This retrospective study aimed to compare the live birth rate and clinical pregnancy rate in natural cycle-frozen-thawed embryo transfer (NC-FET) with oral dydrogesterone as luteal phase support or without any drugs. Retrospective, cohort study. Totally 2657 NC-FET cycles allocated to two groups from the reproductive medical center at the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen hospital from 2015 to 2023 and the Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine using data in 2023. One group of NC-FET cycles (n = 1160) used oral dydrogesterone as LPS, the other group (n = 1497) use no drugs. Significant differences were found in woman’s age, antral follicle account, E2 level on the day of Luteinizing hormone surge, the number of transferred embryo and the secondary infertility before propensity score matching (PSM). Thus 802 cycles in each group remained after PSM. Then no significant differences were found in each characteristic between two groups. No significant differences in live birth rate (27.930

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of single oral dydrogesterone with vaginal progesterone gel plus oral dydrogesterone in GnRH antagonist cycles with fresh embryo transfer. Methods This study retrospectively analyzed 658 treatment cycles of fresh embryo transfer cycle with GnRH antagonist protocol from 2015 to 2020 in the Reproductive Medicine Center of the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital. Each cycle was the first fresh stimulation cycle of the patients. The study group included 368 cycles with 30 mg oral dydrogesterone daily, while the control group included 290 cycles with 90 mg of progesterone vaginal gel and 20 mg oral dydrogesterone daily. Propensity score matching was carried out to adjust for numerical differences and to balance between the two groups. After propensity, totally 231 cycles in each group remained and were retrospectively analyzed. Results After matching, the demographics and baseline characteristics of two groups were comparable. There was no significant difference were found in clinical pregnancy rate (35.498%versus 35.498%, P = 1), embryo implantation rate (47.613%vs. 49.352%,P = 0.710), live birth rate (26.407%versus 28.139%, P = 0.676), miscarriage rate (19.512%versus15.854%, p = 0.539), multiple birth rate (2.165%versus 1.732%,P = 0.736), OHSS rate (0.433%versus 0.433%, P = 1) and ectopic pregnancy rate (2.165%versus 1.299%, P = 0.476) between the oral dydrogesterone group (study group) and the vaginal progesterone gel combined with dydrogesterone group (control group). Conclusion: In conclusion, single oral dydrogesterone and dydrogesterone combined with vaginal progesterone gel revealed similar reproductive outcomes in GnRH antagonist cycles with fresh embryo transfer in the study. And single use of dydrogesterone minimized patient inconvenience and reduced the incidence of adverse effects. It could be the new choice for the luteal phase support in the fresh GnRH antagonist cycle.

The purpose of this study is to compare the clinical efficacy of oral dydrogesterone and micronized vaginal progesterone (MVP) gel during the first HRT-FET cycle. A retrospective cohort study based on a total of 344 women undergoing their first HRT-FET cycles without Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone agonist (GnRH-a) pretreatment was conducted. All the cycles were allocated to two groups in the reproductive medical center at the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital. One group (n = 193) received oral dydrogesterone 30 mg/d before embryo transfer, while the other group (n = 151) received MVP gel 180 mg/d. The demographics and baseline characteristics of two groups were comparable. We found no statistically significant difference in live birth rate (24.35

目的 比较口服地屈孕酮片和阴道用黄体酮凝胶在拮抗剂方案鲜胚移植黄体支持中的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2015年至 2020年在香港大学深圳医院生殖医学中心实施拮抗剂方案鲜胚移植的患者共 774 例,其中口服地屈孕酮黄体支持399例,阴道放置黄体酮凝胶黄体支持 375例.利用倾向评分匹配(PSM)通过 1∶1 最近邻匹配调整混杂因素,对两组临床疗效进行分析比较.结果 匹配后两组各 337例,匹配后口服地屈孕酮片组促性腺激素(Gn)总量高于阴道黄体酮凝胶组,差异有统计学意义(t= 3.643,P＜0.05);两组年龄、体质量指数、不孕年限、获卵总数、总窦卵泡数、血清促卵泡激素(FSH)、促黄体生成素(LH)、雌二醇(E)、孕酮(P)、泌乳素(PRL)、睾酮(T)、移植胚胎数目差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),匹配后口服地屈孕酮组早产率低于阴道黄体酮凝胶组,差异有统计学意义(χ2 = 3.981,P＜0.05);两组流产率、异位妊娠率、多胎率、卵巢过度刺激综合征(OHSS)发生率、活产率、临床妊娠率差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 拮抗剂方案新鲜周期移植后口服地屈孕酮片黄体支持与阴道黄体酮凝胶的黄体支持,其临床妊娠率和活产率没有明显统计学差异,单用口服地屈孕酮片可以成为体外受精-胚胎移植新鲜周期黄体支持的新选择.

Background Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) was demonstrated to be superior to conventional IVF in reducing the incidence of miscarriage and abnormal offspring after the first embryo transfer (ET). PGT-A requires several embryo trophectoderm cells, but its negative impacts on embryo development and long-term influence on the health conditions of conceived children have always been a concern. As an alternative, noninvasive PGT-A (niPGT-A) approaches using spent blastocyst culture medium (SBCM) achieved comparable accuracy with PGT-A in several pilot studies. The main objective of this study is to determine whether noninvasive embryo viability testing (niEVT) results in better clinical outcomes than conventional IVF after the first embryo transfer. Furthermore, we further investigated whether niEVT results in higher the live birth rate between women with advanced maternal age (AMA, > 35 years old) and young women or among patients for whom different fertilization protocols are adopted. Methods This study will be a double-blind, multicenter, randomized controlled trial (RCT) studying patients of different ages (20–43 years) undergoing different fertilization protocols (in vitro fertilization [IVF] or intracytoplasmic sperm injection [ICSI]). We will enroll 1140 patients at eight reproductive medical centers over 24 months. Eligible patients should have at least two good-quality blastocysts (better than grade 4 CB). The primary outcome will be the live birth rate of the first embryo transfer (ET). Secondary outcomes will include the clinical pregnancy rate, ongoing pregnancy rate, miscarriage rate, cumulative live birth rate, ectopic pregnancy rate, and time to pregnancy. Discussion In this study, patients who undergo noninvasive embryo viability testing (niEVT) will be compared to women treated by conventional IVF. We will determine the effects on the pregnancy rate, miscarriage rate, and live birth rate and adverse events. We will also investigate whether there is any difference in clinical outcomes among patients with different ages and fertilization protocols (IVF/ICSI). This trial will provide clinical evidence of the effect of noninvasive embryo viability testing on the clinical outcomes of the first embryo transfer. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) Identifier: ChiCTR2100051408. 9 September 2021.

AbstractBackground:The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical outcomes between oral dydrogesterone and intravaginal micronized progesterone gel in HRT-FET cycles.Methods:A retrospective cohort study based on totally 344 HRT-FET cycles without GnRHa agonist pretreatment was conducted. All the cycles were allocated to two groups in the reproductive medical center at the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen hospital. One group of HRT-FET cycles (n=193) used oral dydrogesterone before the embryo transfer, the other group (n=151) used intravaginal micronized progesterone gel.Results:There was no significant difference in women’s age, BMI, antral follicle count, number of embryos transferred, serum estradiol and progesterone levels on day 2 of the menstrual cycle and on the day before endometrial transformation, and the endometrial thickness on the day 2 of the menstrual cycle and the day before endometrial transformation between the two groups. There was significant difference in biochemical pregnancy rate between the two groups (P=0.02). And no significant difference were found in clinical pregnancy rate, LBR, embryo implantation rate, ectopic pregnancy rate, and neonatal weight between the two groups. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis for covariates, the different luteal support medication did not have a significant positive association with the LBR. In Conclusion,Conclusion:The study found no significant difference in LBR between oral dydrogesterone and intravaginal micronized progesterone gel in HRT-FET cycles. And the single administration of oral dydrogesterone could be a new option in HRT-FET treatment.

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical outcomes between oral dydrogesterone and intravaginal micronized progesterone gel in HRT-FET cycles. Methods: A retrospective cohort study based on totally 344 HRT-FET cycles without GnRHa agonist pretreatment was conducted. All the cycles were allocated to two groups in the reproductive medical center at the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen hospital. One group of HRT-FET cycles (n=193) used oral dydrogesterone before the embryo transfer, the other group (n=151) used intravaginal micronized progesterone gel. Results: There was no significant difference in women’s age, BMI, antral follicle count, number of embryos transferred, serum estradiol and progesterone levels on day 2 of the menstrual cycle and on the day before endometrial transformation, and the endometrial thickness on the day 2 of the menstrual cycle and the day before endometrial transformation between the two groups. There was significant difference in biochemical pregnancy rate between the two groups (P=0.02). And no significant difference were found in clinical pregnancy rate, LBR, embryo implantation rate, ectopic pregnancy rate, and neonatal weight between the two groups. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis for covariates, the different luteal support medication did not have a significant positive association with the LBR. In Conclusion, Conclusion: The study found no significant difference in LBR between oral dydrogesterone and intravaginal micronized progesterone gel in HRT-FET cycles. And the single administration of oral dydrogesterone could be a new option in HRT-FET treatment.

Background. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex class of endocrine disorders with insulin resistance, compensatory hyperinsulinemia, and obesity. However, the pathogenesis and therapies of PCOS have not been fully elucidated. Exosomal miRNAs have the potential to serve as biomarkers and therapies for a wide range of medical conditions. Method. We collected follicular fluid from 5 PCOS patients and 5 healthy people. High-throughput sequencing technology to identify differentially expressed miRNAs and untargeted metabolome identify differential metabolites in follicular fluid exosomal. RT-qPCR and AUC analysis were performed. Result. miRNA high-throughput sequencing identified 124 differential miRNAs. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed the sequencing results. These differential miRNA target genes are mainly involved in metabolic pathways. Metabolomics studies identified 31 differential metabolites. miRNA and lncRNA coexpression networks in metabolic pathways rigorously screened 28 differentially expressed miRNAs. This network would identify miRNA signatures associated with metabolic processes in PCOS. Meanwhile, the area under curve of receiver operating characteristic revealed that hsa-miR-196a-3p, hsa-miR-143-5p, hsa-miR-106a-3p, hsa-miR-34a-5p, and hsa-miR-20a-5p were potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of PCOS. Conclusion. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potential pathogenesis of PCOS, and follicular fluid exosomal miRNAs may be efficient targets for the diagnosis and treatment of PCOS in long-term clinical studies.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex class of endocrine disorders with insulin resistance, compensatory hyperinsulinaemia and obesity. However, the pathogenesis and therapies of PCOS have not been fully elucidated. Exosomal miRNAs have the potential to serve as biomarkers and therapies for a wide range of medical conditions. In this study, we isolated exosomes from follicular fluid collected from 5 PCOS patients and 5 non-PCOS patients. miRNA cDNA library sequencing identified 124 miRNAs that were significantly upregulated nearly twofold, while 33 miRNAs were significantly downregulated nearly twofold in PCOS follicular fluid exosomes. These miRNA target genes were mainly involved in metabolic pathways, pathways in cancer, the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway, the MAPK signalling pathway, endocytosis, the Ras signalling pathway, the Hippo signalling pathway, and cellular senescence. According to the previously reported exosomal lncRNA data of PCOS follicular fluid, a miRNA and lncRNA coexpression network developed from data from starBase strictly screened 29 differentially expressed miRNAs. This network also helped to identify miRNA signatures associated with metabolic processes in PCOS. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potential pathogenesis of PCOS, and follicular fluid exosomal miRNAs may be efficient targets for the diagnosis and treatment of PCOS in long-term clinical studies.

目的 将通过已有的小鼠体外胚胎着床模型对annexin A2在胚胎着床中的功能进行相应的研究.方法 将孕第4天ICR小鼠囊胚与ICR小鼠的内膜组织进行体外共培养.比较子宫内膜经annexin A2抗体预处理以及未经处理之间,各组胚胎黏着率的差异,并在共培养后进行组织学研究.结果 小鼠子宫内膜经浓度为1.0μg/ml及0.1μg/ml的annexin A2抗体预处理后小鼠囊胚在其上的黏着率分别为45.6％及53.6％;而抗体浓度为1.0μg/ml的正常IgG对照及未经抗体处理的空白对照组的黏着率分别为55.4％及59.0％.经过1.0μg/ml的annexin A2抗体预处理组与两组对照组之间的黏着率比较,差异无统计学意义.免疫组化实验发现,经过annexin A2抗体预处理后,未见到annexin A2表达明显降低.结论 annexin A2在第4天的子宫内膜组织表达明显高于第1天的子宫内膜组织.运用抗体进行阻滞实验时并不能显著降低体外胚胎在子宫内膜组织的黏着率.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play significant roles in tumor initiation. MicroRNA-135a (miR-135a) induced the formation of a CD133+ subpopulation from a human papillomavirus-immortalized cervical epithelial cell line. Compared with the CD133- cells, the CD133+ cells expressed higher levels of miR-135a and OCT4, exhibited significantly higher tumorsphere forming capacity and the time required for tumorsphere formation was shortened in the second generation. Serum induction suppressed the expression of CD133, OCT4 and miR-135a, but increased expression of involucrin in the miR-135a-induced CD133+ cells. The miR-135a-induced CD133+ cells were tumorigenic in a limiting dilution approach in vivo. The cells expressed significantly higher level of active β-catenin and OCT4 than the CD133- counterpart. Wnt3a enhanced the expression of OCT4 and CD133 in cervical cancer cells but failed to enhance CD133 transcription in normal cervical cells. Wnt3a stimulation also increased tumorsphere size and self-renewal of miR-135a-induced CD133+ subpopulation. Wnt/β-catenin inhibition suppressed tumorsphere formation while Wnt3a partially nullified the inhibitory effect. Taken together, miR-135a induced the formation of a subpopulation of cells with CSC properties both in vitro and in vivo and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is essential to maintain its tumorigenicity.

目的 运用生物素标记表面蛋白联合二维电泳技术发现小鼠子宫内膜腔上皮表面胚胎着床相关表面蛋白.方法 对孕第1天(不接受胚胎阶段)和第4天(接受胚胎阶段)小鼠宫腔注入生物素进行标记,将抽提纯化后的表面蛋白进行二维电泳比较,发现的差异表达点用质谱进行分析确定,并用免疫组化方式进行验证.结果 发现20个差异表达超过3倍的蛋白,其中接受胚胎阶段高表达蛋白13个,不接受胚胎阶段高表达蛋白7个.并用质谱发现确定了aminopeptidase N(APN)、annaxinA2和intergrin β1等蛋白.通过免疫组织化学方法验证了二维电泳的结果.结论 笔者通过生物素标记小鼠子宫内膜腔上皮表面,并联合二维电泳发现了一些在接受胚胎着床阶段和不接受胚胎阶段差异表达的表面蛋白以及一些和胚胎着床相关的重要蛋白.

Objective To confirm the three-dimentional in vitro embryo implantation model,the ICR mouse blastocyst was replaced by green fluorescent protien (GFP) mouse blastocyst in the study.Methods In vitro GFP and ICR embryo implantation was performed on ICR endometrium cultured.The attachment rates were compared.The GFP mouse blastocyst were checked by fluorescent microscopy,the histological study then followed.Results There was no significant different attachment rate between the GFP mouse blastocyst group (46.6％) and the ICR mouse blastocyst group (54.8％).The GFP mouse blastocyst can be seen with fluorescent microscopy after 28 and 40 hours' co-culture.The GFP mouse blastocyst can attach to ICR mouse endometrium.Conclusion The embryo from different mouse strain can attach to the mouse endometrium in the in vitro embryo implantation model.There may be information and molecular cross-talk between the GFP mouse embryoes and ICR mouse endometrium in this study.

OBJECTIVE:To identify endometrial epithelial cell surface proteins essential for blastocysts implantation. DESIGN:Isolation of cell-surface labeled prereceptive (pregnancy day 1) and receptive (pregnancy day 4) mouse endometrial proteins coupled to two-dimensional liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. SETTING:University research laboratory. ANIMAL(S):Sexually mature female imprinting control region (ICR) mice. INTERVENTION(S):Labeling, purification, and identification of endometrial luminal surface proteins with differentially expressing proteins determined by significant analysis of a microarray algorithm and selected differentially expressed proteins verified by immunohistochemistry and functional assay. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S):Investigation in endometrial luminal surface proteome of prereceptive and receptive endometria of the expression of four of the differentially expressed proteins and functional analysis of aminopeptidase N in a three-dimensional blastocyst-endometrial coculture model. RESULT(S):We identified 104 cell surface proteins from prereceptive and receptive pregnant mouse endometria and found that 27 were statistically significantly up-regulated and 18 were statistically significantly down-regulated in the receptive endometrium. Immunohistochemical analysis of four of the differentially expressed proteins in the endometrium showed concordant results. Functional assay showed that blastocyst attachment was statistically significantly reduced upon inhibition of aminopeptidase N. CONCLUSION(S):The luminal cell surface proteome of the prereceptive and receptive endometria differs, and aminopeptidase N is potentially involved in embryo attachment.

To determine the function of Annexin A2 (Axna2) in mouse embryo implantation in vivo, experimental manipulation of Axna2 activities was performed in mouse endometrial tissue in vivo and in vitro. Histological examination of endometrial tissues was performed throughout the reproduction cycle and after steroid treatment. Embryo implantation was determined after blockage of the Axna2 activities by siRNA or anti-Axna2 antibody. The expression of Axna2 immunoreactivies in the endometrial luminal epithelium changed cyclically in the estrus cycle and was upregulated by estrogen. After nidatory estrogen surge, there was a concentration of Axna2 immunoreactivities at the interface between the implanting embryo and the luminal epithelium. The phenomenon was likely to be induced by the implanting embryos as no such concentration of signal was observed in the inter-implantation sites and in pseudopregnancy. Knockdown of Axna2 by siRNA reduced attachment of mouse blastocysts onto endometrial tissues in vitro. Consistently, the number of implantation sites was significantly reduced after infusion of anti-Axna2 antibody into the uterine cavity. Steroids and embryos modulate the expression of Axna2 in the endometrial epithelium. Axna2 may function as an adhesion molecule during embryo implantation in mice.

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) is the principal etiological agent of cervical cancer (CC). However, exposure to the high-risk type HPV alone is insufficient for tumor formation, and additional factors are required for the HPV-infected cells to become tumorigenic. Dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) expression is frequently observed in cancer but their roles in the formation of CC have not been fully revealed. In this study, we compared the expression of miR-135a in laser capture microdissected cervical specimens and confirmed overexpression of the miRNA in malignant cervical squamous cell carcinoma compared with precancerous lesions. Transient force-expression of miR-135a induced growth in low-density culture, anchorage-independent growth, proliferation and invasion of a HPV-16 E6/E7-immortalized cervical epithelial cell line, NC104-E6/E7. The observed effects were due to the inhibitory action of miR-135a on its direct target seven in absentia homolog 1 (SIAH1) leading to upregulation of β-catenin/T cell factor signaling. miR-135a force-expression enhanced the growth of HeLa- and NC104-E6/E7-derived tumor in vivo. The effect of miR-135a could be partially nullified by SIAH1 force-expression. More importantly, the expression of SIAH1 and β-catenin correlated with that of miR-135a in precancerous and cancerous lesions of cervical biopsies. By comparing the tumorigenic activities of miR-135a in E6/E7 positive/negative cell lines and in NC104-E6/E7 with or without E6/E7 knockdown, we demonstrated that HPV E6/E7 proteins are prerequisite for miR-135a as an oncomiR. Taken together, miR-135a/SIAH1/β-catenin signaling is important in the transformation and progression of cervical carcinoma.

目的 本研究将基于已经建立的三维小鼠体外胚胎着床模型,将整个培养环境的氧浓度调整为2％,从而探究缺氧环境对胚胎着床的作用和影响.方法 将已经建立的小鼠体外着床模型分为两组,其中一组置于氧浓度2％的密封箱内进行培养.另外一组为对照组,直接置于培养箱中,按照原先的大气氧浓度进行培养.观察对比这两组之间胚胎与内膜的黏着率.并对着床胚胎及内膜进行组织切片,观察组织的形态学变化,检测其中细胞凋亡的情况.结果 小鼠囊胚在2％的氧浓度及大气氧浓度下的胚胎黏着率分别为41.4％及53.2％;这两组的胚胎黏着率比较,差异无统计学意义.两种情况下的小鼠胚胎均已经黏附于体外共培养的子宫内膜上皮层表面,未见明显形态学异常.但在2％氧浓度下,子宫内膜组织中很多间质细胞发生了细胞凋亡.结论 2％的氧浓度在三维体外胚胎着床模型的运用中,虽然没有导体外胚胎黏着率的显著降低,但却诱导了体外培养子宫内膜组织中细胞的凋亡.

目的 运用已有的小鼠体外三维着床模型观察LIF抑制状态下对胚胎着床这一过程中的影响以及其转导通路中下游STAT3和pSTAT3蛋白表达水平的变化,从而探究LIF及其转导通路在胚胎着床中的功能.方法 将小鼠内膜组织置于有不同浓度LIF抗体(0.1和1.0μg/ml)及正常IgG对照和阴性对照的培养基中预培养0.5h.然后进行内膜组织和囊胚的共培养,观察比较胚胎与内膜的黏着率的不同,并对抗体处理后的内膜进行STAT3及pSTAT3的免疫组化染色.结果 运用1.0％抗体预处理组的黏着率与正常IgG对照组及阴性对照组之间均有统计学差异.pSTAT3的表达在经LIF抗体预处理的内膜中明显高于对照组.结论 LIF在小鼠胚胎着床中起着非常重要的作用,通过LIF表达的降调节可以显著降低胚胎黏着率.LIF对胚胎黏着的作用可能是通过JAK/STAT通路中STAT3的磷酸化活化而实现的.

Background Choriocarcinoma is a gestational trophoblastic tumor which causes high mortality if left untreated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non protein-coding RNAs which inhibit target gene expression. The role of miRNAs in choriocarcinoma, however, is not well understood. In this study, we examined the effect of miR-34a in choriocarcinoma. Methods MiR-34a was either inhibited or ectopically expressed transiently in two choriocarcinoma cell lines (BeWo and JEG-3) respectively. Its actions on cell invasion, proliferation and colony formation at low cell density were examined. The miR-34a putative target Notch ligand Delta-like 1 (DLL1) was identified by adoption of different approaches including: in-silico analysis, functional luciferase assay and western blotting. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify changes in the expression of matrix proteinase in the treated cells. To nullify the effect of miR-34a ectopic expression, we activated Notch signaling through force-expression of the Notch intracellular domain in the miR-34a force-expressed cells. In addition, we studied the importance of DLL1 in BeWo cell invasion through ligand stimulation and antibody inhibition. Furthermore, the induction in tumor formation of miR-34a-inhibited BeWo cells in SCID mice was investigated. Results Transient miR-34a force-expression significantly suppressed cell proliferation and invasion in BeWo and JEG-3 cells. In silicon miRNA target prediction, luciferase functional assays and Western blotting analysis demonstrated that miR-34a regulated DLL1 expression in both cell lines. Although force-expression of miR-34a suppressed the expression of DLL1 and NOTCH1, the extent of suppression was higher in DLL1 than NOTCH1 in both cell lines. MiR-34a-mediated DLL1 suppression led to reduced matrix metallopeptidase 9 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator expression. The effect of miR-34a on cell invasion was partially nullified by Notch signaling activation. DLL1 ligand stimulated while anti-DLL1 antibody treatment suppressed cell invasion. Mice inoculated with BeWo cells transfected with miR-34a inhibitor had significantly larger xenografts and stronger DLL1 expression than those with cells transfected with the control inhibitor. Conclusions MiR-34a reduced cell proliferation and invasiveness, at least, partially through its inhibitory effect on DLL1.

二手烟对婴幼儿健康的危害是众所周知的,现行的一些控烟政策法规对于工作场所及公共场所二手烟的控制主要只是降低了成人在此环境中的暴露,但是对于婴幼儿来说却效果不佳,而且婴幼儿对于二手烟会更加易感.降低二手烟的危害对于婴幼儿尤其重要.所以,迫切需要制定新的控烟条例来保护广大的婴幼儿.为此,笔者综合参考文献,主要就营养补充对于最大程度地降低二手烟对婴幼儿危害的作用进行分析和探讨,并且希望能够总结出一些营养学干预方法来降低由于二手烟对婴幼儿引起的健康及卫生问题.当然,主要目标应该是降低和避免婴幼儿在二手烟环境中的暴露.