An improved monochromatic radiation source with spectral width 4 nm based on a supercontinuum laser and double monochromator is introduced into a unit based on an absolute cryogenic radiometer in order to increase the precision of measurement of spectral sensitivity in the range 0.9–1.6 μm. A feedback system that supports stabilization of the power of monochromatic radiation with standard deviation 0.025% is developed. The power of optical radiation in the plane of the detector and/or power of the absolute cryogenic radiometer varies from 0.1 to 1.5 mW. The spectral distribution of the power of the newly developed source in different operating regimes of the supercontinuum laser is presented.

An improved monochromatic radiant source with spectral bandwidth of 4 nm based on supercontinuum laser and a double monochromator was included in absolute cryogenic radiometer-based facility to improve the accuracy of spectral responsivity measurement in the range 0.9–1.6 μm. The developed feedback system ensures stabilization of monochromatic radiant power with standard deviation up to 0.025 %. Radiant power that proceeds detector under test or absolute cryogenic radiometer varies from 0.1 to 1.5 mW in dependence of wavelength. The spectral power distribution of its monochromatic source for various operating mode is presented.

The base of measurement standards of the All-Russia Research Institute of Optophysical Measurements developed and employed by the Institute for metrological support of photonics technologies and products is described. The present condition and calibration capabilities of the state primary standards as well as the direction and outlook for further improvement of the standards are reviewed.

In the paper we report on laser surface modification of super hard micrometer-thick tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) films in the regime of single-shot irradiation with KrF laser pulses (wavelength 248nm, pulse duration 20ns), aimed at investigations of the laser-induced changes of the structure and surface properties of the ta-C films during graphitization and developing ablation processes. Based on the analysis of surface relief changes in the laser-irradiated spots, characteristics of the single-shot graphitization and ablation of the 2-μm-thick ta-C film are determined. Using Raman spectroscopy, it is found that during the graphitization regime the structure transformation and growth of graphitic clusters occur according to the relationship I(D)/I(G)∝La2, but after reaching the ablation threshold the Tuinstra-Koenig relationship I(D)/I(G)∝1/La describes further growth of the graphitic cluster size (La) during developing ablation of the ta-C film with nanosecond pulses. The maximal size of graphitized clusters is estimated as La=4–5nm. The studies of nanomechanical properties of laser-patterned ta-C films using the lateral force microscopy and force modulation microscopy have evidenced lower friction forces (between diamond-coated tips and film surface) and lower stiffness in the laser-graphitized areas. The laser-produced graphitic layer acts as a solid lubricant during sliding of the diamond-coated tips on the ta-C film surface in ambient air (~50% RH); the lubricating role of adsorbed water layers is suggested to be significant at low loads on the tips. The results of this work demonstrate that the UV laser surface texturing in the regime of graphitization is a promising technique to control the friction and surface elasticity of super hard amorphous carbon films on the micro and nanoscale.

To study the role of laser surface graphitization in the friction behavior of laser-patterned diamond-like carbon (DLC) films, we apply the scanning probe microscopy (SPM) in the lateral force mode (LFM) which allows to obtain simultaneously the lateral force and topography images and to determine local friction levels in laser-irradiated and original surface areas. Based on this approach in the paper, we report on (1) laser surface microstructuring of hydrogenated a-C:H and hydrogen-free ta-C films in the regime of surface graphitization using UV laser pulses of 20-ns duration and (2) correlation between the structure and friction properties of the laser-patterned DLC surface on micro/nanoscale using SPM/LFM technique. The SPM/LFM data obtained for the surface relief gratings of graphitized microstructures have evidenced lower friction forces in the laser-graphitized regions. For the hydrogenated DLC films, the reversible frictional behavior of the laser-graphitized micropatterns is found to take place during LFM imaging at different temperatures (20 and 120 °C) in ambient air. It is revealed that the lateral force distribution in the laser-graphitized areas is shifted to higher friction levels (relative to that of the unirradiated surface) at temperature 120 °C and returned back to the lower friction during the sample cooling to 20 °C, thus confirming an influence of adsorbed water layers on the nanofriction properties of laser-graphitized micropatterns on the film surface.

Algorithm of solving a direct problem of acousto-optic interaction between laser emission and acoustic signal consisting of a set of equidistant frequency components is proposed. An infinite system of coupled wave differential equations is reduced to eigenvalue problem. The contribution of the higher rediffraction orders is analyzed separately. Inverse problem of finding an optimal set of equidistant frequency components of a driving acoustic signal to form the objective diffraction pattern is also considered and a few optimization approaches are analyzed. A naive heuristic method of splitting 2D pattern into subframes, each suitable for simultaneous projection by two acousto-optical deflectors driven by multifrequency composite signal, is developed.

A nonvolatile memory cell prototype based on the effect of resistive switching in thin Hf x Al1 − x O y oxide films grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) with a Al depth-graded profile has been developed. This prototype imitates the arrangement of memory cells between the metallization layers of integral circuits. The obtained results are much superior to the parameters of conventional flash memory cells in increasing the reset speed and decreasing the reset voltage.

Разработан прототип ячеек энергонезависимой памяти на эффекте резистивного переключения в оксидных пленках HfxAl1 - xOy с переменным (по глубине) содержанием Al, выращенных методом атомно-слоевого осаждения. Данный прототип моделирует размещение ячеек памяти между слоями металлизации интегральных схем. В части повышения скорости перезаписи и снижения напряжения перезаписи полученные результаты существенно превосходят параметры традиционной флэш-памяти.

Polarized negative muons were used to study the behaviour of the boron acceptor centre in synthetic diamond produced by the chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method.The negative muon substitutes one of the electrons in a carbon atom, and this muonic atom imitates the boron acceptor impurity in diamond.The temperature dependence of the muon spin relaxation rate and spin precession frequency were measured in the range of 20 -330 K in a transverse magnetic field of 14 kOe.For the first time a negative shift of the muon spin precession was observed in diamond.It is tentatively attributed to an anisotropic hyperfine interaction in the boron acceptor.The magnetic measurements showed that the magnetic susceptibility of the CVD sample was close to that of the purest natural diamond.

An ellipsometric technique is proposed for estimating the thickness uniformity of thin film coatings in the range of 5–150 nm.

Electroresistance in ferroelectric tunnel junctions is controlled by changes in the electrostatic potential profile across the junction upon polarization reversal of the ultrathin ferroelectric barrier layer. Here, hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy is used to reconstruct the electric potential barrier profile in as-grown Cr/BaTiO3(001)/Pt(001) heterostructures. Transport properties of Cr/BaTiO3/Pt junctions with a sub-μm Cr top electrode are interpreted in terms of tunneling electroresistance with resistance changes of a factor of ∼30 upon polarization reversal. By fitting the I-V characteristics with the model employing an experimentally determined electric potential barrier we derive the step height changes at the BaTiO3/Pt (Cr/BaTiO3) interface +0.42(−0.03) eV following downward to upward polarization reversal.

In this letter, we report on a particularly strong optical nonlinearity at the nanometer scale in aluminum. A strong optical nonlinearity of the third order was demonstrated on a single nanoslit. Single nanoslits of different aspect ratio were excited by a laser pulse (120 fs) at the wavelength 1.5 mu m, leading predominantly to third-harmonic generation (THG). It has been shown that strong surface plasmon resonance in a nanoslit allows the realization of an effective nanolocalized source of third-harmonic radiation. We show also that a nanoslit in a metal film has a significant advantage in nonlinear processes over its Babinet complementary nanostructure (nanorod): the effective abstraction of heat in a film with a slit makes it possible to use much higher laser radiation intensities.

The development of the reference samples SPAM-20 and SPAM-100 for the spatial characteristics of nanostructures, based on periodic multilayer Al2O3/TiO2 coatings and intended for monitoring measurement accuracy and certification of x-ray reflectometry measurement techniques, is discussed. The metrological characteristics of these standard samples are examined.

Behavior of the muonium in two polycrystalline CVD diamond samples and in the sample composed of few single-crystal synthetic diamonds was studied by transverse-field μSR measurement. The hyperfine interaction constants for muonium in the synthetic samples are in agreement with those in natural diamond. The relaxation rate of muon spin and the amount of the MuT fraction in the synthetic samples are close to those observed in IIa- and IIb-type single-crystal natural diamonds.

Certified reference materials of the thickness of bilayers of Langmuir–Blodgett lead stearate PbSt 2 films on a quartz substrate and methods of calibration of small-angle x-ray diffractors with the use of the films are developed.

Possible spatial localisation of femtosecond laser radia- tion to the size on the order of 50 nm is studied. An approach to femtosecond laser radiation localisation in the nanometre scale is based on the use of nonlinear processes in metal nanostructures. It is shown that the extremely high third-order optical susceptibility of metal nanostructures and strong plasmon resonances give a pos- sibility to realise an efficient nanolocalised source of radiation at the third harmonic frequency and a wideband femtosecond radiation based on metal photoluminescence.

The paper ports on the study of photoluminescence and nonlinear optical processes from a nanoobject in the shape of a single nanohole and nanoslit. It has been shown that a strong surface plasmon resonance in the nanoopenings allows to realize: (1) an extremely broad photoluminescence band with a considerable quantum yield and (2) an effective generation of harmonics radiation. The combination of these two physical effects and using a microcavity based on a photonic crystal opens up the possibility of constructing of a nano spatially and femto temporally broadband and wavelength tunable light source.

The nonlinearity of capacitive sensors along the Z-axis of an atomic force microscope is investigated using test structures containing relief elements of height 300–1200 nm. The dependence of the results of height measurements on the value of the displacement of the tubular piezoelectric scanner over a range of 10–90% of the maximum possible value is established. It is shown that the nonlinearity of displacement and direction capacitive sensors, perpendicular to the surface being investigated, is 1.5–3%.