Three new tmm mutants were isolated and showed differential phenotypes from tmm - 1 , and TMM overexpression led to abnormal leaf trichomes.

In this study, under the conditions of cement pool culture and through artificial water control, the effects of drought stress at various growth stages and rehydration on the photosynthetic characteristics and yield of peanuts were investigated. The study results showed that at the different growth stages, after drought stress, peanut leaf area index (LAI), leaf chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as Fv/Fo, Fv/Fm and ÖPSII were reduced by varying degrees, and these reductions increased with the increase of drought degree. Among these stages, the drought degree was shown to decrease minimally at the pod-filling stage, moderately at the seedling stage, and maximally at the pod-pegging and pod-setting stages. As may be seen from the respective recovery degrees after rehydration at the different growth stages, the recovery level was highest at the seedling stage, moderate at the pod-pegging stage, and lowest at the pod-setting stage. The effect of drought on the pod yield was minimal at the seedling stage, moderate at the pod-filling stage, and maximal at the pod-pegging and pod-setting stages. The authors believe that the soil water shortage is sensitive at the pod-pegging and pod-setting stages, during which if drought occurs then irrigation must be performed.

Through artificial water-controlled methods,the effects of drought stress at different growth stages on growth and development and compensatory effect after water recovery of peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) were studied under pool culture in water proof installations.The results indicated that the plant height,LAI(leaf area index),the dry weight of shoot and pod of peanut all decreased at various levels.With the prolongation of drought stress treatment,their decrease range amplified under drought stress at different growth stage.The drought stress at pod filling and seedling stage had relatively less effect on plant growth of peanut.The compensatory effect after water recovery was relatively greater at seedling stage.The drought stress at flower-pegging and pod-setting stage had relatively greater effects on the plant growth of peanut,and the compensatory effect after water recovery was negligible at these stages.The drought stress had the least effect on pod yield of peanut and it had increasingly greater effect at pod filling and mature stage,flower-pegging and pod setting stage.The effects of drought stress at seedling stage on pod yield of peanut was mainly relevant to the decrease of valid pod number.The effects of drought stress at pod-filling and mature stage on pod yield of peanut was mainly relevant to the decrease of pod plumpness.The effects of drought stress at flower-pegging and pod setting stage on pod yield of peanut were the combined effects of low valid pod number and low pod plumpness.

Cellulose is a major component in cell wall and carries out many important physiological functions.In addition,it is necessary material for human life and production.The recent progresses in cellulose synthesis,the functions of relative enzymes and microfibril in process of cellulose synthesis were reviewed.The studies in cellulose synthesis were prospected.

Peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) is a high-value legume crop that has been grown successfully in China for many years.China leads in production of peanuts,having a share of about 41.5% of overall world production,followed by India(18.2%) and the United States of America(6.8%).Large scale production of peanut is concentrated in the major geographic areas of the China: Shandong,Henan and Hebei Province.Higher yields could be in store for peanut farmers,thanks to a new planting pattern designed by researchers,because spacing the plants in a uniform,staggered manner also promotes thicker,faster-spreading canopies that help keep the soil bed cool,moist and better protected from erosion,and moreover,improved weed control is another benefit.However,the actual optimum for any peanut will vary with variety,climate,soil,weed pressure,and equipment in use and will need to be adapted for each farm through observation and experiment.To address this issue,the influence of different planting patterns under a same density with 275,000 plants/ha on field microclimate effect and yield of peanut(Arachis hypogea L.cv.Huayu 22) were studied through a range of different row configurations under a high-yielding field experiment in Shandong Province.The results showed that: widening row spacing and wide-narrow row planting pattern were both beneficial to increase the field light transmittance,improve the canopy air temperature and soil surface temperature,decrease the field relative humidity,improve the field CO2 concentration,raise the canopy apparent photosynthesis rate,and then increase pod yield.However,too large row spacing would results in the waste of field environmental resources,which will lead to a waste of the area and of solar energy.Higher production was obtained with the same plant density but arranged in wide-narrow rows compared to the other method of planting.Thus,it suggested that the optimum planting pattern was the wide-narrow(55—35cm) row spacing in the field cultivation.The information obtained in this study enabled important new insights into underlying mechanisms of row spacing-induced competition effects under a same population density on peanut growth and development.In practice,many considerations go into selecting row spacing,for instance,planting the seed in twin rows rather than single rows increases the distance between the crowns of the peanut plants and delays the spread of white mold from plant to plant.It should be useful for improving crop models′ ability to predict crop response to row spacing more accurately and in a more functional manner.However,there are many factors that can be altered in peanut production which can cut costs,but the grower assumes certain risks depending on which and how many variables are changed.The improved understanding could highlight avenues for effective crop improvement(e.g.ideal canopy development sub-traits) and crop management(e.g.diseases,weed and water management).

The effects of different potassium application on senescence and yield in peanut(Arachis hypogea)were studied to provide a basis for reasonable potassium application,delaying the senescence and increasing the yield of peanut.Field plot experiment was carried out to study the effects of different potassium application on senescence and yield in peanut(Arachis hypogea).The results showed that photosynthetic rate,chlorophyll content,superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),catalase(CAT)activity and soluble protein contentincreased at the early growth stage of peanut,but decreased continuously at the late growth stage.In addition,malondiadehyde(MDA)content continually increased during the whole growth period.As potassium application increased from 0 to 150 kg/hm2,MDA content reduced significantly,the activities of SOD,POD,CAT enhanced,soluble protein content,chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate promoted,which delayed the senescence and increased the yield of peanut.It can bring a negative effect when applying more than 150kg/hm2potassium.All of these indicated that reasonable potassium application would be benefit to delay the senescence and increase the yield of peanut.It was suggested that about 150 kg/hm2was the more suitable rate of potassium application for the growth of peanut.

Through the artificial water-controlled methods,the effects of drought stress at different growth stages on drought resistance index and yield of peanut were studied under pool culture in water proof installations.The results showed that: the drought stress at different stages has led to the decrease of peanut pod yield,among which the pod yield at flower pin stage was reduced the maximum range by 27.52%,and secondly at bearing pod stage,the pod yield was decreased by 25.55% compared with the control,and then the pod yield was reduced by 14.92% at filling and mature stage.The drought stress at seedling stage led to the reduced minimum range of pod production by 9.79%.Through the sensitive coefficient of peanut to evaluate the drought sensitivity at different growth stages,it showed that the flower pin stage was the most sensitive to drought stress,followed by pod and filling fruit maturity stage,and the least sensitive to drought at seedling stage.

SDD1是气孔发育过程中的关键调控基因,编码一个类枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)蛋白酶的丝氨酸蛋白酶.从EMS诱变的拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中筛选到2株类似sdd1-1的气孔密度突变体,即e281和g204.其气孔密度和指数均比野生型增加约1.5倍.气孔成簇.遗传分析和基因测序证实它们是2个不同的SDD1新等位基因,其突变分别导致了底物结合位点N区域和催化三联体之一--S区域的氨基酸变化,分别为S变成T及S变为F.形态学和生理学研究表明,SDD1基因不同位点发生突变可导致不同的生物学效应;而且SDD1等位基因间存在拮抗作用,其可能属于基因转应作用中的负效应.

Under rain-prevention shed pond culture and pot culture,It was investigated in this paper the effect of drought at different growth stages on senescent characteristics and yield of peanut by artificially controlling irrigation.The results showed: at different growth stages when peanuts plant was subjected to water stress,chlorophyll content,photosynthetic rate,SOD,POD,CAT activity of peanut functional leaves and root activity all decreased.MDA content increased.Pegging stage and pod bearing stage had the most important effect of drought on senescent physiology.All drought treatment led to pod yield and productivity per plant decrease,among which,the drought treatments at pegging stage and pod bearing stage had the greatest effect on yield formation.

Effect of enhanced UV-B radiation on seed germination property,seedling morphology,biomass and the change of catalase(CAT) activity when the seed germinated at 1 day,3 days,5 days,7 days respectively of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Glycyrrhiza glabra which were distributed in arid-semiarid region have been studied.The results showed: the effect of enhanced UV-B radiation on the seed germination percentage,germination energy and germination index of the two types seed were not significant;enhanced UV-B radiation could significantly inhibit the elongation,decrease the biomass and cause the external color significantly became brown of radicle and hypocotyl of the two types seed during germination;At early period of treatment,CAT activity of the two types seed were significantly higher than control,but with the treatment time increased,CAT activity decreased.Therefore,the author considered that the UV-B radiation treatment could start the antioxidant defense system of Glycyrrhizic seedling,but finally it still could result in disorder of the ROS metabolism and probably do great harm to the membrane system.At the end,membrane lipid peroxidation appeared.

Stomata are composed of two highly specialized guard cells,and serve as the major conduits for CO_2 and H_2O exchange between plants and the atmosphere.In Arabidopsis,stomatal development is not only initiated in some dispersed stem cells which undergo asymmetric divisions,but also a series of cell fate specialization events,and this process is regulated by cell-cell signals so that the newly formed stomata can maintain"One-cell spacing pattern"with the existing stomata or precursors.EPF1 may be a positional signal produced by stomatal precursors to regulate behavior of nearby cells.TMM-ER-family receptor complex and a MAPK signaling cascade, served as the negative regulators,orient the proper plane of asymmetric division during stomatal development and restrict stomatal differentiation.But positive regulators,bHLH transcription factor and MYB proteins,mainly control cell fate transitions in stomatal lineage.

Effects of phosphorus application on root growth and development and yield of peanut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) were studied with pot culture experiment. The results indicated that root dry weight,root activity,root nodule number and root nodule fresh weight increased gradually for 45 days after seedling emergence,reached maximum at 85 days after emergence (early pod filling stage) and then decreased. Increasing phosphorus application was beneficial to improve root dry weight,root activity,root nodule number and root nodule fresh weight. At last,it increased pod yield,biological yield and economic coefficient of peanut.

The study of heavy ion beams as a new irradiation resource on seeds of linseed (Linum usitatissmum L.) was reported. After irradiated by 12C 6+ heavy ions (with irradiation dose: 6×108 cm-2,1.8×109 cm-2 and 3.6×109 cm-2 respectively),the biological characters,agricultural traits,pollens and polymorphic DNA of sample was studied in Linum usitatissmum L.. The results showed that 6×108 cm-2 of 12C 6+ could promote the linseed germination rate,plant height and pollen viability. The 1000-seed weight and the oil content of seed irradiated by 12C6+ heavy ions was increased with augment of irradiation dose respectively. It has been found that 3.6×109 cm-2 is the most effective dose for increment both of seed weight and oil content with 16.5% and 19.9%,respectively. Cytological observation re-veals that the highest dose (3.6×109 cm-2) can also induce alteration of pollen shape of linseed. Furthermore,RAPD(Randomly amplified polymorphic DNAs) analysis shows that 99 DNA fragments are amplificated by 14 primers and the polymorphic ratio is 52.5%.

Crops of Brassica napus L., Linum usitatissmum L., Allium fistulosum L. and Lens culinaris Medic. were irradiated by 80 MeV/u 12C6+ ion beams with doses of 30, 90 and 180 Gy. The germination rates and heights of seedlings of M1 and M2 generation of these four plants were studied. The results indicated that germination rates and average heights of the B. napus and L. usitatissmum were improved by appropriate dose treatment, while great suppression was found in the irradiated groups of the A. fistulosum. As far as the L. Culinaris was concerned, little differences was observed on M1 germination rate, but the 90 Gy irradiation was favorable to growth of plant. The treatments with 30, 90 and 180 Gy were inferior to contrast one on M2 germination rate of the four species. Seedlings of M2 generation of the B. napus, L. sitatissmum and L. culinaris under 30 Gy grew better than the other groups, while the best performance of the A. fistulosum was shown by the control group.