correlation between the traits.In the process of domestication,seed became larger and rounder.6 germplasm resources with high-yield potential and larger seed were selected.

[Objective]Wild adzuki bean is the ancestor of cultivated adzuki bean.[Methods]The agronomic traits of 401 acces sions,including 56 wild adzuki bean,64 semi-wild adzuki bean,196 landraces,and 85 improved varieties,were investigated for two years.[Results]Some of the morphological variations of agronomic traits were analyzed.Growth habit becomes erect from creeping and trailing,plant height reduces,days of first flowering get shorten during the process of domestication.Plant height decreased 55.39 cm,days of first flowering shortened 38 days,100-seed weight increased 8.03g,maximum leaf area enlarged 27 cm2 between wild adzuki bean and cultigen.Genetic parameters analysis of different characters showed that the heritability of days of first flowering from wild to cultivar adzuki bean increased 0.58,the heritability of 100-grain weight increased 0.24.The correlation analysis indicated that the increase of leaf area,plant height,pod number per plant seed number per pod was an effective way to enhance yield per plant.[Conclusion]In the process of adzuki bean domestication,the variation of agronomic traits is obvious and directional.

高校教工党支部是高校基层党组织的重要组成部分,是党群、干群沟通与交流的桥梁.本文从构建教书育人的长效机制、构建教学科研与党建工作有机结合的新模式以及优化教工党支部在都市型现代农业发展中的服务方式三个方面探讨了都市型高等农业院校教工党支部发挥作用的新机制,旨在加强服务型党组织建设.