To identify adaptive cultivation strategies for strong-gluten winter wheat under conditions of increasing autumn temperatures and changing precipitation patterns in the Huang–Huai–Hai region, a field experiment was conducted with cultivars Jimai 44 and Zhongmai 578. Field experiments were conducted during the 2023–2024 and 2024–2025 growing seasons, using three sowing dates (T2–T4, 20 October to 3 November) in the first year and four sowing dates (T1–T4, 13 October to 3 November) in the second year, each combined with three seeding rates (M1–M3) that were increased by 52.5 kg ha−1 for every 7-day delay in sowing. This design evaluated how sowing date and seeding rate regulate photosynthesis, dry matter dynamics, and yield. The results showed that post-anthesis dry-matter accumulation, harvest index, grain number per unit area, and grain yield responded quadratically to delayed sowing and increased seeding rate. Delayed sowing increased flag-leaf SPAD but reduced dry matter at anthesis and maturity, pre-anthesis translocation, spike number, and thousand-kernel weight. Higher seeding rate decreased SPAD, net photosynthetic rate, grains per spike, and kernel weight. The T2M2 treatment optimized canopy structure, enhanced photosynthesis, maintained efficient dry matter production and partitioning, and balanced yield components, achieving the highest grain yield. Although severe delays in sowing reduced yield, increasing the seeding rate under late sowing compensated for the reduced spike number and mitigated yield losses. The T2M2 combination and the late-sowing with the incremental-seeding technique offer practical strategies for climate-resilient, high-yield wheat production in the region.

Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is a key determinant of sustainable wheat production, yet its genetic basis remains incompletely understood under variable nitrogen supply. Grain yield and quality traits exhibit distinct responses to different nitrogen dosages, and the genetic loci and core genes governing low-nitrogen adaptability have not been systematically dissected via multi-omics integration. We evaluated 191 wheat accessions under four nitrogen application rates (N0, N150, N210, N270) across two environments and implemented an integrated framework combining multi-model GWAS, LD-based locus consolidation, RNA-seq, and WGCNA analyses to identify candidate genes. Phenotypic analysis revealed strong trait-specific nitrogen responses, with spike number (SN), grain number per spike (GNS), and plant height (PH) peaking at N210, while thousand grain weight (TGW) declined and grain protein content (GPC) increased with increasing nitrogen. Based on TGW, SN, and GNS, adaptability scores and low-nitrogen tolerance indices were constructed to classify genotypes into four performance groups, identifying 41 accessions (21.5

Increasing planting density is an effective measure to mitigate the negative impacts of late-sowing on yield formation in winter wheat. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying source-sink coordination and high-yield performance through density regulation in hybrid wheat with high yield potential remain unclear. A two-year field experiment was conducted using the hybrid variety Jingmai 17 and conventional variety Jimai 22 as experimental materials, with three planting densities: 150 plants·m−2 (M1), 300 plants·m−2 (M2), and 450 plants·m−2 (M3). The effects of planting density on the source-sink relationship and yield were systematically investigated. The results showed that both Jingmai 17 (2.4–9.7%) and Jimai 22 (1.4–10.6%) exhibited the most significant yield increases under the M2 treatment. This density maintained photosynthetic capacity during the mid-to-late grain-filling stage, delayed leaf senescence, promoted assimilate translocation to the grains, and simultaneously improved grain number per spike and thousand-grain weight by optimizing source-sink coordination efficiency. Compared with Jimai 22, the hybrid wheat Jingmai 17 demonstrated a significant yield advantage (8.2–10.1%), which was attributed to its stronger and more persistent source function, larger and more stable sink capacity, and higher source-sink coordination efficiency. In conclusion, under late-sowing conditions, the hybrid variety Jingmai 17 at a density of 300 plants·m−2 achieved the most effective optimization of the source-sink relationship, fully exploited its yield potential, and achieved a balance between high and stable yield. This study provides a theoretical and practical cultivation reference for the selection of hybrid wheat varieties in this region.

This study aimed to elucidate the physiological mechanisms and nutrient utilization patterns of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in wheat and provide guidance for field practices. A two-year field experiment (2023-2024 and 2024-2025) was conducted in the North China Plain using winter wheat cultivar Denghai 206. Four N rates (N0: 0, N1: 150, N2: 210, N3: 270 kg N center dot ha- 1) and four P rates (P0: 0, P1: 60, P2: 120, P3: 180 kg P2O5 center dot ha-1) were applied. Post-anthesis leaf area index (LAI), flag leaf SPAD, dry matter accumulation and remobilization, plant N and P accumulation, nutrient use efficiency, grain yield, and yield components were measured. Results showed that the optimal N-P combination (N2P2) maintained higher LAI and flag leaf SPAD and enhanced the nutrient translocation, thereby increasing grain yield. The highest yield was achieved with N3P2 (10.4 t center dot ha- 1), but it was not significantly different from N2P2 (10.2 t center dot ha- 1); notably, N2P2 had a significantly higher fertilizer use efficiency. Fertilizer use efficiency was strongly influenced by application rates-excessive fertilization lowered it, whereas an appropriate N-P combination had a synergistic effect. Compared to P0, the P2 treatment increased nitrogen uptake efficiency by 14.3%-31.0%, and compared to N0, the N2 treatment increased phosphorus uptake efficiency by 13.4%-60.7%. Therefore, 210 kg N center dot ha- 1 combined with 120 kg P2O5 center dot ha- 1 is considered the more efficient optimum for drip-irrigated winter wheat in this study, because it sustained high yield without the efficiency penalty associated with further fertilizer input.

A two-year field experiment was conducted to clarify the regulatory effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) combined with drip fertigation on the yield, yield components, and grain quality of winter wheat in lime concretion black soil (Calcaric Cambisols). The objective was to screen a sustainable fertilization model for coordinating high yield and quality in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. An L16(43) orthogonal design was adopted to investigate yield, protein content, wet gluten, test weight (TW), and grain hardness. Range analysis and ANOVA were used to evaluate factor effects and interactions. The results showed that N was the dominant factor affecting yield and quality (Rank 1), followed by K (Rank 2), while P showed the weakest effect. Compared to the control (N0P0K0), the optimized N–P–K combination increased grain yield by an average of 315.0% and enhanced grain crude protein by 55.3% over the two seasons. The optimal combination for maximum yield was N170P30K120 (kg/ha), which optimized the source–sink relationship by balancing spike density and 1000-grain weight. High N (220 kg/ha) combined with low P and high K achieved the best nutritional quality. The 3D response surface analysis confirmed significant synergistic interactions between N–K and N–P in promoting grain filling and protein synthesis. Rational NPK drip fertigation, particularly when synchronized with critical growth stages (jointing and grain filling), can simultaneously enhance grain yield and quality in this soil type. The optimized combination provides theoretical support and a robust fertilization strategy for green and efficient wheat production in the region.

Abstract Water scarcity destabilizes winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) yield by disrupting the coordination between post‐anthesis carbon (source) persistence and grain (sink) filling. Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) buffer root‐zone moisture, yet their interaction with drip irrigation may be nonlinear: excessive hydrogel expansion under high water supply can impair soil aeration. We hypothesized that SAP × irrigation responses shift from synergy to antagonism once a dose‐dependent soil physical threshold is exceeded. A 2‐year field experiment (2022–2024) tested three irrigation levels (deficit, moderate, and sufficient) and four SAP rates (0, 15, 30, and 45 kg ha −1 ; p0–p3). Grain yield responded unimodally to SAP rate across all regimes: p2 increased yield by 11.4%–21.4% relative to p0, whereas p3 reduced yield by 2–7 percentage points below the p2 peak. Under moderate irrigation, p2 optimized population stability and canopy physiological persistence, shifting the grain‐filling strategy from an “acceleration‐only” to a “sustained‐efficiency” model by extending the active filling duration and increasing late‐stage contribution. Conversely, under sufficient irrigation, p3 induced a threshold effect whereby reduced soil porosity and possible root‐zone hypoxia may have constrained gas exchange and impaired grain‐filling efficiency. Our findings demonstrate that SAP–irrigation synergy is governed by a trade‐off between moisture retention and soil aeration. A moderate SAP dose (30 kg ha −1 ) optimizes the soil–canopy–grain cascade, providing a framework for precision soil management to stabilize wheat yields in water‐limited regions.

Optimizing water and nitrogen inputs during wheat's critical developmental stages is vital for improving winter wheat yield potential and ensuring food security in the North China Plain, where water resources are increasingly constrained. A 3-year field experiment (2019-2022 winter wheat growing seasons) was conducted under a drip irrigation system to evaluate the effects of three water-saving irrigation regimes on winter wheat yield formation: DI, irrigation and split nitrogen application at jointing, booting, anthesis, and medium milk stages; T J, a single irrigation and nitrogen application at jointing; and T JA, irrigation at jointing and anthesis with a single nitrogen application at jointing. The results showed that DI significantly increased grain yield compared with T JA and T J, primarily by enhancing thousand-grain weight and grain number per unit area without reducing spike number. The increased thousand-grain weight was associated with a higher leaf area index, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, reduced malondialdehyde accumulation, and sustained higher photosynthetic capacity during mid-to-late grain filling. DI also improved both the rate and duration of grain filling, particularly during the fast and slow phases, and increased grain size and favorable grain morphology (grain length, width, thickness, roundness, and seed area), thereby contributing to greater final grain weight. These findings demonstrate that coordinated water and nitrogen management at key developmental stages promotes both grain number formation and grain weight realization, providing an effective agronomic strategy to enhance wheat yield potential and resilience in areas with limited water resources.

Colored wheat is rich in nutrients such as minerals, amino acids, and anthocyanins, offering significant health benefits. However, its typically low yield limits cultivation and production efficiency. This study, conducted during the 2021-2023 winter wheat seasons, compared the yield and quality of four purple wheat varieties (Qingyan Purple Wheat No.1 (QYZ-1), QYZ-2, Shannong Purple Wheat No.1 (SNZM1), Nongda 3753 (ND3753)), two blue wheat lines (20064 and 20072), and the modern white-grain wheat Jimai 22 (JM22). Results showed that QYZ-1 had the highest yield due to its higher thousand-grain weight and grain number per unit area. Colored wheat varieties, especially SNZM1 and 20,072, had significantly higher Se, Zn, Fe, and Mn contents compared to JM22. Additionally, colored wheat is rich in Ca, K, Mg, and anthocyanins. QYZ-2 and ND3753 had a diverse range of anthocyanins, while 20,072 had the highest total anthocyanin content. High wet gluten content and gluten index in colored wheat, particularly QYZ-1 and ND3753, indicated excellent processing characteristics. QYZ-1 also had the highest crude protein content. The total and non-essential amino acid contents in colored wheat were significantly higher than in JM22. The study concluded that colored wheat, particularly QYZ-1, shows superior nutritional content and quality. Moreover, the spike number is significantly positively correlated with yield; therefore, we believe that its yield can be further improved by increasing thousand-grain weight while maintaining stable grain numbers per unit area.

To investigate the positive impact of super absorbent polymer (SAP) on alleviating water scarcity and enhancing wheat yield in dryland conditions, and evaluate the mechanism by which SAP improves soil structure and optimizes field water retention, thereby increasing winter wheat yield under drip irrigation levels. Field experiments were conducted from 2022 to 2024, with two irrigation levels applied at jointing, booting, flowering, and grouting stages: 60 mm (deficit irrigation, d) and 100 mm (normal irrigation, n). Four SAP application rates (0, 15, 30, and 45 kg ha⁻1) were tested, corresponding to treatments p0, p1, p2, and p3. A split-plot design was used, with dp0 and np0 serving as CK1 and CK2, respectively, and dp1, dp2, dp3, and np1, np2, np3 as the experimental groups, each treatment was repeated 3 times. The np2 treatment significantly increased wheat yield (+ 13.34

The North China Plain is one of the major wheat cultivation regions. As a cornerstone of global food security, wheat makes the enhancement of its yield critically important. Sulfur critically regulates photosynthesis, antioxidant defense, and grain filling dynamics. To elucidate the physiological mechanisms of S in wheat grain filling and guide field practices, a two-year field experiment (2022–2023 and 2023–2024) was conducted in the North China Plain using two dominant cultivars, Jimai 20 (JM20) and Yannong 999 (YN999). Four sulfur (ammonium sulfate) gradients (S1: 15 kg ha⁻1; S2: 30 kg ha⁻1; S3: 45 kg ha⁻1; S4: 60 kg ha⁻1) and a control (S0) were applied at the jointing stage via a drip fertigation system. The key findings reveal that optimal S application (YN999: 45 kg ha⁻1; JM20: 30–45 kg ha⁻1) enhanced post-anthesis photosynthetic capacity by increasing flag leaf SPAD values and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, thereby delaying leaf senescence. These improvements translated into optimized grain filling parameters: YN999 and JM20 exhibited 2.27–5.62% and 13.20–13.86% increases in mean grain filling rate, 3.92–4.73% and 2.11–4.36% extensions in grain filling duration, and 7.62–7.83% and 9.55–10.23% boosts in thousand grain weight, respectively. Consequently, yield increased by 0.58–1.54 t ha⁻1 for YN999 and 1.36–1.49 t ha⁻1 for JM20. Under drip fertigation conditions in the North China Plain, sulfur application at 30–45 kg ha⁻1 effectively enhances wheat yield. These findings provide fertilization guidance for the development of precision agriculture and can help alleviate the local soil sulfur deficiency trend.

In order to investigate the best water and nitrogen cultivation measures for winter wheat under drip fertigation in the Huang-Huai-Hai region, two winter wheat cultivars were selected in this experiment: no irrigation throughout the growth period, with 120 kg·ha− 1 of nitrogen top-dressed at the jointing stage (W0); two irrigations (120 mm total, 60 mm each) at the jointing and anthesis stages, with 60 kg·ha− 1 nitrogen applied per irrigation (W2); and four irrigations (120 mm total, 30 mm each) at the jointing, booting, anthesis, and grain-filling stages, with 30 kg·ha− 1 nitrogen per irrigation (W4). Results showed that both cultivars performed best under the W4 treatment. This water-nitrogen frequency optimized pre- and post-anthesis water use, shaped an optimal leaf area index (LAI), delayed flag leaf senescence, increased biomass post-anthesis, and achieved the highest yield and water-nitrogen use efficiency. Yannong 999 outperformed Jimai 22 in these aspects, with a 9.1

Colored wheat is rich in nutrients such as minerals, amino acids, and anthocyanins, offering significant health benefits. However, its typically low yield limits cultivation and production efficiency. This study, conducted during the 2021–2023 winter wheat seasons, compared the yield and quality of four purple wheat varieties (Qingyan Purple Wheat No.1 (QYZ-1), QYZ-2, Shannong Purple Wheat No.1 (SNZM1), Nongda 3753 (ND3753)), two blue wheat lines (20064 and 20072), and the modern white-grain wheat Jimai 22 (JM22). Results showed that QYZ-1 had the highest yield due to its higher thousand-grain weight and grain number per unit area. Colored wheat varieties, especially SNZM1 and 20072, had significantly higher Se, Zn, Fe, and Mn contents compared to JM22. Additionally, colored wheat is rich in Ca, K, Mg, and anthocyanins. QYZ-2 and ND3753 had a diverse range of anthocyanins, while 20072 had the highest total anthocyanin content. High wet gluten content and gluten index in colored wheat, particularly QYZ-1 and ND3753, indicated excellent processing characteristics. QYZ-1 also had the highest crude protein content. The total and non-essential amino acid contents in colored wheat were significantly higher than in JM22. The study concluded that colored wheat, particularly QYZ-1, shows superior nutritional content and quality. Moreover, the spike number is significantly positively correlated with yield; therefore, we believe that its yield can be further improved by increasing thousand-grain weight while maintaining stable grain numbers per unit area.

IntroductionTo examine the impacts of varied water and nitroge combinations on wheat yield and quality under drip irrigation in the Huang-Huai-Hai area, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons of winter wheat from 2019 to 2021.MethodsTraditional irrigation and fertilization methods served as the control (CK), with two nitrogen application rates set: N1 (180 kg/ha) and N2 (210 kg/ha). The irrigation schedules were differentiated by growth stages: jointing, anthesis (S2); jointing, anthesis, and filling (S3); and jointing, booting, anthesis, and filling (S4), at soil depths of 0-10 cm (M1) and 0-20 cm (M2). ResultsResults indicated that compared to CK, the 3 and 4 times irrigation treatments comprehensively improved grain yield (GY) by 8.0% and 13.6% respectively, increased the average plant partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (PFPN) and irrigation use efficiency (IUE) by 57.5% and 38.2%, and 62.2% and 35.8%, respectively. The gluten content (GC) of 3 irrigations was 1.6% higher than CK, and other metrics such as dough tenacity (DT), softness (ST), water absorption (WAS), and gluten hardness (GH) also showed improvements. Furthermore, the contents of amylose, amylopectin, and total starch under 3 irrigations significantly increased by 9.4%, 11.4%, and 9.8%, respectively, with higher than 4 irrigations. The crude protein content and soluble sugar content in 3 irrigations rose by 6.5% and 9.8% respectively over two years. These irrigation treatments also optimized gelatinization characteristics of grains, such as breakdown viscosity (BDV), consistency peak viscosity (CPV), consistency setback viscosity (CSV), pasting temperature (PeT), and pasting time (PaT).DiscussionThe study demonstrated that appropriate drip irrigation can effectively synchronize water and nitrogen supply during critical growth stages in winter wheat, ensuring robust late-stage development and efficient transfer of photosynthetic products into the grains, thus enhancing grain mass and yield. This also led to improved utilization of water and fertilizer and enhanced the nutritional and processing quality of the grain. However, excessive irrigation did not further improve grain quality. In conclusion, given the goals of saving water and fertilizer, achieving excellent yield, and ensuring high quality, the N1S3M1 treatment is recommended as an effective production management strategy in the Huang-Huai Hai area; N1S3M2 could be considered in years of water scarcity.

The objective of this study was to investigate the nitrogen use efficiency of various wheat varieties and to establish evaluation indicators for nitrogen efficient use in wheat, thereby providing both theoretical reference and a practical basis. The experiment was conducted at Jiaozhou Modern Agriculture Demonstration Park of Qingdao Agricultural University (35.53 degrees N, 119.58 degrees E) from October 2021 to June 2023. Twenty-six main wheat varieties in the North China Plain were used as test materials. Four nitrogen fertilizer levels of 0, 150, 210, and 270 kg/hm(2) were set up. The nitrogen fertilizer level was the main factor, and the variety was the secondary factor. According to the yield and nitrogen accumulation of each variety under different nitrogen fertilizer levels, cluster analysis was carried out, respectively. It was found that Zhongmai 578 (H1), Zhongmai 175 (H2), and Weimai 8 (H3) had a higher yield under four nitrogen fertilizer levels. These varieties were nitrogen efficient, and their nitrogen accumulation was also higher. On the other hand, Jingshuang 16 (L1), Nongda 212 (L2), and Beijing 841 (L3) had lower yields under four nitrogen fertilizer levels. These varieties were nitrogen inefficient, and their nitrogen accumulation was also lower. The other 20 varieties had a medium yield and medium nitrogen accumulation. In this study, the differences of nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen harvest index, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, and nitrogen partial factor productivity between three nitrogen efficient varieties and three nitrogen inefficient varieties were analyzed.

In order to effectively improve the 1000-grain weight of winter wheat, explore the effect of different drip irrigation and fertilization frequency on grain filling and mature grain shape of medium strong gluten wheat in the Huang-Huai-Hai wheat region, under the field experimental conditions, different winter wheat varieties with medium strong gluten were selected as experimental materials, a comparative experiment was carried out on different drip irrigation fertilization frequency（2,3,4 times, respectively represented by DF2,DF3,DF4）and traditional irrigation fertilization（CK）under 210 kg/ha of total nitrogen application（urea form）and 120 mm of total irrigation.The results showed that there were significant or extremely significant correlations between grain shape（except length and roundness）,key grain filling parameters(V mean ,V max ,V 2 ,M 2 )and 1000-grain weight through correlation analysis.Drip irrigation increased V mean （average filling speed）,V max （maximum filling speed）,V 2 （grain filling speed in rapid growth period）,and M 2 （grain accumulation in rapid growth period）.Compared with two times of topdressing with water and fertilizer（DF2）,after three water and fertilizer applications（DF3）,T max ,V mean ,V max ,V 2 ,M 2 ,and grain area all increased, and after four water and fertilizer applications（DF4）,T max ,T 2 ,M 2 had improved.Compared with DF2,the length, width, thickness, roundness, and grains area increased with the frequency of fertilization（DF3 and DF4）,the width and grain area of DF3 reached a significant level, and the thickness of DF4 reached a significant level, reducing the vertical and horizontal.The sieving equivalent of 2.2—2.5 mm was significantly reduced, and the sieving equivalent of ＞2.8 mm was increased, and the grains were more plump.Compared with border irrigation, the grains of DF3 and DF4 were also more plump.In conclusion, in wheat production, it is very important to increase the frequency of fertilization through drip irrigation to optimize the development of spike grains and improve grain weight.

Summer maize hybrid ‘Zhengdan 958’ was selected as the test material and two nitrogen application levels of nitrogen application rate N1(180 kg·hm -2 ) and N2(210 kg·hm -2 ) were set to explore the effects of nitrogen application rate and timing of topdressing nitrogen on dry matter accumulation, yield formation and plant nitrogen transport and accumulation of summer maize under the conditions of drip irrigation and fertilizer integration. The combination of nitrogen application periods of S1（jointing stage + belling stage）, S2（jointing stage + flowering stage）, S3（jointing stage + belling stage + flowering stage） in nitrogen dressing period was designed. Under traditional irrigation conditions, the nitrogen application amount was 240 kg·hm -2 , one-time topdressing treatment for CK1 at jointing stage, and topdressing treatment for CK2 at jointing stage + belling stage were set up. There were 8 treatments in total. The results showed that compared with CK1, the accumulation of dry matter in the aboveground dry matter in the mature stage of N1S3 and N2S3 in 2020 increased by 6.91% and 8.30%, respectively, and increased by 2.28% and 3.90% in 2021. In 2020, the agronomic use efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer increased by 84.59%, 61.43%, and 55.44%, 34.60%, respectively, and in 2021, they increased by 90.82%, 64.38%, and 50.69%, 29.40%, respectively. In 2020, the nitrate nitrogen residues in 0～20 cm soil increased by 15.63 kg·hm -2 and 16.45 kg·hm -2 , respectively, and increased by 5.19 kg·hm -2 and 5.64 kg·hm -2 in 2021. The yield increased by 16.56% and 17.77% in 2020 and 13.03% and 13.48% in 2021. Increasing the number of topdressings significantly increased the accumulation of dry matter in the above ground of summer maize, the agronomic use efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer, the productivity of nitrogen fertilizer bias and the nitrate nitrogen residue in 0～20 cm soil layer of maize plants, and the yield of summer maize based on the comprehensive analysis. The yield of N1S3 and N2S3 treatments was significantly higher than that of CK1, but there was no significant difference in each index between the two treatments. Compared with N2S3 treatment, N1S3 treatment reduced the input of nitrogen fertilizer, maintained higher dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation and yield, and increased the agronomic use efficiency and partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer. Therefore, N1S3 was the optimal treatment combination for this experiment.

为明确不同品种(系)彩色小麦主要农艺性状的特征及其与籽粒产量的相关关系,筛选出适宜鲁东地区栽培的彩色小麦品种.于2020—2022年2个冬小麦生长季,选用4个紫色小麦品种(系)青研紫麦1号(QYZ-1)、QYZ-2、山农紫麦1号(SNZM1)和农大3753(ND3753),2个蓝色小麦品系20064和20072以及普通白粒小麦品种济麦22(JM22,对照品种)为试验材料,系统研究了不同品种(系)彩色小麦的旗叶SPAD值、叶面积指数、干物质积累与转运、产量及其构成因素等方面的差异,和各农艺性状的稳定性以及产量可持续性.结果表明,各彩色小麦品种产量、千粒质量、开花期叶面积指数、花后SPAD值、开花期干物质积累量、成熟期干物质积累量、花后干物质积累量及收获指数均低于普通白粒小麦品种济麦22.各彩色小麦品种(系)间比较,紫色小麦QYZ-1产量显著高于其他彩色小麦品种(系),单位面积粒数与QYZ-2无显著差异,但其千粒质量显著高于QYZ-2;紫色小麦QYZ-1开花期上三叶叶面积指数显著高于蓝色小麦品系及ND3753,紫色小麦QYZ-1花后旗叶SPAD、成熟期干物质积累量、花后干物质积累量、花前干物质转运量和收获指数均高于其余彩色小麦品种(系);与其他品种(系)比较,JM22和QYZ-1各农艺性状的变异系数(CV)均较小,彩色小麦间比较,QYZ-1的产量均值和产量可持续性指数(SYI)均较高.另外,相关分析表明,产量分别与开花期干物质积累量、成熟期干物质积累量、花后干物质积累量、花前干物质转运量、收获指数、旗叶花后28 d SPAD值、开花期全绿叶叶面积指数和千粒质量呈极显著的正相关关系.综合2 a的结果,表明QYZ-1具有适宜的叶面积指数,并维持了较高的花后旗叶SPAD值,花后旗叶的衰老较慢,开花—成熟时间较长,协同提高了花后干物质积累量和花前干物质转运量、成熟期干物质积累量和收获指数以及单位面积粒数和千粒质量,表现出较高的产量.综上所述,青研紫麦1号产量稳定且可持续性较好,是适宜鲁东地区栽培的彩色小麦品种.

研究不同耐盐性小麦品种苗期抗氧化特性,可为筛选耐盐小麦品种提供理论依据.以耐盐性不同的4个冬小麦品种'冀麦32'泰农18'德抗961'师栾02-1'为试验材料,采用水培法,设置0(对照)、100、200 mmol·L-13个NaCl浓度处理,分析测定了小麦幼苗生长指标、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、总黄酮和总酚含量.结果表明,随着NaCl浓度增加各小麦品种株高、根长、根干质量、叶干质量均呈不同程度的下降,与对照相比,NaCl处理下'冀麦32'的叶干质量和根干质量下降幅度最小;NaCl处理下,叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量和总叶绿素含量较对照均下降,'冀麦32'的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量显著高于'泰农18'和'师栾02-1';超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、总酚和总黄酮含量随着NaCl浓度增大而上升,过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈先升高后降低趋势,NaCl胁迫下,'冀麦32'的SOD、CAT、POD活性和总酚含量显著高于'泰农18'和'师栾02-1'.综上所述,'冀麦32'和'德抗961'具有较高的光合色素含量和抗氧化酶活性,能够积累较多的酚类和黄酮类,表现出较强的耐盐特征,这是其盐胁迫下正常生长和物质积累的生理生化基础.

为阐明黄淮海平原滴灌条件下施氮对不同高产冬小麦品种的调控机理,明确高产高效优质的施氮方式,以高产品种济麦22和烟农1212为试材,于2018—2020年2年间在大田滴灌条件下设置0,150,210,270 kg/hm24个施氮水平(济麦22用J0、J1、J2、J3;烟农1212用Y0、Y1、Y2、Y3),研究不同施氮量对滴灌冬小麦光合生理特性、籽粒灌浆特性、产量和品质的影响.结果表明:施氮可显著提高冬小麦上三叶的SPAD值,适量施氮显著提高了灌浆中后期的SPAD值和旗叶净光合速率(Pn),小麦旗叶SOD活性呈现单峰曲线的变化规律,各施氮处理的SOD活性均在花后14天达到最大值,N0处理的SOD活性在花后7天达到最大值,N2施氮水平下,2品种灌浆中后期旗叶SOD活性均最高.适量施氮能降低生育后期叶片膜脂过氧化程度,降低叶片MDA含量,使叶片功能期延长,从而提高生育后期的光合性能.随着施氮量的提高,2个品种的籽粒灌浆速率和最大理论千粒重均先增高后降低,不施氮处理下的Tm较各个施氮处理相对提前,济麦22的最大灌浆速率、最大理论千粒重在N1处理下最大,烟农1212则在N2处理下最高,2个品种的产量均随施氮量的增加而先增加后降低,且均在N2处理处最大,在N0、N1水平下,济麦22的产量高于烟农1212,在N2、N3水平下济麦22的产量低于烟农1212,说明烟农1212对氮肥较敏感,在高肥水条件下有更高的产量潜力,而济麦22有较强的氮肥适应性,在中低肥条件下表现更优.施氮对2个品种产量构成因素的调控存在差异,济麦22产量的提高主要依靠穗数、穗粒数,而烟农1212产量的提高则是依靠穗数、穗粒数、千粒重的协同作用.施氮显著提高2个品种的蛋白、湿面筋和沉降值,2个品种受氮素的调控效应不同,烟农1212的品质在0～150 kg/hm2随着施氮量的提高而提高,而济麦22则是在0～210 kg/hm2范围内随着施氮量的提高而提高.在试验条件下,滴灌分次施肥210 kg/hm2时,济麦22和烟农1212的光合特性、酶活性、灌浆特性、产量和品质均优于其他处理,是最优施氮量.