Understanding how flowering plants respond to spatiotemporal variation in pollination environments is a central question in floral ecology. Hibiscus mutabilis exhibits a prolonged population-level flowering period that exceeds three months (late summer to late autumn), yet the reproductive strategies underlying this extended phenology remain unclear. Here, we investigated a cultivated population of H. mutabilis located in the Chengdu Botanical Garden, China, to address four questions: (1) do flower lifespan, floral structures, and floral morphology differ among early, middle, and late flowering periods? (2) Do nectar standing crops and secretion rhythms vary across flowering periods? (3) Do the species of flower-visiting insects and their foraging behaviours change during different flowering periods? (4) Does the breeding system shift dynamically across the flowering season? We observed, measured, and recorded the flowering dynamics, floral traits (size, longevity), the pollen/ovule ratio, pollen viability, and stigma receptivity, as well as the nectar secretion volume and sugar concentration. We also documented pollinator assemblages and visitation frequencies across the different flowering periods, supplemented by controlled pollination experiments. The results revealed that the floral longevity of H. mutabilis significantly extended, whereas floral size decreased during the late period compared with those during the early and middle periods. These changes were temporally associated with seasonal declines in temperature and variations in precipitation. Five pollinator species were observed (including four bees (e.g., (Xylocopa appendiculata, X. dissimilis, Bombus breviceps, and Apis mellifera) and one hawkmoth (e.g., Macroglossum pyrrhosticta)), and the total pollinator richness remained stable across periods. By contrast, the visitation frequency and sugar concentration decreased significantly during the later period. Although H. mutabilis is self-compatible, dichogamy and herkogamy effectively limited autonomous selfing (self-fertilization/self-pollination) during the early and middle periods. However, late-stage flowers produced fertile seeds through autonomous self-pollination, partially offsetting the decline in pollinator activity. These findings suggest that H. mutabilis coordinates shifts in floral longevity, floral traits, nectar production, and the mating system to maintain reproductive success under variable pollination conditions. We emphasize that our study did not include formal correlation analyses between climate variables and floral traits; thus, the observed associations should be interpreted as preliminary patterns requiring further experimental testing, rather than demonstrating causal effects.

Pollen viability plays a pivotal role in determining fertilization success, directly influencing fruit and seed production, as well as the genetic improvement and conservation of flowering plants. This study sought to establish the optimal culture medium and environmental conditions for in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth in Hibiscus mutabilis Linn., a species of notable ornamental and ecological significance. We employed Brewbaker and Kwack medium(BK) supplemented with varying concentrations of sucrose, H3BO3, CaCl2, MgSO4 & sdot;7H2O, and KNO2 to systematically evaluate the effects of these components on pollen viability. Additionally, we investigated the impact of environmental factors including temperature, light intensity, humidity, and pH. The optimal culture medium consisted of 300 g/L sucrose, 50 mg/L H3BO3, and 150 mg/L CaCl2, yielding maximum germination rates (69.3% for red pollen, 65.7% for white pollen) and tube lengths (467.5 & micro;m and 428.6 & micro;m, respectively). Temperature was identified as a crucial factor, with 20 degrees C being optimal. High humidity (100%) and slightly acidic pH (6.1) further enhanced pollen viability. Pollen germination was most successful under dark conditions, while moderate light intensity (6000-12,000 lux) facilitated optimal pollen tube elongation. This study provides a systematic investigation of pollen germination in H. mutabilis, offering critical insights for hybrid breeding programs and conservation efforts.

Global change impacts medicinal plant health and ecosystem functions, making it essential to understand how environmental changes affect aboveground biomass and belowground root exudates in medicinal plants. This study focused on Epimedium pubescens Maxim., a medicinal herb native to Sichuan, China, to examine the effects of nitrogen deposition. Various nitrogen (N) addition treatments 0 (control), 25 (low-N), 50 (high-N) kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, as well as soil C and N mineralization rates, revealing seasonal dynamics of root exudate C input. Key results show: (1) Biomass allocation shifted significantly, with leaf biomass increasing by 45.52 % under low-N and 32.61 % under high-N versus control, while root biomass decreased by 24.24 % under high-N versus control (P < 0.05). (2) Root exudate C input declined by 17.54 % (unit mass), 22.85 % (unit length), and 28.18 % (unit area) under N addition relate to control, with strongest suppression at high-N. (3) Rhizosphere effects on C mineralization decreased from 137.70 +/- 2.00 % (control) to 92.4 +/- 1.3 % (high-N), with parallel reductions in microbial biomass C (109.34 %-*82.48 %) and N (120.03 %-*90.69 %) (P < 0.05). Seasonal analyses revealed maximal rhizosphere activity in summer and strongest N inhibition in May-August (49.09 % reduction). Increasing nitrogen addition reduces root-derived carbon inputs and suppresses rhizosphere microbial activity, while altering biomass allocation patterns in E. pubescens. The results suggest optimal N management must balance productivity and soil health in medicinal plant cultivation. were applied to measure biomass and analyze root exudate flux. The study also assessed microbial biomass

This study investigates the diurnal patterns of nectar secretion, sugar content, and caloric value in Epimedium wushanense, and their interaction mechanisms with pollinator behavior under varying environmental conditions. Nectar secretion exhibited a diurnal pattern, peaking between 11:00 and 13:00, with progressive increases in both volumes (19.07 +/- 1.66 mu L/day) and caloric value (6.03 +/- 0.55 cal/day) over four consecutive days, culminating in maximal production on Day 4 (p < 0.05). Floral bagging significantly altered nectar traits (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.05), with bagged inflorescences demonstrating 61.82% higher nectar volume productivity relative to unbagged controls. Pollinator visitation, primarily by Bombus trifasciatus and Bombus grahami, was strongly correlated with nectar sugar concentration and distribution, peaking during midday when temperatures and humidity were optimal. Notably, B. trifasciatus displayed legitimate pollination behavior, while B. grahami exhibited nectar robbing. Bombus grahami peaked at 15:00 (7.67 +/- 0.33 visits) under 22.8 degrees C/58% RH, outperforming Bombus trifasciatus (5.67 +/- 0.27 at 13:00; p < 0.05), highlighting differential pollinator effectiveness. Temperature negatively impacted unbagged nectar volume and caloric value but positively influenced bagged nectar, suggesting adaptive resource allocation strategies. These findings underscore the intricate relationship between environmental factors, nectar dynamics, and pollinator behavior, revealing how E. wushanense optimizes reproductive success through temporal and ecological adaptations. This study provides critical insights into the ecological mechanisms driving plant-pollinator interactions and resource allocation in changing environments.

In recent years,algal blooms have occurred frequently in the backwater areas of tributaries of the Three Gorges Reservoir.The retention and release of sediment phosphorus might be a key factor,so it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on its impact.This study took the four important tributaries of the Three Gorges Reservoir,the Xiangxi River,Daning River,Caotang River,and Xiaojiang River,as the research object to evaluate the potential release of sediment phosphorus in these tributaries and its impact on water quality,using investigation and incubation experiments.The results showed that the total phosphorus content in sediments at the mouth of the Xiangxi River,Daning River,Caotang River,and Xiaojiang River were 634,434,629,and 689 mg·kg-1,respectively.The active phosphorus(NaOH-P)contents in sediment of those four rivers were 69,100,103,and 115 mg·kg-1,respectively,which were at medium and lower levels compared with those in major domestic reservoirs.The phosphorus contents in sediments in the river mouth area,where tributaries flowed into the main stream of the Three Gorges,were higher than that of the upstream reaches of the corresponding tributaries.The incubation experiments showed that the sediments in the river mouth area of each tributary had higher phosphorus release potential than sediments in the upstream reaches.Within the four tributaries,the sediments in the Xiaojiang River had the highest phosphorus release ability.The changes in water environmental conditions,such as increased temperature and reduced dissolved oxygen concentration,could significantly promote the phosphorus release rates from sediments.The phosphorus release rate of sediments in Xiaojiang River was the largest,at 0.861 mg·(m2·d)-1,which made the dissolved phosphorus concentration in bottom water much higher than in surface water during the algae bloom period.Overall,the sediment in the tributaries of the Three Gorges Reservoir,especially in the Xiaojiang and Xiangxi Rivers,currently played the role as phosphorus"source"during the algal bloom periods,in which phosphorus release from sediments could accelerate the phosphorus cycle in the water body.The results of this study offer a scientific basis for the control of internal phosphorus in river-type reservoirs and the prevention and control of algal blooms.

Introduced plants that rely on animal pollination are prone to pollen limitation due to the lack of native pollinators. However, introduced plants did not suffer from more severe pollen limitation than native plants. Here, we investigated the typical introduced plant Hibiscus mutabilis, observed, measured, and recorded the flowering dynamics, floral traits, and visiting insects, and compared the body size, visitation rate, and pollination efficiency of five pollinator species. Our observations revealed that H. mutabilis may mainly depend on the moth for its pollination in the original habitat. Macroglossum pyrrhosticta provides pollination services for H. mutabilis in the introduced area, its pollination efficiency is low due to its small pollination site. H. mutabilis can continuously secrete a large amount of nectar to attract four species of bee pollinators, and the pollination efficiency of bee pollinators is significantly related to their body size.

Mediated by pollen flow, natural hybridization is deemed a crucial factor that propels speciation in floral plants. Despite the fact that the diversity of Epimedium species is concentrated mainly in Southwestern China, the potential impact of interspecific pollination on natural hybridization has yet to be empirically scrutinized. To explore this, we studied the flowering period and the visitors of flowers in three frequently overlapping Epimedium species at Jinchengshan National Forest Park, located in Nanchong, Sichuan Province. Additionally, we performed a series of pollination experiments to examine breeding systems and hybrid compatibility. Morphologically, Epimedium pubescens and Epimedium wushanense are clearly distinct and easily recognizable by flower morphology, while the putative hybrid is morphologically intermediate between them. Our observation revealed that E. pubescens and E. wushanense had 15 days of overlapping anthesis. Both species are self -incompatible and require pollinator services for successful reproduction. Although their pollinators differ in quantity and species, Lasioglossum sp. (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) visited all three species. Artificial pollination revealed no breeding barriers among the three species, and the resulting hybrid seeds exhibited fertility. The overlapping time of flowering, common floral visitors, and compatibility of hybrids may be important factors contributing to successful interspecific pollination and speciation for natural hybrid species of E. pubescens and E. wushanense. Consequently, the role of potential interspecific pollination is crucial for hybrid speciation and the evolutionary dynamics of Epimedium species.

To understand the reproductive strategies of the typically introduced plant Hibiscus mutabilis and to compare the pollination efficiency of its different pollinators, we observed, measured, and recorded the flowering dynamics, floral traits, and visiting insects of H. mutabilis. Furthermore, we compared the body size, visitation rate, and pollination efficiency of the pollination insects of H. mutabilis. The results indicated that, despite exhibiting specialized moth pollination characteristics based on similarities in flower features to other moth-pollinated species, H. mutabilis actually presented a generalized pollination system. The nectar of H. mutabilis attracted a variety of insects to provide pollination services, a total of five flower visitors, one moth species (Macroglossum pyrrhosticta), and four bee species (Xylocopa appendiculata, Xylocopa dissimilis, Bombus breviceps, and Apis mellifera), were found to provide pollination services for H. mutabilis. The pollination efficiency of these pollinators was related to the parts of their body in contact with the stamens and stigmas of flowers. Although M. pyrrhosticta was larger in size and its visitation frequency in our field observations was higher, its pollination efficiency was lower. This was due to the small part of its body (proboscis) contacting the two sexual organs of H. mutabilis while visiting flowers, resulting in a low amount of pollen being transferred and deposited. In contrast, the bee pollinators’ proboscis was significantly shorter than that of M. pyrrhosticta, and it must enter the flower to suck the nectar that is hidden deeply inside the base of the flower. Therefore, the body parts of bee pollinators in contact with the two sexual organs of H. mutabilis were larger than M. pyrrhosticta in the process of visiting flowers, and the pollination efficiencies were significantly higher than those of M. pyrrhosticta. In addition, larger bee pollinators have higher pollination efficiency. As a result, H. mutabilis suffered from pollen limitation due to the pollination efficiencies of the moth pollinators in the introduced habitats, but it compensated by attracting more species of bee pollinators.

The evolution and expression of floral traits are responsive to selection pressure from biotic and abiotic factors. Although floral traits significantly vary among environments, the flower remains unchanged. We aimed to understand the adaptation of Epimedium chlorandrum of floral traits to a frequently nocturnally rainy and wet environments and the roles of floral traits in pollination and reproduction. We observed flowering phenology, measured floral characteristics including the number of pollen grains and ovules per flower, measured pollen viability and stigma receptivity, tested the volume and sugar concentration of nectar and conducted flower-visit observations in this species. Different pollination treatments were performed to characterize the breeding system. The inner sepals and highly curved longer spurs of E. chlorandrum jointly formed an umbrella that shielded the anthers and stigma from rain wash and prevented nectar dilution. Epimedium chlorandrum was visited by six species, while Bombus trifasciatus was the only effective pollinator and fed on the nectar. One flower secreted approximately 17.06 mu L of nectar with a 29.19 g/100 mL sugar concentration, and the pollination efficiency of B. trifasciatus was positively associated with the nectar sugar concentration. The self- and open-pollination treatments resulted in fewer fertile seeds than the cross-pollination treatment. In contrast, the autonomous self-pollination treatment failed to yield fertile seeds. In summary, pollen limitation caused by harsh weather and pollinator shortage occurred during the pollination process of E. chlorandrum, which was partially alleviated by self-compatibility.

The sources and variation trend of ambient air pollutants, the duration of pollution process and the conditions for decontamination were analyzed in this essay based on the ambient air pollutants data, PM2.5 source analysis data and meteorological factors in Nanchong City during 2014 to 2019. The results indicated that the concentrated discharge of fireworks on New Year’s Eve was the main reason for the sharp deterioration of the ambient air quality. PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations increased significantly after fireworks were set off, and the peak value appeared at about 02:00 on the Lunar New Year’s Day, but the value of PM2.5/PM10 did not change significantly. The concentration of SO2 in gaseous pollutants was slightly affected by fireworks, while NO2, CO and O3 were not affected basically. Having been affected by fireworks, the concentrations and percentages of K+, Cl- and Mg2+ of the water-solubility ions in PM2.5 significantly increased at the 0.01 level. Meanwhile, the concentrations and percentages of the metal elements, including Cu, Pb, Mg, Al, K and Ba, significantly increased at the 0.05 level. Restricted to the topography and meteorological factors, the duration of the pollution was prolonged.

Natural hybridization mediated by pollen �ow has been considered as an important factor to drive speciation in �oral plants. The diversity of Epimedium species is centered in southwestern China, yet the potential role of interspeci�c pollination in natural hybridization has not been empirically examined. The �owering period and �oral visitors, and conducted a series of pollination experiments to examine breeding systems and hybrid compatibility within three Epimedium which are commonly sympatric in the Jinchengshan National Foreast Park, Nanchong of Sichuan Province. Epimedium pubescens and Epimedium wushanense are morphologically clearly distinct and easily recognied by �ower morphology, the putative hybrids (not been named) are morphologically between them. We found that E. pubescens and E. wushanense had 15 days of overlapping anthesis during consecutive three years of observation. Both species in research region are self-incompatible and need pollinators service for successful reproduction. Their pollinators are different in quantity and species, but Lasioglossum spp. (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) visited all of them. No breeding barrier between any of the three species were detected by arti�cial pollination, and the hybrids seeds were fertile. The overlapping time of �owering, common �oral visitors and compatible of hybrid may be important factors to make interspeci�c pollination and speciation successfully for natural hybrids species of E. pubescens and E. wushanense. The role of potential interspeci�c pollination is essential to hybrids speciation and the evolution of Epimedium species.

河流中浮游植物的动态变化能够较好的指示河流水质状况.为探索水文气象过程对筑坝河流浮游植物群落结构的影响,2020年夏季,以钱塘江干流为例,对包括富春江水库在内的11个河段开展了浮游植物群落结构及相关环境因子的调查分析.结果 表明:夏季在钱塘江干流共鉴定出浮游植物6门59属95种,优势属为沟链藻(Aulacoseir、菱形藻(Nitzschia)、平裂藻(Merismopedia)、长孢藻(Dolichospermum)、假鱼腥藻(Pseudoanabaena)和微囊藻(Microcystis),其中梅雨期优势属主要隶属于硅藻门,梅雨后蓝藻门种属则迅速占优,浮游植物总细胞密度快速增加;整个夏季浮游植物的平均细胞密度为(1.57±2.96)×106 cells/L,其中梅雨期细胞密度为(0.37±0.36)×106 cells/L,显著低于梅雨后的细胞密度(4.06±4.38)×106 cells/L.空间上,大坝拦截形成的河流型水库对浮游植物群落结构和藻密度均产生极显著的影响,浮游植物密度在富春江库区段最高,兰江及以上江段其次,新安江库区段及钱塘江河口较低;梅雨后富春江库区水温分层,显著促进了蓝藻和硅藻的增殖.冗余分析表明,气温和降雨是夏季钱塘江干流浮游植物群落结构变化的主要驱动因子,蓝藻门、绿藻门细胞密度与气温呈显著正相关,与降雨呈显著负相关,而硅藻门细胞密度与之相反;梅雨后气温快速增高显著增加库区段水体的蓝藻门细胞密度,蓝藻水华暴发风险迅速增高,水安全管理中应予以重点防范.

In this study, the monitoring data of 23 parameters in 25 monitoring sections of the first-level tributaries of Jialing River in Nanchong City during the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016???2020) were taken as the research object to analyze water environment quality. Results showed that the water quality is gradually improving in this area, and the main pollutant indexes are chemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen. Cluster analysis divided the 12 months into two periods and the 25 monitoring sites into three groups based on similarity of water quality characteristics. The water quality of rainy seasons (July???December) was better than that of dry seasons (January???June). Groups 1, 2, and 3 were mainly located in the urban???rural fringe area, mountain area, and urban industrial park, respectively, representing moderate pollution, low pollution, and high pollution areas. Discriminant analysis (DA) presented good results with great discriminatory ability for both temporal and spatial analyses and provided an important data reduction. DA only used nine parameters for temporal analysis, affording approximately 91.7% correct assignations, and 18 parameters for spatial analysis, affording 96% correct assignations. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that the four major pollution sources in the basin are industrial wastewater, agricultural runoff, domestic sewage, and livestock pollution. The research results are relevant to the prevention and control of water polluCity and the summary of the experience of winning the battle of pollution prevention and control in China take the lead in implementing the municipal river chief system in Sichuan Province.

为了解南充市城区冬季环境空气中非甲烷总烃(NMHC)的污染特征及来源,2020年12月1日～2021年2月28日利用在线监测仪器对NMHC含量进行了连续监测.结果表明:南充市城区冬季环境空气中的NMHC总平均体积分数为(0.37±0.00)×10?6,元旦和春节期间的NMHC含量显著低于周末和工作日;受城区居民生产、生活和出行等日常活动规律的影响,元旦、春节、周末和工作日期间的NMHC日变化曲线虽呈"双峰双谷"型,但峰值和谷值出现的时间略有差异;NMHC含量与气温、相对湿度、气压和风速的相关性均达到显著水平,但气压对NMHC的影响最大,相对湿度次之,风速和气温对NMHC的影响最小;冬季南充市城区PM2.5与NMHC同源性较高,PM2.5浓度较低时,NMHC与O3日变化曲线波动较小,PM2.5浓度升高,NMHC和O3日变化曲线波动变大,但O3的生成会受到PM2.5的抑制.

This study evaluates the air quality in Nanchong City in 2015–2018 based on automatic monitoring data and meteorological data in the main urban area. Results show that overall air quality in the main urban area of Nanchong was standard and improved from 2015 to 2018. SO2, NO2, and CO had slight influences on air quality in the study area, whereas excessive annual average PM2.5 and increasing O3 concentration challenged the air quality. The monthly average mass concentrations of particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10), NO2, and CO generally presented a “U-shaped” distribution pattern while O3 showed the opposite. The diurnal variation of PM, NO2, and CO has two peaks related to the morning and evening rush hours. Vehicle exhaust is the main source of local pollution. Over-standard PM2.5 can significantly inhibit O3 production while O3 can easily promote the secondary generation of PM2.5 due to its strong oxidization. PM2.5 emission should be controlled strictly in winter, while in summer, the sources of O3 should be controlled vigorously. Air pollution is comprehensive and complicated and is influenced by various factors, mainly meteorological and human factors. Measures such as artificial rainfall should be included at the appropriate time to cope with adverse meteorological conditions when heavy pollution occurs in winter.

建立了一种加速溶剂提取-固相萃取净化-气相色谱-质谱法同时测定土壤中17种有机磷农药的分析方法,采用丙酮-正己烷(1:1,体积比)为提取液对样品进行加速溶剂萃取,萃取液经弗罗里硅土固相萃取柱净化,用气相色谱-质谱法测定,内标法定量.结果表明:相对响应因子的相对偏差为8.0％～18.4％,检出限为0.01～0.05 mg/kg;回收率范围为55％～140％,相对标准偏差为3％～18％,均满足测定相关要求.该方法操作简单、灵敏度高、准确性好,适用于实验室内多种有机磷农药残留的同时测定.

以南充市蓬安县为例,采用了单因子评价法、主要污染物水质标识指数法和主成分分析法统计分析了 2017～2019年嘉陵江一级支流蓬安数据,综合分析嘉陵江一级支流县域河流水污染特征及水质评价.结果表明:(1)蓬安县域内嘉陵江一级支流水环境有机污染较为严重,污染物主要源于生活污水、工业污水、农业面源污染排放,高风险因子为CODCr和TP.(2)水质受水期影响大,变化特征为:枯水期＞丰水期＞平水期;上半年水质优于下半年,1～3月水质最差.(3)蓬安县域内嘉陵江支流年均值评价水质逐年改善,达标率逐年增加,污染程度依次为清溪河＞河舒河＞大泥溪＞长塘河＞金溪河.就蓬安县的水质评价结果进行问题剖析,为嘉陵江流域污染防治管理提供科学依据.

铅和镉在土壤中表现出很强的毒性,严重危害植物的生长发育.该研究着眼于中国特有濒危珍稀植物珙桐,探究盆栽实验条件下其抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛(MDA)以及游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白对不同浓度重金属铅、镉胁迫的响应规律.结果表明:(1)不同浓度铅处理下,珙桐幼苗MDA浓度均显著高于对照组,而镉胁迫条件下除10 mg·kg-1浓度外,其余处理组MDA浓度也显著高于对照组,表明了铅和镉污染加剧了珙桐膜脂过氧化进程.(2)游离脯氨酸随着铅、镉浓度的增加,表现出先增加后降低的现象,分别在铅浓度≥800 mg·kg-1和镉浓度≥20 mg·kg-1处理下显著低于对照组.可溶性蛋白浓度随着铅浓度的增加也表现出先增后减的规律,其浓度在镉胁迫下均显著高于对照组.可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸的增加可以提高珙桐抵抗低浓度重金属危害的能力,高浓度重金属对珙桐则产生抑制作用.(3)随着铅和镉浓度的增加,珙桐抗氧化酶活性也表现出先增加后降低的特征,表明了低浓度重金属(铅浓度≤600 mg·kg-1,镉浓度≤5 mg·kg-1)容易激活珙桐抗氧化应激反应,有效地减少重金属的危害,高浓度的重金属则会抑制抗氧化酶活性.(4)通过相关性和主成分分析表明,珙桐幼苗中抗氧化酶、游离脯氨酸可以较好地反映珙桐对两种重金属胁迫的响应规律.

以2017—2020年达州市空气质量指数(AQI)和大气污染物(SO2、CO、NO2、O3、PM2.5、PM10)的监测数据为统计对象,探索达州市主要大气污染物的年际变化特征,尤其分析了在COVID-19发生前后不同大气污染物的时间变化特征.结果表明:(1)2017—2020年达州市AQI值均呈现冬季偏高,夏季偏低的现象.(2)在COVID-19疫情期间达州市各气态氧化污染物浓度均符合国家一级标准;PM2.5、PM10浓度变化趋势相似,呈明显的下降趋势.(3)Pearson相关性表明达州市近四年AQI与PM2.5及PM10浓度均显著相关,在COVID-19前PM2.5、PM10与SO2、NO2、CO具有显著相关性,而在疫情后,其相关性均下降.

木芙蓉为锦葵科(Malvaceae)木槿属(Hibiscus)落叶灌木或小乔木,是原产我国的传统名花,四川为主产地之一,木芙蓉为成都市市花,故成都又名(芙)蓉城.本文在查阅文献的基础上,对木芙蓉文化内涵、繁殖与品种选育、植物化学、园林园艺等其他方面进行了综述.综上可见,木芙蓉的研究尚处于初步阶段,该文为今后木芙蓉更深入地研究与开发利用奠定基础,提供依据.