本文在等氮条件下研究4种不同有机肥配施化肥对青萝卜生长的影响,试验结果表明,相同氮素投加量的猪粪商品有机肥、 易腐垃圾有机肥和菌渣有机肥配施处理产量都超过了单施化肥处理,猪粪商品有机肥处理下每667 m2青萝卜产量为2959.83 kg,比单施化肥处理增产718.50 kg,比空白对照增产1882.26 kg,萝卜种植推荐猪粪商品有机肥844 kg,复合肥30 kg,硫酸钾4.16 kg;易腐垃圾有机肥处理下每667 m2青萝卜产量为2788.02 kg,比单施化肥处理增产546.69 kg,比对照增产1710.45 kg,推荐用量为每667 m2施用易腐垃圾有机肥600 kg,复合肥30 kg,硫酸钾7.42 kg,为蔬菜产业可持续发展提供借鉴.

本研究针对城市易腐餐前垃圾和餐后垃圾加工成的有机肥进行萝卜种植试验,研究等氮条件下不同易腐垃圾有机肥和化肥配施对萝卜的施用效果.试验结果表明,相同氮素投加量的餐前垃圾有机肥处理比纯化肥处理萝卜产量增加22.96％,亩增产445.47 kg;比空白处理增加138.72％,比餐后垃圾有机肥处理每亩增产581.10 kg,增产率为27.74％.餐前垃圾有机肥比餐后垃圾有机肥更能提高萝卜的产量,而餐后垃圾有机肥与纯化肥处理的萝卜产量并无显著差异,表明易腐垃圾有机肥是化肥减施和有机替代的优质肥料,可大力推广应用.

为减少环境污染,改善土壤的生态环境,进行有机肥替代化肥的田间试验,研究等氮条件下不同生物肥料和化肥配施对鲜食大豆的效果.结果表明,城市生活易腐垃圾有机肥和菌渣有机肥在株高、植物生物量和产量等方面表现较好,易腐垃圾有机肥比空白对照产量增加174.8％,比单施化肥处理增产30.5％;菌渣有机肥比空白对照增产139.0％,比单施化肥的处理增产13.5％.

甘薯具有鲜食、 菜用、 观赏等多种类型,其块根与茎叶味道鲜美、 营养全面,主要分布在北纬40°以南的热带和亚热带地区.甘薯属于呼吸跃变型,甘薯块根呼吸旺盛、组织柔嫩含水量高,在采收和运输过程中容易造成机械损伤,增加病菌侵染的机会.同时,甘薯在采后贮藏过程中极易腐烂、缩水、霉变和发芽,造成品质下降,严重影响甘薯经济价值.本文简述了甘薯采后生理病害、微生物病害以及块根萌芽等对甘薯块根耐贮性的影响,总结了甘薯块根贮藏保鲜、抑芽技术在国内外研究现状,包括物理、化学、生物贮藏与保鲜技术等方面的研究情况,以期为甘薯贮藏保鲜及加工产业的发展提供参考和指导.

Small fructans improve plant tolerance for cold stress. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we have demonstrated that the small fructan tetrasaccharide nystose improves the cold stress tolerance of primary rice roots. Roots developed from seeds soaked in nystose showed lower browning rate, higher root activity, and faster growth compared to seeds soaked in water under chilling stress. Comparative proteomics analysis of nystose-treated and control roots identified a total of 497 differentially expressed proteins. GO classification and KEGG pathway analysis documented that some of the upregulated differentially expressed proteins were implicated in the regulation of serine/threonine protein phosphatase activity, abscisic acid-activated signaling, removal of superoxide radicals, and the response to oxidative stress and defense responses. Western blot analysis indicated that nystose promotes the growth of primary rice roots by increasing the level of RSOsPR10, and the cold stress-induced change in RSOsPR10levelis regulated by jasmonate, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid signaling pathways in rice roots. Furthermore, OsMKK4-dependentmitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades may be involved in the nystose-induced cold tolerance of primary rice roots. Together, these results indicate that nystose acts as an immunostimulator of the response to cold stress by multiple signaling pathways.

Ethanol-soluble proteins, including prolamins, are one of the most important seed proteins in rice (Oryza sativa L.). However, little is known about the proteomic profile of ethanol-soluble protein fraction extracted from rice grain. In this work, the differential profile of ethanol-soluble proteins extracted by 2-chloroethanol and ethanol has been documented. Proteome analysis utilizing LC-MS/MS identified a total of 64 unique proteins in the 2-chloroethanol extract of rice seeds. The majority of these proteins had low molecular weight ranging from 10 to 25 kD and isoelectric point (pI) in mid-acidic (pH 5-pH 7) and mid-basic (pH 7-pH 9) ranges. Database searches combined with transmembrane domain (TMD) analysis revealed that >70% of identified proteins were hydrophobic, i.e., had at least one TMD. Gene ontology classification and enrichment analysis showed that the identified proteins were involved in13 types of biological processes, 5 types of cell components, and 17 types of molecular functions. These results were significant based on the hyper p-value of <0.05. The most frequent categories of biological processes, cell components, and molecular functions were, respectively, type I hypersensitivity, extracellular space and extracellular region, and serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity. Interestingly, in addition to seed storage proteins such as prolamins and glutelins, certain allergen proteins, protease inhibitors, and lipid transfer proteins were identified in the extracts. Together, the collected data provide novel insights into the protein profile of 2-chloroethanol extract of rice seeds.

为研究常见绿化植物吸附大气颗粒物的能力,在南京市城区 、城郊区和远郊区选择红叶石楠(Photinia serrulata)、海桐(Pittosporum tobira)、桂花(Osmanthus fragrans)和二球悬铃木(Platanus orientalis)进行研究,测定4种植物叶片吸附大气中不同粒径颗粒物的质量及数量特征.结果表明:植物叶片对不同颗粒物的吸附量存在显著的区域差异和种间差异,区域差异表现为城区>城郊区>远郊区;种间差异表现为二球悬铃木吸附能力最强,红叶石楠和海桐吸附能力相近,桂花吸附能力最弱.植物叶片对不同粒径颗粒物吸附特征为大颗粒物(粒径>10.0μm)质量分数最大,细颗粒物(0.2μm<粒径 ≤2.5μm)在数量上占一定优势.植物叶片上下表面微结构分析表明,植物叶片上表面吸附颗粒物的能力明显强于下表面,细颗粒物或更小粒径颗粒物主要被吸附在绒毛和深浅不一的沟槽处.

Field co-infection of multiple viruses results in considerable losses in the yield and quality of storage roots in sweet potato. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying developmental disorders of sweet potato subjected to co-infection by multiple viruses. Here, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed to reveal the transcriptional alterations in sweet potato plants infected (VCSP) and non-infected (VFSP) by Sweet potato mild mottle virus (SPFMV), Sweet potato virus Y (SPV2) and Sweet potato virus G (SPVG). A total of 1580 and 12,566 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in leaves and storage roots of VFSP and VCSP plants, respectively. In leaves, 707 upregulated and 773 downregulated genes were identified, whereas 5653 upregulated and 6913 downregulated genes were identified in storage roots. Gene Ontology (GO) classification and pathway enrichment analysis showed that the expression of genes involved in chloroplast and photosynthesis and brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis in leaves and the vitamin biosynthetic process in storage roots was inhibited by co-infection of three viruses: SPFMV, SPV2, and SPVG. This was likely closely related to better photosynthesis and higher contents of Vitamin C (Vc) in storage roots of VFSP than that of VCSP. While some genes involved in ribosome and secondary metabolite-related pathways in leaves and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism in storage roots displayed higher expression in VCSP than in VFSP. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression patterns of 26 DEGs, including 16 upregulated genes and 10 downregulated genes were consistent with the RNA-seq data from VFSP and VCSP. Taken together, this study integrates the results of morphology, physiology, and comparative transcriptome analyses in leaves and storage roots of VCSP and VFSP to reveal transcriptional alterations in growth- and development-related genes, providing new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying developmental disorders of sweet potato subjected to co-infection by multiple viruses.

为评价免疫诱抗剂保康灵1号 (BKL1) 及其组分诱导水稻、葡萄等作物抗病性效果, 以水稻品种中浙优1号和葡萄品种甬优1号为试材, 分别测定了水稻稻瘟病、白叶枯病和葡萄霜霉病的发病率、病情指数、防效等指标.结果表明, 与清水对照相比, BKL1及其组分BKL1-Ⅰ和BKL1-Ⅱ处理均能够明显降低水稻稻瘟病、白叶枯病和葡萄霜霉病的发病率和病情指数, 且BKL1防效最高, BKL1-Ⅱ次之, BKL1-Ⅰ最低.相对化学农药(CF) 防效而言, 免疫诱抗剂BKL1最高, BKL1-Ⅱ次之, BKL1-Ⅰ最低. BKL1对水稻稻瘟病和白叶枯病的相对防效均达80%以上, 对葡萄霜霉病的防效为71.2%.结果表明, 免疫诱抗剂BKL1优于其单一组分BKL1-Ⅰ和BKL1-Ⅱ, 说明两组分复合存在协同效应.

The plant hormone auxin plays a crucial role in lateral root development. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying lateral root formation, an auxin-responsive gene OsCYP2 (Os02g0121300) was characterized from rice. Compared to the wild type, OsCYP2-RNAi (RNA interference) lines exhibited distinctive defects in lateral root development. Yeast two-hybrid and glutathione S-transferase pull-down results confirmed that OsCYP2 interacted with a C2HC-type zinc finger protein (OsZFP, Os01g0252900) which is located in the rice nucleus. T2 OsZFP-RNAi lines had significantly fewer lateral roots than did wild-type plants, which suggests a role for OsCYP2 and OsZFP in regulating lateral root development. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that the expression of certain Aux/IAA (auxin/indole-3-acetic acid) genes was altered in OsCYP2- and OsZFP-RNAi lines in response to IAA. These findings imply that OsCYP2 and OsZFP participate in IAA signal pathways controlling lateral root development. More importantly, OsIAA11 showed functional redundancy not only in OsCYP2-RNAi lines but also in OsZFP-RNAi lines, which provides important clues for the elucidation of mechanisms controlling lateral root development in response to auxin.

通过田间试验,研究不同施肥处理对甘薯产量及收获后土壤养分的影响.结果表明,与单施化肥相比,有机无机配施处理的产量显著提高,并显著提高了土壤有机质含量,而单施化肥处理土壤的碱解氮、 有效磷和速效钾含量显著高于有机无机配施.

Despite the heat-related physiology and heat-shock proteins in maize have been extensively studied, little is known about the transcriptome profiling of how the maize varieties with different genotypes responding to high temperatures. Seedling mortality of Xiantian 5 (XT) is significantly lower than that of Zhefengtian (ZF) when exposed to high temperature (42 °C for 6 h) and followed by a recovery growth (25 °C for one week). Therefore, we performed a transcriptome analysis using the total RNA extracted from the leaves of XT and ZF that were previously subjected to heat stress at 42 °C for 0 h, 0.5 h, and 3 h, respectively.

BACKGROUND:Polyploidy has pivotal influences on rice (Oryza sativa L.) morphology and physiology, and is very important for understanding rice domestication and improving agricultural traits. Diploid (DP) and triploid (TP) rice shows differences in morphological parameters, such as plant height, leaf length, leaf width and the physiological index of chlorophyll content. However, the underlying mechanisms determining these morphological differences are remain to be defined. To better understand the proteomic changes between DP and TP, tandem mass tags (TMT) mass spectrometry (MS)/MS was used to detect the significant changes to protein expression between DP and TP.RESULTS:Results indicated that both photosynthesis and metabolic pathways were highly significantly associated with proteomic alteration between DP and TP based on biological process and pathway enrichment analysis, and 13 higher abundance chloroplast proteins involving in these two pathways were identified in TP. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that 5 of the 13 chloroplast proteins ATPF, PSAA, PSAB, PSBB and RBL in TP were higher abundance compared with those in DP.CONCLUSIONS:This study integrates morphology, physiology and proteomic profiling alteration of DP and TP to address their underlying different molecular mechanisms. Our finding revealed that ATPF, PSAA, PSAB, PSBB and RBL can induce considerable expression changes in TP and may affect the development and growth of rice through photosynthesis and metabolic pathways.

针对浙江省设施栽培‘红颊’草莓出现的花而不实问题，研究不同种苗来源和育苗期药剂处理对草莓花粉活力和产量的影响。结果表明：育苗期喷施200mg／L多效唑，在草莓苗定植成活率、花序数、产量、大果率和花粉活力表现上，效果好于喷施300mg／L多效唑，与对照相比，除了大果率其他指标都有所降低；在2个浓度多效唑处理15d后加施20mg／L赤霉素，各项指标均明显提升，尤其200mg／L多效唑加20mg／L赤霉素处理后，成活率和大果率显著提高；83mg,／L烯唑醇无论加施20mg／L赤霉素与否，都不利于草莓的开花结果。丛生苗和疑似小叶苗花粉活力非常低，畸形率极高，几乎没有商品果，这可能是‘红颊’草莓花而不实现象的主要因素。建议在育苗后期采用200mg／L多效唑加20mg／L赤霉素控苗，组培苗圃发现丛生苗、田间发现小叶苗及疑似小叶苗及时拔除。

During their growth and development, plants are vulnerable to the effects of a variety of pathogens. Proteomics technology plays an important role in research studies of plant defense mechanisms by mining the expression changes of proteins in response to various biotic stresses. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in international proteomic research on plant biotic stress. It summarizes the methods commonly used in plant proteomic research to investigate biotic stress, analyze the protein responses of plants in adverse conditions, and reviews the applications of proteomics combined with transgenic technology in plant protection.

为了鉴定草莓抗氧化物质含量和抗氧化能力,筛选具有较高营养价值的草莓遗传资源,以森林草莓和10个栽培草莓品种为试材,测定抗氧化物质,如总多酚、类黄酮、花青素、维生素C含量;采用2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐自由基(ABTS)清除法、铁离子还原能力(FRAP)测评了不同试材的体外抗氧化能力.结果表明,森林草莓抗氧化物质含量和抗氧化能力要远高于测试的栽培草莓;在10个栽培品种中,哈尼和凤冠的营养品质表现较好;总多酚含量与抗氧化能力呈显著正相关关系.主成分分析表明总多酚是草莓抗氧化能力的重要物质基础,即花青素与维生素C也是草莓抗氧化能力的主要组成参数.遗传背景对于草莓的抗氧化物质和抗氧化能力起重要作用;森林草莓的抗氧化能力高于测试的栽培品种,具有进一步开发和综合利用潜力.

Rice hull, the outer cover of the rice grain, determines grain shape and size. Changes in the rice hull proteome in different growth stages may reflect the underlying mechanisms involved in grain development. To better understand these changes, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitative (iTRAQ) MS/MS was used to detect statistically significant changes in the rice hull proteome in the booting, flowering, and milk-ripe growth stages. Differentially expressed proteins were analyzed to predict their potential functions during development. Gene ontology (GO) terms and pathways were used to evaluate the biological mechanisms involved in rice hull at the three growth stages. In total, 5,268 proteins were detected and characterized, of which 563 were differentially expressed across the development stages. The results showed that the flowering and milk-ripe stage proteomes were more similar to each other (r=0.61) than either was to the booting stage proteome. A GO enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed proteins was used to predict their roles during rice hull development. The potential functions of 25 significantly differentially expressed proteins were used to evaluate their possible roles at various growth stages. Among these proteins, an unannotated protein (Q7X8A1) was found to be overexpressed especially in the flowering stage, while a putative uncharacterized protein (B8BF94) and an aldehyde dehydrogenase (Q9FPK6) were overexpressed only in the milk-ripe stage. Pathways regulated by differentially expressed proteins were also analyzed. Magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester [oxidative] cyclase (Q9SDJ2), and two magnesium-chelatase subunits, ChlD (Q6ATS0), and ChlI (Q53RM0), were associated with chlorophyll biosynthesis at different developmental stages. The expression of Q9SDJ2 in the flowering and milk-ripe stages was validated by qRT-PCR. The 25 candidate proteins may be pivotal markers for controlling rice hull development at various growth stages and chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway related proteins, especially magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester [oxidative] cyclase (Q9SDJ2), may provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of rice hull development and chlorophyll associated regulation.

在夏季高温条件下,对4个草莓品种幼苗进行大田喷施油菜素内酯,研究其对草莓育苗素质及耐逆性的影响.结果表明,油菜素内酯提高了章姬草莓苗素质,表现出高繁殖系数和根系活力,而其余品种未见明显变化.油菜素内酯能够显著降低红颊和章姬品种叶片细胞质膜透性和MDA含量,提高其抗逆能力,而其余品种未见明显变化.油菜素内酯提高了红颊和章姬草莓的APX活性,但也明显降低了红颊、丰香和甜查理草莓的CAT活性.因此,油菜素内酯可以提高抗逆性较差草莓品种章姬和红颊草莓苗的耐逆性.

Strawberry nucleus suspension of high purity was essential in order to improve the accuracy of flow cytometry,to obtain reliable testing data with a small coefficient of variation( CV value) and to provide technical support for the strawberry ploidy breeding. Objective to find the optimal preparation method of strawberry nucleus suspension,polidy determinations of diploid Chuanjiu No. 1 and octoploid Hongjia strawberries were conducted with flow cytometry using different filtration methods and OTTO extraction buffers. The results showed that the optimized filtration method was the two-step filtration method( 70 μm and 40 μm apertures). OTTO Ⅰ [100 mmol·L- 1citric acid,0. 5%( V / V) Tween20 and 2%( V / V) PVP,p H 2 ~ 3] and OTTO Ⅱ( 400 mmol·L- 1Na2HPO4·12 H2 O,p H 8~ 9) were found to be the optimal extraction buffers. Strawberry nucleus suspension prepared by the optimal method was analyzed by flow cytometry,and it showed a narrow,focused histogram with a small CV value of 5. 43%.