慕课（MOOCs）作为一种新兴的网络教学模式，自创建以来受到普遍认可和青睐，被认为是教育领域的重大创新。 草业科学专业实验教学是培养学生操作技能、实践能力、创新意识和科学素养的重要途径，是高校人才培养中的必 备环节。本文以现阶段草业科学专业实验教学中存在的问题为切入点，简要分析将慕课这一教育理念应用于实验教 学中的必要性，为加强高校草业科学专业实验教学改革提供一定指导。

蛋白质在植物细胞内的定位是了解蛋白质功能、 基因调控和蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用的关键.近年来随着各种蛋白质亚细胞定位方法的快速发展和技术的不断提升,蛋白质亚细胞定位实现了高通量、活体动态研究.本文总结了植物蛋白质亚细胞定位的常用技术,以及常用细胞器特异性标记的研究进展,并对此领域研究的发展前景做出了展望.

土壤是植物定居的场所,也是植物-微生物互作的重要界面。古菌是土壤微生物重要组份,在碳、氮、硫、铁等元素的生物地球化学循环和植物的生长发育、适应生境中发挥重要作用。植物定居对土壤古菌群落的影响研究鲜有开展,孑遗植物在研究植物-微生物-环境互作中具有独特的优势。采用扩增子高通量测序技术,研究以荒漠孑遗植物四合木为建群种或优势种的四合木-红砂-珍珠-针茅群落、四合木-针茅群落和四合木群落等三种荒漠植物群落类型中,四合木根区土壤和光板地土体土壤古菌群落特征,揭示四合木定居对土壤古菌物种数量、多样性、群落组成及功能的影响。结果表明,荒漠孑遗植物四合木定居不仅增加了根区土壤古菌的物种数量,提高了根区土壤古菌群落多样性,而且改变了土壤古菌群落组成,减少了奇古菌门Nitrososphaeraceae科未分类的属氨氧化古菌（unclassified f N itrososphaeraceae）和暂定Nitrososphaera属氨氧化古菌（Candidatus Nitrososphaera）相对丰度,增加了Nitrososphaeraceae科暂定Nitrocosmicus属氨氧化古菌（Candidatus Nitrocosmicus）和广古菌门海洋古菌类群Ⅱ中未分类的属（norank o M arine G roup I I）相对丰度,广古菌门热原体纲未分类的属（unclassified c < sub>Thermoplasmata）相对丰度变化显著。植物群落演替对四合木根区土壤和光板地土体土壤古菌群落均无显著影响。Nitrososphaeraceae科氨氧化古菌是三种不同荒漠植物群落类型中土壤古菌的核心微生物组。四合木定居也显著改变土壤古菌群落的功能,减弱了高丰度功能,增强了低丰度功能,对有氧呼吸、核苷酸合成、氨基酸合成等途径影响显著。荒漠孑遗植物四合木定居改变了土壤古菌群落物种数量、多样性、组成、功能等特征。

Buckwheat is native to China.The cultivated species,Common buckwheat and Tartary buckwheat, are distributed widely throughout the globe,whereas the southwest of China has an abundance of wild buck-wheat species.Buckwheat has good nutritional qualities,containing not only protein,fiber,and carbohydrates, but also rutin and other antioxidant substances.The crop is highly resistant to disease,pests,and barren,with high adaptability and a short growth period;some of the wild species are especially rich in leaves and are easily recovered after clipping.Buckwheat has emerged as a forage with great potential,but its value as a food source and prospects for development are currently underexplored.In this paper,we have introduced the history and current status buckwheat forage,reviewed the applications of buckwheat in pigs,ruminants,and poultry,dis-cussed the problems of buckwheat forage,and evaluated future research prospects.

Buckwheat is a traditional edible and medical plant, with substantial forage value.A variety of types of cultivated buckwheat has formed through cultivation and evolution.Currently, the germplasm resources of buckwheat are considerably rich in south-western China, and have attracted worldwide attention.In this paper, the types of buckwheat germplasm resources, and their distribution, the species and the scopes of cultivated buckwheat, and utilization value of them were summarized, with emphatically analyzed the advantages of buckwheat as a forage grass, especially the Fagopyrum cymosum, innutrition, yield, palatability and environmental friendliness, revealing the application value and the development potential of buckwheatas a forage grass.We also comprehensively discussed the problems facing the buckwheat research field in China, pointing out that the focus of the buckwheat research work should be on the excavation of wild buckwheat resources and the exploitation of buckwheat as a forage grass.

Dehydration responsive element binding (DREB) transcription factors (TFs) play a key role in regulating abiotic stress related genes. A new gene (PeDREB2b) encoding an unidentified DRE-binding protein was isolated from 20% PEG6000 treated Populus euphratica Oliv. seedlings by RT-PCR and RACE. Full length of PeDREB2b cDNA was 1110 bp, and an ORF of 870 bp, which encoded 289-amino-acids polypeptide, were included. The deduced amino acid sequence analysis revealed that this protein was a putative AP2/EREBP transcription factor with a conserved AP2/EREBP domain of 64 amino acids and a potential nuclear localization signal (NLS). Based on phylogenetic characterization, PeDREB2b was classified as a member of A-5 group belonged to the DREB family. The PeDREB2b gene is induced by salinization, low temperature, drought and phytohormones GA3, NAA and 6BA, but not by ABA treatment. The fact that the product of PeDREB2b as a DREB transcription factor was verified in our further experiment: the nuclear localization of the gene when it was expressed transiently as a GFP fusion in onion epidermal cells. In addition, PeDREB2b was capable of activating reporter gene expression. To study the salt and drought stress responses for PeDREB2b transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana in detail integrated physiological, biochemical and genetic approach methods were used. Results indicated that the PeDREB2b gene was over-expressed under stress-inducible rd29A promotor in transgenic plants alleviates the adverse effects of environmental stresses.

Tissue-specific promoters can regulate excellent gene expression in certain organs or tissues,with some structural elements relevant to gene-specific expression.Many researches indicated that tissuespecific promoters play critical roles in regulating plant growth and development processes and improving plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.In the present paper,the latest research advances on structural features and regulating functions of tissue-specific promoters were reviewed and the research direction regarding tissue-specific promoters were also prospected.

The stomata characteristics of different Zygophyllum xanthoxylum lines including wild type( WT) and ZxNHX-silenced lines( L2 and L7) using post-transcriptional gene silencing were analyzed. Under 50 mmol·L-1Na Cl treatment,4 more hours was required for stomatal aperture of Zx NHX-silenced lines reached to peak value compared with WT. Under-0. 5 MPa osmotic stress treatment,the peak value of stomatal aperture in L7 lines significantly decreased by 12% compared with that of WT. Under control conditions,the stomatal size of L7 lines significantly reduced and 6 more hours was required for stomatal aperture reached to peak value compared with WT. Leaf tissue water contents in Zx NHX-silenced lines were always significantly lower than that in WT under all the treatments,especially under 50 mmol·L-1Na Cl treatment,leaf tissue water content of L7 lines was 40% less than that of WT. These results suggested Zx NHX regulated stomatal activities by controlling leaf water status of Z. xanthoxylum.

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC)transporters are members of a protein superfamily that constitutes one of the largest protein families known in plants.The ABC subfamily G (ABCG)consists of a single ABC cassette in the amino terminal.ABCG includes both the half-size molecular transporter white-brown complex (WBC)and the full-size molecular transporter pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR).ABCG is made up of a wide variety of substances (including antibiotics,phytohormones,lignin monolignols,lipids and secondary metabo-lites)that are involved in many kinds of metabolic processes during the plant life cycle.This paper reviews re-cent advances in studies of the molecular structure and function of ABCG transporters.Research hotspots and future directions are also considered.

According to the investigation of Gansu provincial conditions,this paper points out that agricultural structure is not matching the resource distribution in Gansu and the key problem is the high proportion of planting industry and ignorance of herbivorous animal husbandry.From the analysis of two representative cases of grassland farming operation,it is necessary to adopt an innovated thinking of food security and realize the transform of the actual agricultural structure from grain economy to pastoral economy by development of grassland farming.It is suggested to establish three production bases in Gansu Province: 1) giant animal husbandry base in Loess plateau area;2) coupled system base of mountain,oasis,and desert around Zhangye;3) coupled grassland animal husbandry base in the farming and pasture area of Gannan and Linxia.

Trifolium is an important forage that is widely cultivated in the world,and is characterized by its dietary rich nutrition and excellent quality.Genetic transformation has launched a new era in Trifolium breeding and germplasm creativity.This paper reviews recent progress in quality-improvement,promoting resistance to viruses,fungi,insects,and stress and in work on genetic transformation of Trifolium problems and prospects for application of genetic engineering in Trifolium are discussed.

A full-length cDNA encoding the light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein was cloned firstly by RT-PCR and RACE-PCR from Populus euphratica,designated PeCab(GenBank accession number: EU078170).Sequence analysis showed that the length of PeCab is 992 bp,including a complete open reading frame of 792 bp,encoding a protein of 263 amino acids.It belonged to typeⅠof PSⅡ.PeCab displayed high sequence identity with previously cloned Cab family genes of plant and was clustered close to Cab family genes of dicotyledon plants.Semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that PeCab was greatly induced by light and was responded to 6-BA、GA3 and NAA.The expression of PeCab did not change at transcriptional stage under darkness and ABA solution treatment.The research is not only to enrich the gene resource of Cab gene family,but also to establish the foundation for discovering the mechanism of light and various conditional adaption of Populus euphratica.

干旱、盐渍和低温等渗透胁迫因素是导致植物生长缓慢、农作物减产的主要非生物胁迫因素.在轻度渗透胁迫环境下,农作物主要通过合成渗透调节物质来抵御干旱、盐渍等.脯氨酸是农作物体内分布最广的渗透调节物质之一,二氢吡咯-5羧酸合成酶(△1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate syntherase,P5CS)是植物体内合成脯氨酸的关键酶.为此,综述了渗透调节在农作物抗渗透胁迫中的作用,脯氨酸的生物合成,P5CS在植物脯氨酸合成中的作用及其转基因工程的研究进展.