Samples of Al + heptane and Mg + heptane mixtures mechanically activated in a planetary ball mill were obtained. The influence of the metal and the speed of rotation of the mill carrier on the transformations in the liquid organic phase was investigated. The structural and chemical composition of the liquid phase at successive stages of mechanochemical activation (MA) was studied using IR and UV spectroscopy methods. It was established that the deformation-induced decomposition of heptane during MA is accompanied by isomerization of normal alkanes, cyclization reactions, dehydrogenation, and hydrogenation. It was shown that the intensity of mechanochemical cracking and the rate of chemical transformations depend on the nature of the metal being milled in the organic medium. During MA, there is selective absorption of hydrocarbon decomposition products by the metal powder, leading to the formation of carbides and hydrides. The method of thermodesorption of hydrogen from the milled powders demonstrated that, under MA conditions, magnesium powder absorbs twice as much hydrogen as aluminum powder. The intense absorption of hydrogen by magnesium powder slows down the reactions in the organic phase, while in the presence of aluminum, chemical transformations in the liquid phase continue throughout the entire mechanochemical processing. Increasing the speed of rotation of the mill carrier significantly accelerates the structural and chemical transformations in the organic phase, with an increased proportion of aliphatic isoalkanes and alkylbenzenes in the decomposition products of heptane.

Molecular spectroscopy in the UV and IR ranges is used to perform a comparative study of the decomposition of toluene and heptane during mechanical activation with titanium. It is shown that high-energy mechanical processing is effective for obtaining low-molecular-weight alkanes, the amounts of which are largely determined by the nature of the hydrocarbons. The effect the mill carrier’s speed of rotation has on the depth of hydrocarbon decomposition and the composition of products of the mechanical processing of the liquid phase is considered. It is shown that at a speed of 600 rpm, heptane begins to decompose at short periods of mechanical activation (MA), while toluene is stable up to 30 h MA. Considerable structural and chemical transformations occur in toluene after only 20–30 h of mechanical treatment at a speed of 890 rpm.

The oxide-ruthenium electrode is used for the analysis of oxygen-containing biologically active organic substances. This electrode can be recommended for the analysis of formic acid in dilute solutions (no more than 2 ml in 100 ml of solution). Due to the presence of two display potentials, the reliability of the determination of formic acid in solution is quite high. For the determination of nitrogen-containing compounds (urea), oxide-ruthenium electrodes are unsuitable. The obvious differences in the polarization curves of magnesium orotate tautomers indicate that the structural differences of tautomers persist in aqueous solutions. An electrochemical method using a ruthenium oxide electrode can be recommended for the analysis of the isomeric state of organic compounds containing OH and COOH groups. The electrochemical method has clearly shown that the difference in the structural state of magnesium orotate tautomers persists in solutions.

One of the most effective means of protecting metalwork equipment premises from corrosion is currently zinc-plating. Zinc-plating increases the service life of the equipment by 2-3 times, i.e. up to 20 years, which makes this method economically justified.We measured the electrode potentials and corrosion current between two plates – steel and zinc, depending on the size of the zinc plate. Modeling of the corrosion process with a decrease in the zinc coating was carried out by reducing the area of the zinc plate. At the same time, the area of the steel plate was constant. The protective ability of the zinc coating is maintained as long as it occupies at least 10% of the surface area of the steel product. Reducing the area of the zinc coating leads to catastrophic corrosion failure of the coating.

A number of nanocomposite titanium carbohydrides are prepared via high-energy mechanosynthesis in liquid hydrocarbons (n-heptane and toluene) using a planetary ball mill. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that at the initial stages of mechanochemical treatment titanium powder consists of a mixture of fcc and hcp phases with different contents of carbon and hydrogen. The composites become monophasic after 15 h of mechanosynthesis in both heptane and toluene as a result of the hcp → fcc structural phase transition. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermal desorption are used to perform a comparative analysis of thermally-induced hydrogen desorption in powder samples prepared in heptane and toluene with different synthesis time. Experimental evidence shows that thermally stable titanium carbohydrides and carbides can be obtained at prolonged synthesis time, with their chemical composition and rate of formation depending on the medium used in mechanosynthesis.

The paper explores the possibility of using a number of nickel alloys in multilayer coatings to decrease nickel consumption and preserve the functional effect of the coating. The following is proved by the graphical calculation technique using experimental data on the galvanic properties of the multilayer coating parts. Nickel-iron, nickel-phosphorus and nickel-tin alloy can be applied as a lower coating layer rather than semi-shiny, shiny or composite nickel. It is advisable to use a nickel-iron alloy as the middle (second) layer, and the concentration of iron depends on the composition of the first and third layers. If a nickel-iron alloy is applied as the material of the first layer, then the second layer may be semi-shiny (N s-sh ) or shiny (N sh ) nickel. The substitution of nickel layers for nickel alloys allows to considerably (about 10%) decrease the cost of a multilayer coating, while the protective properties are remaining the same. The application of the same nickel-containing alloys as single-layer anticorrosive coatings shows a lower level of protective properties.

We obtain titanium carbohydrides by the high-energy ball milling (HEBM) of titanium in a planetary ball mill in toluene. Depending on the duration of HEBM, face-centered cubic (FCC) and hexagonal close packed (HCP) carbohydrides with different carbon and hydrogen contents are obtained. The structural-phase state and the thermal stability of the solid phase of the reaction mixture, during successive stages of mechanosynthesis, are investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal desorption, and scanning electron microscopy. At short milling times (50 min), the endothermic peak appears at a temperature of 430°C due to the α → β phase transformation in Ti in the presence of hydrogen. Hydrogen stabilizes β-Ti, reducing its formation temperature to 300°C. The exothermic peak, at about 530°C, corresponds to the deformation-energy release of the crushed Ti powder. Processing in the planetary mill for 5 h leads to the formation of an α-Ti (HCP) and Ti carbohydride (HCP and FCC) mixture. We state that for the HCP carbohydrides, a higher hydrogen desorption temperature is observed as compared to the FCC carbohydrides. The correlation of the thermal desorption peaks and the differential scanning calorimetry curves is discussed. We make assumptions concerning the mechanisms of the thermally stimulated structural-phase transformations of the carbohydrides.

The aim of the study was to analyze the microvasculation of the liver in administration of tautomeric forms of orotic acid for a methionine-induced liver pathology to assess the efficacy of the modified drugs and the potentialof their clinical use.Material and methods. The study included 30 white outbred rats, that were simulated methionine induced hyperhomocysteinemia by the administration of methionine, dosage 0.15 g/100 g of the body we ight, via food during 4 weeks. Animals with hyperhomocysteinemia were divided into 4 groups: animals of group 1 received orotic acid (OA) in the initial form (oxo-tautomer), animals of group 2 received hydroxy–tautomer OA after mechanomodification for 1 hour, animals of group 3 received dihydroxy-tautomer OA after mechanomodification for 6 hours. Histological preparations of the liver were used to evaluate the area of hepatocytes; diameters and areas of the central vein, the interlobular vein and artery, the bile duct, and the Visotto coefficient were calculated.Results. Morphometric data of the hepatic microvascular bloodstream with simulated hyperhomocysteinemia evidenced a general increase in the diameter and area of blood vessels, changes affected the system of blood inflow and outflow at the organ level. Administration of OA had a normalizing effect on the liver bloodflow, but the effects were different: the most pronounced effect was detected in administration of the hydroxy-form of the preparation, this can be explained by a modificationin the dispersion of the preparation (without changing the crystal lattice), an increase in the rate of dissolution in water and aqueous solutions, an increasein the number of functionally active groups in the heterocycle of the hydroxy-form of OA. Thus, the hydroxy-tautomer of orotic acid had the greatest efficacy relating to vasodilation of microvessels of the liver bloodstream in hyperhomocysteinemia; the fact suggesting feasibility of its further study in the clinical environment.

The aim of  the  study  was  to  analyze  the  microvasculation  of  the  liver  in  administration  of  tautomeric forms of orotic acid for a methionine-induced liver pathology to assess the efficacy of the modified drugs and the potentialof their clinical use. Material and  methods. The  study  included  30  white  outbred  rats,  that  were  simulated  methionine induced hyperhomocysteinemia by the administration of methionine, dosage 0.15 g/100 g of the body we ight, via food  during  4  weeks.  Animals  with  hyperhomocysteinemia  were  divided  into  4  groups:  animals  of  group  1  received orotic acid (OA) in the initial form (oxo-tautomer), animals of group 2 received hydroxy–tautomer OA after mechanomodification for 1 hour, animals of group 3 received dihydroxy-tautomer OA after mechanomodification for 6 hours. Histological preparations of the liver were used to evaluate the area of hepatocytes; diameters and areas of the central vein, the interlobular vein and artery, the bile duct, and the Visotto coefficient were calculated. Results. Morphometric  data  of  the  hepatic  microvascular  bloodstream  with  simulated  hyperhomocysteinemia evidenced a general increase in the diameter and area of blood vessels, changes affected the system of blood inflow and outflow at the organ level. Administration of OA had a normalizing effect on the liver bloodflow, but the effects were different: the most pronounced effect was detected in administration of the hydroxy-form of the preparation, this can be explained by a modificationin the dispersion of the preparation (without changing the crystal lattice), an increase in the rate of dissolution in water and aqueous solutions, an increasein the number of functionally active groups in the heterocycle of the hydroxy-form of OA. Thus, the hydroxy-tautomer of orotic acid had the greatest efficacy relating to vasodilation of microvessels of the liver bloodstream in hyperhomocysteinemia; the fact suggesting feasibility of its further study in the clinical environment.

Relevance. The topicality of the work is determined by the wide spread of hypomagnesemia among the people, which makes it necessary to correct it. The aim of the work is to elucidate the cell-mediated response of the thymus mastocytic link to magnesium deficiency and its correction by the mechanoactivated form of magnesium orotate. Materials and Methods . Animals with drug-induced magnesium deficiency (administration of furosemide 30 mg/kg for 14 days) were administered either the initial preparation Magnerot (Magnerot, Vervag Pharma, Germany), or its mechanoactivated form. The level of magnesium in the blood was determined by test systems ARKREY (Japan). The concentration of magnesium in the thymus tissue was determined by the method of emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled (argon) plasma on an atomic emission spectrometer. Density of mastocytes and the indices of degranulation and granulolosis were calculated on paraffin sections of the thymus after coloration with toluidine blue. Results and Discussion . It was shown that furosemide administration the amount of magnesium decreased in the blood (from 1,750,08 to 0,9020,18 mmol/l, p0,05), but increased in the thymus (from 1,60,6 in the control to 3,71,2 mg/l); in the gland tissue, the number of mastocytes of morphotype A decreased and the number of mastocytes of morphotype D, after active degranulation, increased (by 7,1 times, p0,05). The type of mastocyte secretion in hypomagnesemia is represented by the merocrine variant. The administration of the initial magnesium orotate led to an increase in the concentration of magnesium in the blood to 1,150,25 mmol/l, which is 65,7% of the initial level, the amount of magnesium in the thymus remained elevated (3,41,1 mg/l), the number of actively degranulating cells (morphotype D) was increased. Mechanoactivated magnesium orotate restored the concentration of Mg2+ in the blood to 89,1% (1,560,18 mmol/l, p0,05) and decreased in the thymus (to 2,30,7 mg/l), restored the subpopulation of mastocytes saturated with heparin (type A), reduced the number of mastocytes of morphotype D. Conclusion . The mechanoactivated form of magnesium orotate has a normalizing effect on the population of thymic mastocytes, shows pronounced immunomodulatory activity, which allows us to consider it as a potential therapeutic agent for clinical testing in the complex therapy of hypomagnesemia and associated immunodeficiency.

Цель исследования: сравнительная оценка терапевтического эффекта таутомеров магния оротата оксо- и гидрокси-форм в коррекции магниевого дефицита и липидного статуса у магнийдефицитных животных. Материал и методы. У животных формировали лекарственно-обусловленный дефицит магния (введение фуросемида 30 мг/кг 14 дней), затем крысы получали оксо-форму (Magnerot, Верваг Фарма ГмбХ и Ко, Германия) и гидрокси-форму магния оротата (МО), полученную методом механоактивации. В крови анализировали уровни магния, кальция и натрия, рассчитывали скорость компенсации магния, оценивали липидный статус (триглицериды, общий холестерин, липопротеиды низкой, очень низкой и высокой плотности), вычисляли индекс атерогенности. Результаты. При введении гидрокси-формы МО в отличие от оксо-формы, скорость компенсации магниевого дефицита выше (на 14 день составляет 29,2 при оксо- и 77,8 при гидрокси-форме МО), восстанавливается соотношение Ca/Mg. Положительная динамика показателей липидного обмена в сравнении с магнийдефицитными животными отмечается на 14 день введения препаратов магния оротата в обеих группах экспериментальных животных, однако, у крыс с введением оксо-формы уровни общего холестерина (на 13,68, р0,05) и холестерина ЛПНП (в 1,28 раз, р0,05) остаются выше исходных показателей, тогда как в группе с введением гидрокси-формы МО результаты сопоставимы с данными интактного контроля. Различия в уровнях ХС ЛПНП между экспериментальными группами на этом сроке введения препаратов составляют 25,66. Коэффициент атерогенности, рассчитываемый на основе полученных данных, возвращается к исходным показателям в группе, получавшей механомодифицированный магний оротат (гидрокси-форма) и остается повышенным (на 26,14) у животных, получавших исходную оксо-форму препарата. Выводы. Гидрокси-форма магния оротата, полученная методом механоактивации исходного препарата Магнерот проявляет более выраженную биологическую (терапевтическую) активность, что проявляется в опережающем восстановлении уровней магния в крови, скорости компенсации дефицита магния, восстановлении соотношения Mg/Ca, нормализации уровня триглицеридов и холестерина ЛПНП, выравнивании коэффициента атерогенности.

Hydrogen absorption leads to redistribution of the components of the surface layer of the amorphous alloy Fe73.8Si12.7B9.4Nb3.2Cu noncontact side, while the amorphous structure of this layer is preserved. The type of the micro-groups Fey Six changes in such a way that the ratio y: x decreases (to less than 1) and the chemical bond polarity decreases, as well. After degassing, the surface layer composition becomes similar to those before hydrogenation. The loss of the mechanical stability of the amorphous ribbon is accompanied by the formation of the micro-groups Fey Six with a decreased ratio of y: x.

The timeliness of the work is due to the prevalence of magnesium deficiency associated with the use of drugs that contribute to the excretion of magnesium from the body. The aim of the work is to elucidate the cell-mediated reaction of the thymus to magnesium deficiency caused by the administration of furosemide. Magnesium deficiency was modeled by intraperitoneal administration of furosemide to experimental rats. The amount of magnesium and sodium in the blood and thymus tissue was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, the cell composition of the thymus was evaluated on histological sections. It is shown that at furosemide load the amount of magnesium decreases in the blood, but increases in the tissue of the thymus gland. The areas of the structural zones of the thymus (subcapsular zone, cortex, medulla), their percentage; cortical/medullary ratio were calculated. Cell density, lymphocyte count large, medium and small lymphocytes, reticular epithelial cells, macrophages, mast cells, apoptotic cells, thymic corpuscle were counted in each structural zone per unit area (100 μ2). In experimental animals the amount of magnesium in the blood decreases, but in the thymus tissue increases, there is leukocytosis and lymphocytosis, eosinophilia. Revealed histo- and cytostructural morphological rearrangements indicate a change in the functional activity of the gland. It was shown that the furosemide-induce deficiency of magnesium the area of the medulla increases, the number of macrophages and apoptotic elements increases; without affecting on the mast cells, but their secretory activity increases. There are size thymic corpuscle and the number of cells in them increases. Thus, the furosemide load is accompanied by magnesium imbalance, proinflammatory changes induce, is accompanied by a proapoptotic action and stimulates the starting of a macrophage reaction and degranulation of mastocytes in the thymus.

The transformations of the solid and liquid phases at high energy planetary ball milling of heptane together with titanium powder were investigated. The sequence of structural heptane transformations using UV-and FT-IR spectroscopy was investigated. Phase constitutions of ball milled titanium powders were studied by X-ray diffraction. It is shown that mechanically induced destruction of heptane occurs by the mechanism of catalytic cracking. The main solid products of the mechanosynthesis were hexagonal (HCP) and cubic (FCC) titanium carbohydrides. Evolution of lattice parameters, crystallite sizes, and micro-stresses of the solid phases during ball milling as a function of the ball milling time have been discussed.

The influence of domestic nitrogen-containing corrosion inhibitors of the VNKh-L type on corrosion regularities of a zinc coating on steel in neutral media is investigated. This work is aimed at studying the surface structure of a corroding zinc coating, as well as the influence of conditions simulating the degradation of inhibitors during real operation on their protective properties. Mechanical activation in a ball planetary mill is used to simulate the deformation and thermal operational conditions of inhibitors. Corrosion of a zinc coating on steel is carried out in a sulfate–chloride medium simulating atmospheric corrosion and in a borate buffer solution. The concentration of inhibitors in the corrosion media was 0.2 wt %. The morphology of a corroded surface of a zinc coating is studied using a Philips SEM-515 scanning electron microscope (at an accelerating voltage of 10 kV) with an X-ray microprobe. Studies of the corrosion rate of zinc coating on St 08 are carried out by the indirect measurement of corrosion resistance with the help of a MONIKOR-1 corrosion meter. A borate buffer solution (Na 2 B 4 O 7 + H 3 BO 3 , pH 6.6) and a solution simulating atmospheric corrosion (NaCl + Na 2 SO 4 , pH 6.0) are used as corrosion media. The corrosion rate of samples in corrosive media without an inhibitor is accepted 1. The exposure time of each sample in corrosive media is 3 h. The chemical composition of corrosion products is studied by the mirror reflection in the IR range. The IR spectra of the metal plate surface are recorded using an FSM-1202 IR Fourier spectrometer in a wavelength range of 450–4000 cm –1 with a resolution of 2 cm –1 and an accumulation of 100 scans. To record the reflection spectra, a mirror-reflection attachment with a 10° angle of incidence is used. The corrosion rate of zinc coating in sulfate–chloride and solvent media in the presence of inhibitors based on benzotriazole and cyclohexylamine is practically not decreased when compared with the corrosion rate in the same media without inhibitors. The addition of both initial and mechanically activated inhibitors based on morpholine and benzotriazole to the corrosion medium decreases the corrosion rate of iron when compared with the corrosion in the same media without inhibitors. The pitting corrosion of a zinc coating is observed in the presence of initial and mechanically activated inhibitors of both types in studied corrosion media. Herewith, the pitting depth is smaller than the zinc-coating thickness under these conditions.