Global change impacts medicinal plant health and ecosystem functions, making it essential to understand how environmental changes affect aboveground biomass and belowground root exudates in medicinal plants. This study focused on Epimedium pubescens Maxim., a medicinal herb native to Sichuan, China, to examine the effects of nitrogen deposition. Various nitrogen (N) addition treatments 0 (control), 25 (low-N), 50 (high-N) kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, as well as soil C and N mineralization rates, revealing seasonal dynamics of root exudate C input. Key results show: (1) Biomass allocation shifted significantly, with leaf biomass increasing by 45.52 % under low-N and 32.61 % under high-N versus control, while root biomass decreased by 24.24 % under high-N versus control (P < 0.05). (2) Root exudate C input declined by 17.54 % (unit mass), 22.85 % (unit length), and 28.18 % (unit area) under N addition relate to control, with strongest suppression at high-N. (3) Rhizosphere effects on C mineralization decreased from 137.70 +/- 2.00 % (control) to 92.4 +/- 1.3 % (high-N), with parallel reductions in microbial biomass C (109.34 %-*82.48 %) and N (120.03 %-*90.69 %) (P < 0.05). Seasonal analyses revealed maximal rhizosphere activity in summer and strongest N inhibition in May-August (49.09 % reduction). Increasing nitrogen addition reduces root-derived carbon inputs and suppresses rhizosphere microbial activity, while altering biomass allocation patterns in E. pubescens. The results suggest optimal N management must balance productivity and soil health in medicinal plant cultivation. were applied to measure biomass and analyze root exudate flux. The study also assessed microbial biomass

This study investigates the diurnal patterns of nectar secretion, sugar content, and caloric value in Epimedium wushanense, and their interaction mechanisms with pollinator behavior under varying environmental conditions. Nectar secretion exhibited a diurnal pattern, peaking between 11:00 and 13:00, with progressive increases in both volumes (19.07 +/- 1.66 mu L/day) and caloric value (6.03 +/- 0.55 cal/day) over four consecutive days, culminating in maximal production on Day 4 (p < 0.05). Floral bagging significantly altered nectar traits (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.05), with bagged inflorescences demonstrating 61.82% higher nectar volume productivity relative to unbagged controls. Pollinator visitation, primarily by Bombus trifasciatus and Bombus grahami, was strongly correlated with nectar sugar concentration and distribution, peaking during midday when temperatures and humidity were optimal. Notably, B. trifasciatus displayed legitimate pollination behavior, while B. grahami exhibited nectar robbing. Bombus grahami peaked at 15:00 (7.67 +/- 0.33 visits) under 22.8 degrees C/58% RH, outperforming Bombus trifasciatus (5.67 +/- 0.27 at 13:00; p < 0.05), highlighting differential pollinator effectiveness. Temperature negatively impacted unbagged nectar volume and caloric value but positively influenced bagged nectar, suggesting adaptive resource allocation strategies. These findings underscore the intricate relationship between environmental factors, nectar dynamics, and pollinator behavior, revealing how E. wushanense optimizes reproductive success through temporal and ecological adaptations. This study provides critical insights into the ecological mechanisms driving plant-pollinator interactions and resource allocation in changing environments.

Interpreting biodiversity patterns and the underlying processes is crucial for evaluating the mechanisms of community assembly, but the view of multifaceted diversity patterns spanning broad spatial extents is less strengthened. We implemented an inventory of 1260 vegetation plots from shrublands across China with standardized methods and analyzed patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity with differential weighting of common and rare species, as well as phylogenetic co-occurrence structures. Taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity were linearly correlated when common and rare species were weighted equally, but had a logarithmic correlation when species were weighted with their relative abundances. While most shrubland communities were phylogenetically unstructured, the correlation between taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity covaried with phylogenetic relatedness when incorporating relative abundance, but only weakly so in phylogenetically over-dispersed communities. When we correlated patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity with different weightings for common versus rare species, we found an important role for geographic (e.g., longitude, altitude), climatic (temperature, precipitation) and soil factors. The importance of underlying variables varied between facets of diversity. We found a strong role for altitude in taxonomic, but less so for phylogenetic diversity. Furthermore, the importance of several environmental drivers varied depending on whether diversity metrics were strongly influenced by rare species or put more weight on common and/or dominant species. Overall, our assessment highlights the importance of synthetic analyses of patterns and processes of different facets of biodiversity to capture the full complexity of diversity in conservation studies.

Mediated by pollen flow, natural hybridization is deemed a crucial factor that propels speciation in floral plants. Despite the fact that the diversity of Epimedium species is concentrated mainly in Southwestern China, the potential impact of interspecific pollination on natural hybridization has yet to be empirically scrutinized. To explore this, we studied the flowering period and the visitors of flowers in three frequently overlapping Epimedium species at Jinchengshan National Forest Park, located in Nanchong, Sichuan Province. Additionally, we performed a series of pollination experiments to examine breeding systems and hybrid compatibility. Morphologically, Epimedium pubescens and Epimedium wushanense are clearly distinct and easily recognizable by flower morphology, while the putative hybrid is morphologically intermediate between them. Our observation revealed that E. pubescens and E. wushanense had 15 days of overlapping anthesis. Both species are self -incompatible and require pollinator services for successful reproduction. Although their pollinators differ in quantity and species, Lasioglossum sp. (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) visited all three species. Artificial pollination revealed no breeding barriers among the three species, and the resulting hybrid seeds exhibited fertility. The overlapping time of flowering, common floral visitors, and compatibility of hybrids may be important factors contributing to successful interspecific pollination and speciation for natural hybrid species of E. pubescens and E. wushanense. Consequently, the role of potential interspecific pollination is crucial for hybrid speciation and the evolutionary dynamics of Epimedium species.

ORANGE (OR) plays essential roles in regulating carotenoid homeostasis and enhancing the ability of plants to adapt to environmental stress. However, OR proteins have been functionally characterized in only a few plant species, and little is known about the role of potato OR (StOR). In this study, we characterized the StOR gene in potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Atlantic). StOR is predominantly localized to the chloroplast, and its transcripts are tissue-specifically expressed and significantly induced in response to abiotic stress. Compared with wild type, overexpression of StOR increased β-carotene levels up to 4.8-fold, whereas overexpression of StORHis with a conserved arginine to histidine substitution promoted β-carotene accumulation up to 17.6-fold in Arabidopsis thaliana calli. Neither StOR nor StORHis overexpression dramatically affected the transcript levels of carotenoid biosynthetic genes. Furthermore, overexpression of either StOR or StORHis increased abiotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis, which was associated with higher photosynthetic capacity and antioxidative activity. Taken together, these results indicate that StOR could be exploited as a potential new genetic tool for the improvement of crop nutritional quality and environmental stress tolerance.

In this article, we discuss a time optimal feedback control for asymmetrical 3D Navier–Stokes–Voigt equations. Firstly, we consider the existence of the admissible trajectories for the asymmetrical 3D Navier–Stokes–Voigt equations by using the well-known Cesari property and the Fillippove’s theorem. Secondly, we study the existence result of a time optimal control for the feedback control systems. Lastly, asymmetrical Clarke’s subdifferential inclusions and asymmetrical 3D Navier–Stokes–Voigt differential variational inequalities are given to explain our main results.

The evolution and expression of floral traits are responsive to selection pressure from biotic and abiotic factors. Although floral traits significantly vary among environments, the flower remains unchanged. We aimed to understand the adaptation of Epimedium chlorandrum of floral traits to a frequently nocturnally rainy and wet environments and the roles of floral traits in pollination and reproduction. We observed flowering phenology, measured floral characteristics including the number of pollen grains and ovules per flower, measured pollen viability and stigma receptivity, tested the volume and sugar concentration of nectar and conducted flower-visit observations in this species. Different pollination treatments were performed to characterize the breeding system. The inner sepals and highly curved longer spurs of E. chlorandrum jointly formed an umbrella that shielded the anthers and stigma from rain wash and prevented nectar dilution. Epimedium chlorandrum was visited by six species, while Bombus trifasciatus was the only effective pollinator and fed on the nectar. One flower secreted approximately 17.06 mu L of nectar with a 29.19 g/100 mL sugar concentration, and the pollination efficiency of B. trifasciatus was positively associated with the nectar sugar concentration. The self- and open-pollination treatments resulted in fewer fertile seeds than the cross-pollination treatment. In contrast, the autonomous self-pollination treatment failed to yield fertile seeds. In summary, pollen limitation caused by harsh weather and pollinator shortage occurred during the pollination process of E. chlorandrum, which was partially alleviated by self-compatibility.

The sources and variation trend of ambient air pollutants, the duration of pollution process and the conditions for decontamination were analyzed in this essay based on the ambient air pollutants data, PM2.5 source analysis data and meteorological factors in Nanchong City during 2014 to 2019. The results indicated that the concentrated discharge of fireworks on New Year’s Eve was the main reason for the sharp deterioration of the ambient air quality. PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations increased significantly after fireworks were set off, and the peak value appeared at about 02:00 on the Lunar New Year’s Day, but the value of PM2.5/PM10 did not change significantly. The concentration of SO2 in gaseous pollutants was slightly affected by fireworks, while NO2, CO and O3 were not affected basically. Having been affected by fireworks, the concentrations and percentages of K+, Cl- and Mg2+ of the water-solubility ions in PM2.5 significantly increased at the 0.01 level. Meanwhile, the concentrations and percentages of the metal elements, including Cu, Pb, Mg, Al, K and Ba, significantly increased at the 0.05 level. Restricted to the topography and meteorological factors, the duration of the pollution was prolonged.

Natural hybridization mediated by pollen �ow has been considered as an important factor to drive speciation in �oral plants. The diversity of Epimedium species is centered in southwestern China, yet the potential role of interspeci�c pollination in natural hybridization has not been empirically examined. The �owering period and �oral visitors, and conducted a series of pollination experiments to examine breeding systems and hybrid compatibility within three Epimedium which are commonly sympatric in the Jinchengshan National Foreast Park, Nanchong of Sichuan Province. Epimedium pubescens and Epimedium wushanense are morphologically clearly distinct and easily recognied by �ower morphology, the putative hybrids (not been named) are morphologically between them. We found that E. pubescens and E. wushanense had 15 days of overlapping anthesis during consecutive three years of observation. Both species in research region are self-incompatible and need pollinators service for successful reproduction. Their pollinators are different in quantity and species, but Lasioglossum spp. (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) visited all of them. No breeding barrier between any of the three species were detected by arti�cial pollination, and the hybrids seeds were fertile. The overlapping time of �owering, common �oral visitors and compatible of hybrid may be important factors to make interspeci�c pollination and speciation successfully for natural hybrids species of E. pubescens and E. wushanense. The role of potential interspeci�c pollination is essential to hybrids speciation and the evolution of Epimedium species.

In this study, the monitoring data of 23 parameters in 25 monitoring sections of the first-level tributaries of Jialing River in Nanchong City during the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016???2020) were taken as the research object to analyze water environment quality. Results showed that the water quality is gradually improving in this area, and the main pollutant indexes are chemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen. Cluster analysis divided the 12 months into two periods and the 25 monitoring sites into three groups based on similarity of water quality characteristics. The water quality of rainy seasons (July???December) was better than that of dry seasons (January???June). Groups 1, 2, and 3 were mainly located in the urban???rural fringe area, mountain area, and urban industrial park, respectively, representing moderate pollution, low pollution, and high pollution areas. Discriminant analysis (DA) presented good results with great discriminatory ability for both temporal and spatial analyses and provided an important data reduction. DA only used nine parameters for temporal analysis, affording approximately 91.7% correct assignations, and 18 parameters for spatial analysis, affording 96% correct assignations. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that the four major pollution sources in the basin are industrial wastewater, agricultural runoff, domestic sewage, and livestock pollution. The research results are relevant to the prevention and control of water polluCity and the summary of the experience of winning the battle of pollution prevention and control in China take the lead in implementing the municipal river chief system in Sichuan Province.

This study evaluates the air quality in Nanchong City in 2015–2018 based on automatic monitoring data and meteorological data in the main urban area. Results show that overall air quality in the main urban area of Nanchong was standard and improved from 2015 to 2018. SO2, NO2, and CO had slight influences on air quality in the study area, whereas excessive annual average PM2.5 and increasing O3 concentration challenged the air quality. The monthly average mass concentrations of particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10), NO2, and CO generally presented a “U-shaped” distribution pattern while O3 showed the opposite. The diurnal variation of PM, NO2, and CO has two peaks related to the morning and evening rush hours. Vehicle exhaust is the main source of local pollution. Over-standard PM2.5 can significantly inhibit O3 production while O3 can easily promote the secondary generation of PM2.5 due to its strong oxidization. PM2.5 emission should be controlled strictly in winter, while in summer, the sources of O3 should be controlled vigorously. Air pollution is comprehensive and complicated and is influenced by various factors, mainly meteorological and human factors. Measures such as artificial rainfall should be included at the appropriate time to cope with adverse meteorological conditions when heavy pollution occurs in winter.

本研究使用沉积物柱状采样器对嘉陵江中上游废弃工矿区附近的沉积物进行采样,利用连续提取法和薄膜扩散梯度技术(diffusive gradient in the thin film technique,DGT)研究嘉陵江中上游段沉积物中镍元素(Ni)的在沉积物中赋存形态及其在沉积物-水界面的迁移扩散规律和释放机制.结果表明,各样点表层沉积物中总Ni含量均超过了我国水系沉积物的低标准物质值(GBW07311,14.3 mg·kg-1),并有3个工矿区附近的点位超过了高标准物质值(GBW07309,32mg·kg-1),表明曾经的工矿作业等人为活动所引起的含Ni废水排放已经对当地水生生态系统构成严重的威胁.但连续提取各位点的主要存在形态为残渣态(F4),而最弱的结合态(F1,酸可交换态)的在所有采样点位的平均占比不足10％表明Ni对周边水体生态系统的实际环境风险可能并不高.DGT结果显示,CDGT-Ni浓度在S1和S2点位的深层沉积物(-9 cm—-12 cm)显著升高,在这两个采样点位表现出明显的释放趋势.通过对Ni在沉积物-水界面的扩散通量进一步计算发现Ni具有潜在内源释放风险,具有从沉积物向水的迁移趋势,会对研究区域水体形成潜在的污染.通过对连续提取中Ni的各个形态与DGT有效态Ni相关性分析发现沉积物中Ni在深层沉积物的释放过程主要受到铁、锰氧化物和含硫化合物等潜在因素的影响.

The goal of this paper is to provide systematic approaches to study new results of optimal feedback control for second-order evolution equations. We firstly give some existence results of mild solutions for the equations by applying the Banach's fixed point theorem and the Leray-Schauder alternative fixed point theorem with Lipschitz conditions and different types of boundedness conditions. Next, by using the Filippove theorem and the Cesari property, a new set of sufficient assumptions are formulated to guarantee the existence results of feasible pairs for the feedback control systems. Finally, we apply our main results to the problems of controllability, Clarke's subdifferential inclusions and differential variational inequalities.

随着新时代的不断发展,促进学生德智体美劳全面发展的教育理念的不断推行,劳动教育受到越来越多人的关注,逐渐占据着越来越重要的地位.本文采用文献分析法,对劳动教育在高中生物学中的实践路径进行了研究,研究结果认为教师应在高中生物教学中,通过利用科学史,加强理论联系实际,运用生物试题,开展探究性学习活动、了解科研动态和开展课外活动等路径,促使学生形成正确的劳动观,增强学生的劳动意识,通过融入科学劳动的理念,培养学生的劳动创造能力.

Key message The overexpression of HaCYC2c and its regulation on HaNDUA2 through transcriptional recognition are important for regulating the heteromorphous development and functional differentiation of ray and disc florets in sunflower. Flower symmetry is closely related to pollinator recruitment and individual fecundity for higher plants and is the main feature used to identify flower type in angiosperms. In sunflower, HaCYC2c regulates floral organ development and floral symmetry, but the specific detail remains unclear. In this study, sunflower long petal mutant (lpm) with HaCYC2c insertion mutation was used to investigate the regulating role of HaCYC2c in the morphogenesis of florets and the transformation of floral symmetry through phenotype, transcriptome, qRT-PCR, and possible protein-gene interactions analyses. Results showed that HaCYC2c was overexpressed after an insertion into the promoter region. This gene could recognize the cis-acting element GGTCCC in the promoter region of HaNDUA2 that might regulate HaNDUA2 and affect other related genes. As a consequence, the abnormal elongation of disc petals and the degradation of male reproductive system occurred at the early development of floral organ in sunflower. Furthermore, this insertion mutation resulted in floral symmetry transformation, from actinomorphy to zygomorphy, thereby making the tubular disc florets transformed into ray-like disc florets in sunflower lpm. The findings suggested that the overexpression of HaCYC2c and its control of HaNDUA2 through transcriptional recognition might be an important regulating node of the heteromorphous development and functional differentiation for ray and disc florets in sunflower. This node contributes to the understanding of the balance between pollinator recruitment capacity of ray florets and fertility of disc florets for the optimization of reproductive efficiency and enhancement of species competitiveness in sunflower.

以南充市蓬安县为例,采用了单因子评价法、主要污染物水质标识指数法和主成分分析法统计分析了 2017～2019年嘉陵江一级支流蓬安数据,综合分析嘉陵江一级支流县域河流水污染特征及水质评价.结果表明:(1)蓬安县域内嘉陵江一级支流水环境有机污染较为严重,污染物主要源于生活污水、工业污水、农业面源污染排放,高风险因子为CODCr和TP.(2)水质受水期影响大,变化特征为:枯水期＞丰水期＞平水期;上半年水质优于下半年,1～3月水质最差.(3)蓬安县域内嘉陵江支流年均值评价水质逐年改善,达标率逐年增加,污染程度依次为清溪河＞河舒河＞大泥溪＞长塘河＞金溪河.就蓬安县的水质评价结果进行问题剖析,为嘉陵江流域污染防治管理提供科学依据.

In this paper, we discuss a class of Caputo fractional evolution equations on Banach space with feedback control constraint whose value is non-convex closed in the control space. First, we prove the existence of solutions for the system with feedback control whose values are the extreme points of the convexified constraint that belongs to the original one. Secondly, we study the topological properties of the sets of admissible “state-control” pair for the original system with various feedback control constraints and the relations between them. Moreover, we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the solution set of original systems to be closed. In the end, an example is given to illustrate the applications of our main results.

文章首先分析了"植物生态学实验"课程教学现状,然后论述了"植物生态学实验"课程课题式教学法实施的必要性与可行性,接着阐述了"植物生态学实验"课程课题式教学法实施的思路与方案,最后对课题式教学法在"植物生态学实验"课程中的实施效果进行了预测.

In order to explore the synergistic effect of biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on plant growth under cadmium (Cd) stress, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of biochar application and AM fungal inoculation on mulberry (Morus alba) seedling growth, mineral element absorption, Cd uptake, soil pH and Cd availability under Cd contamination at 2 levels (0 and 4 mg⋅kg−1). The results showed that biochar application could increase the mycorrhizal infection rate of AM fungi. Biochar application and AM fungal inoculation alone or their combination could all increase plant height, biomass, mineral element content and soil pH, while reduce Cd bioavailability in soil and Cd uptake by mulberry seedlings. The effects of biochar application in increasing soil pH and N and K uptake were better compared with AM fungal inoculation. However, AM fungal inoculation presented better effects in promoting mulberry seedling growth, improving P, Ca and Mg absorption by mulberry seedlings, and reducing Cd availability in soil and Cd absorption by mulberry seedlings. The combination of biochar application and AM fungal inoculation obtained the best effect. Under Cd level of 4 mg⋅kg−1, the combination of biochar application and AM fungal inoculation increased plant height and N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents in mulberry leaves by 43.28%, 125.56%, 178.48%, 3.63%, 181.04% and 128.04%, respectively. While, Cd concentration in the roots, stems and leaves of mulberry seedlings decreased by 46.48%, 67.86% and 58.97%, respectively. Moreover, pH increased by 5.33%, while Cd availability in soil decreased by 69.53%. In conclusion, biochar and AM fungi alone or their combination can all reduce Cd stress, and promote plant growth and mineral element absorption. The combination of biochar and AM fungi presents the best effect. Biochar combined with AM fungi can be used as an effective measure for ecological restoration of degraded soil and agricultural production safety.

胶原蛋白具有可吸收降解、生物相容性好等特性,被广泛应用于生物医学领域.但是目前胶原蛋白静电纺丝胶原膜力学强度不高,限制了其在生物医学领域中的应用.本研究利用Ⅰ型胶原海绵与不同浓度乙酸混合,研究了乙酸胶原混合溶液的可纺性,并对制备的电纺胶原膜进行了力学性能评估.结果发现,质量比为40％乙酸与胶原配制成10％的乙酸?胶原混合溶液制备的胶原膜表面平整光滑,纤维平均直径为(305.19±119.67)nm,纤维与纤维间层次清晰、呈网状交错分布;厚度为0.2 mm的电纺胶原膜弹性模量为(749.22±107.72)MPa,最大拉伸力平均值为(21.92±3.03)N,具有较强机械性能.本研究利用乙酸?胶原混合溶液进行静电纺丝,获得了具有良好的外观、机械强度好的纳米胶原膜,为进一步的细胞学实验提供了材料,并有望开发成可满足不同临床需求的补片材料,具有一定的应用价值.