Aquaporins (AQPs) facilitate transmembrane water transport and play a crucial role in plant adaptation to diverse abiotic stress conditions. Plasma membrane Intrinsic Proteins (PIPs) are a crucial subgroup of aquaporins that facilitate water transport across plant cell membrane. However, the role of PIPs under salt stress responses in cotton remains partially unexplored. In this study, we found that the expression level of the aquaporin gene GhPIP2;1 was significantly upregulated under salt stress at three-leaf stage in upland cotton. The overexpression of GhPIP2;1 in Arabidopsis thaliana and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in upland cotton evidenced that GhPIP2;1 positively regulate salt tolerance function. Biochemical analysis including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) content measurements indicated that GhPIP2;1 could enhance stress tolerance by regulating the reactive oxygen species (ROS). The Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and dual luciferase reporter assay confirmed that GhNAC072 specifically binds to the promoter region of GhPIP2;1 and enhance the expression of GhPIP2;1. Phenotypic observations and physiological measurements of GhNAC072 overexpressed Arabidopsis and silenced cotton plants demonstrated that GhNAC072 positively responds to salt stress. The expression level of GhPIP2;1 was significantly decreased in GhNAC072-silenced plants, indicating that GhNAC072 enhances salt tolerance by regulating GhPIP2;1 expression. In summary, this study systematically confirmed that GhPIP2;1 may involve in salt tolerance mechanism in cotton and its expression is regulated by GhNAC072. These results will provide gene resources for salt tolerance and enrich the knowledge on the mechanism of salt tolerance in cotton.

The frequency of drought is expected to rise in many parts of the world with increasing climate change. Despite being an economically valuable plant species, the molecular mechanisms regulating the responses of peach (Prunus davidiana) to drought stress and the functional genes conferring drought resistance are currently unknown. In this study, we investigated the phenotypic and physiological responses of peach seedlings to experimental conditions that included a control, a period of drought stress, and a rehydration period. We performed transcriptome sequencing and investigated differences in the transcriptome of peach seedlings exposed to different treatments. We also analyzed the functions and regulatory pathways of differentially expressed genes using GO and KEGG enrichment. The results showed that severe drought stress occurred in the peach seedlings on the sixth day of drought, and that the physiological responses of peach seedlings experiencing drought stress were significantly different from those in control conditions. We found 21348 differentially expressed genes in peach seedlings under drought stress, of which 10105 were up-regulated and 11243 were down-regulated in comparison with peach seedlings in control conditions. These differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids, metabolic pathways, antioxidant defense systems and the plant hormone signal transduction system. The results suggest that peach seedlings respond to severe drought stress by initiating antioxidant defense mechanisms to alleviate damages, activating different signal transduction pathways to transmit signals, regulating the synthesis of amino acids, and initiating metabolic mechanisms to enhance osmotic pressure. This study illuminates the mechanisms for drought resistance in peach seedlings at the molecular level. Overall, the findings provide a theoretical basis for the cloning and functional analysis of genes conferring drought resistance, and the cultivation of more drought resistant varieties of peach.

Phloridzin has various functions, including antioxidant properties and the treatment of diabetes, and has long been used in pharmaceutical and physiological research. The glycosylation of phloretin is a key step in the biosynthesis of phloridzin. In this study, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on phloridzin content was applied, and the key gene GhUGT88F3 for phloridzin-specific biosynthesis was identified in cotton. A single-base deletion in GhUGT88F3 in haplotype I caused a frameshift mutation, leading to premature translation termination and a significant reduction in phloridzin content. Molecular docking revealed important amino acid residues for GhUGT88F3's UDP-glucose transfer activity. Additionally, the transcription factor GhMYB330 was found to positively regulate GhUGT88F3 expression through population transcriptome analysis and LUC experiment. Moreover, phloridzin content was significantly elevated in both GhUGT88F3 and GhMYB330 overexpression transgenic plants. This study expands the diversity of UDP-glucosyltransferases in plants and offers a potential strategy for the sustainable production of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential.

Soil salinization conditions seriously restrict cotton yield and quality. Related studies have shown that the DUF4228 proteins are pivotal in plant resistance to abiotic stress. However, there has been no systematic identification and analysis of the DUF4228 gene family in cotton and their role in abiotic stress. In this study, a total of 308 DUF4228 genes were identified in four Gossypium species, which were divided into five subfamilies. Gene structure and protein motifs analysis showed that the GhDUF4228 proteins were conserved in each subfamily. In addition, whole genome duplication (WGD) events and allopolyploidization might play an essential role in the expansion of the DUF4228 genes. Besides, many stress-responsive (MYB, MYC) and hormone-responsive (ABA, MeJA) related cis-elements were detected in the promoters of the DUF4228 genes. The qRT-PCR results showed that GhDUF4228 genes might be involved in the response to abiotic stress. VIGS assays and the measurement of relative water content (RWC), Proline content, POD activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content indicated that GhDUF4228-67 might be a positive regulator of cotton response to salt stress. The results in this study systematically characterized the DUF4228s in Gossypium species and will provide helpful information to further research the role of DUF4228s in salt tolerance.

Abiotic stress, such as drought and salinity stress, seriously inhibit the growth and development of plants. Therefore, it is vital to understand the drought and salinity resistance mechanisms to enable cotton to provide more production under drought and salt conditions. In this study, we identified 8806 and 9108 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) through a comprehensive analysis of transcriptomic data related to the PEG-induced osmotic and salt stress in cotton. By performing weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), we identified four co-expression modules in PEG treatment and five co-expression modules in salinity stress, which included 346 and 324 predicted transcription factors (TFs) in these modules, respectively. Correspondingly, whole genome duplication (WGD) events mainly contribute to the expansion of those TFs. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and gene ontology (GO) analyses revealed those different modules were associated with stress resistance, including regulating macromolecule metabolic process, peptidase activity, transporter activity, lipid metabolic process, and responses to stimulus. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis was used to confirm the expression levels of 15 hub TFs in PEG6000 and salinity treatments. We found that the hub gene GhWRKY46 could alter salt and PEG-induced drought resistance in cotton through the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) method. Our results provide a preliminary framework for further investigation of the cotton response to salt and drought stress, which is significant to breeding salt- and drought-tolerant cotton varieties.

In recent years, soil salinization has become increasingly severe, and the ecological functions of saline-alkali soils have deteriorated because of the lack of plants. Therefore, understanding the tolerance mechanisms of saline-alkali-tolerant plants has become crucial to restore the ecological functions of saline-alkali soils. In this study, we evaluated the molecular mechanism underlying the tolerance of Kosteletzkya pentacarpos L. (seashore mallow) seedlings treated with 0.05 or 0.5% saline-alkali solution (NaCl: NaHCO3 = 4:1 mass ratio) for 1 and 7 days. We identified the key genes involved in tolerance to saline-alkali stress using orthogonal partial least squares regression analysis (OPLS-RA) based on both chlorophyll fluorescence indexes and stress-responsive genes using transcriptome analysis, and, finally, validated their expression using qRT-PCR. We observed minor changes in the maximum photochemical efficiency of the stressed seedlings, whose photosynthetic performance remained stable. Moreover, compared to the control, other indicators varied more evidently on day 7 of 0.5% saline-alkali treatment, but no variations were observed in other treatments. Transcriptome analysis revealed a total of 54,601 full-length sequences, with predominantly downregulated differentially expressed gene (DEG) expression. In the high concentration treatment, the expression of 89.11 and 88.38% of DEGs was downregulated on days 1 and 7, respectively. Furthermore, nine key genes, including KpAGO4, KpLARP1C, and KpPUB33, were involved in negative regulatory pathways, such as siRNA-mediated DNA methylation, inhibition of 5 '-terminal oligopyrimidine mRNA translation, ubiquitin/proteasome degradation, and other pathways, including programmed cell death. Finally, quantitative analysis suggested that the expression of key genes was essentially downregulated. Thus, these genes can be used in plant molecular breeding in the future to generate efficient saline-alkali-tolerant plant germplasm resources to improve the ecological functions of saline-alkali landscapes.

The caleosin (CLO) protein family displays calcium-binding properties and plays an important role in the abiotic stress response. Here, a total of 107 CLO genes were identified in 15 plant species, while no CLO genes were detected in two green algal species. Evolutionary analysis revealed that the CLO gene family may have evolved mainly in terrestrial plants and that biological functional differentiation between species and functional expansion within species have occurred. Of these, 56 CLO genes were identified in four cotton species. Collinearity analysis showed that CLO gene family expansion mainly occurred through segmental duplication and whole-genome duplication in cotton. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that the CLO proteins of the four cotton species were mainly divided into two types: H-caleosins (class I) and L-caleosins (class II). Cis-acting element analysis and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) suggested that GhCLOs might be regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Moreover, transcriptome data and qRT-PCR results revealed that GhCLO genes responded to salt and drought stresses. Under salt stress, gene-silenced plants (TRV: GhCLO06) showed obvious yellowing and wilting, higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content accumulation, and significantly lower activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), indicating that GhCLO06 plays a positive regulatory role in cotton salt tolerance. In gene-silenced plants (TRV: GhCLO06), ABA-related genes (GhABF2, GhABI5, and GhNAC4) were significantly upregulated after salt stress, suggesting that the regulation of salt tolerance may be related to the ABA signaling pathway. This research provides an important reference for further understanding and analyzing the molecular regulatory mechanism of CLOs for salt tolerance.

China has been implementing a brand-new reform in agricultural education and teaching, and the construction of a first-class curriculum is an important guarantee for improving teaching quality and talent training. In line with the survey results of senior students from the field of landscape architecture, 15 frequent elements are selected, namely, teaching team, teaching strategy, teaching method, curriculum ideology and politics, online teaching, offline teaching informatization, teaching material resources, hardware resources, social resources, curriculum structure, teaching process, curriculum organization, applicability, foresight, innovation, and practicality. According to affiliation relationships, they are then classified into five clusters, which are curriculum intelligence support, informatization, resources, normalization, and content. By adopting the analytic network process method and using the super decision software, the hierarchical network model reflecting the dependence and feedback relationship between elements is established. The research results show that, among the five clusters, curriculum content and intelligence support weight relatively are high, which account for 67% of the total weight. The elements of the teaching team, online teaching, teaching material resources, teaching process normalization, and applicability and practicality of curriculum content weigh high, respectively, among the clusters. In the overall ranking of the system weight, the weights of three elements exceed 0.1, namely, the teaching team, content practicability, and teaching process normalization. The weights of the top eight elements account for approximately 85% of the total weight. This study can be used as a reference for the optimal allocation of curriculum construction resources.

Kiwifruit soft rot caused by the fungal pathogen Botryosphaeria dothidea is a serious disease in kiwifruit-growing regions worldwide. In this study, we reported the high-quality genome sequence of the highly virulent B. dothidea strain PTZ1 using PacBio Sequel techniques. In total, 100.87 million clean reads with mean read length of 9,871 bp were obtained. De novo assembly resulted in 28 contigs with a total size of 44.45 Mb. The GC content of the genome was 54.59%. Furthermore, genes related to specific virulence of the strain were identified, including 259 fungal cytochrome P450s, 550 carbohydrate-active enzymes, 860 secretory proteins, and 1,182 pathogen–host interactions related proteins. The genome is a useful resource to serve as a reference to facilitate the analysis of B. dothidea isolates and comparative genomic studies of the necrotroph pathogens. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

In this study, high density electric current pulse (ECP) treatment was introduced instead of the conventional solution treatment, and the γ′ phase was completely dissolved under the ECP treatment within only several milliseconds at 1148 °C. Due to the extremely short treatment time and high cooling rate, the growth of γ-phase matrix grain and γ′ phase precipitate was effectively retarded. By comparing with the conventional heat process, the grain size of ECP treated sample was controlled to about 15 μm, the size of the re-precipitated γ′ phase reduced from 65 to 35 nm, and the number density of γ′ precipitate increased from 1.46 × 108 to 3.03 × 108/mm2. The Vickers hardness, ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the ECP treated sample were significantly improved. According to the theoretical derivation of kinetics, the ECP treatment introduces an extra electrical free energy which promoted the dissolution of γ′ phase. The ECP treatment may provide a new method for solution treatment of the Ni-based superalloy.

公园植物群落景观评价可以为景观优化及经营提供科学依据.运用美景度评价法(SBE法)对新乡市人民公园的五类园林植物群落景观(乔灌草、乔灌、乔草、灌草、水岸及水生园林植物群落)进行量化评价研究.结果表明:水岸及水生园林植物群落景观的美景度最高,SBE均值为0.134,灌草园林植物群落景观的美景度最低,SBE均值为-0.093.并进一步分析了不同类型植物群落的特点和不足,为营造综合公园的植物景观提供借鉴.

为研究精氨酸脱羧酶基因(ADC)在桃树生长发育中的生物学功能,将PpADC基因超量表达载体遗传转化番茄,观测转基因植株生长发育状况,并分析外源赤霉素对转基因植株生长发育的影响.结果表明,PpADC基因在转基因番茄中过量表达,转基因株系#21和#58中腐胺含量分别高于野生型番茄25.54％和30.17％,转基因植株在生长发育过程中表现出矮化和晚花,在转基因株系#21和#58植株中GA20ox1和GA3ox1基因表达量明显低于野生型番茄,外施赤霉素能恢复转基因植株株高,却无法恢复转基因植株的发育进程.由此可见,基因PpADC促进植物体内腐胺合成,下调赤霉素合成,导致植物生长矮化和发育迟缓.

多胺广泛参与植物生长、发育等生理生化进程和植物逆境应答反应,精氨酸脱羧酶(ADC)是植物多胺生物合成途径中的关键酶.为研究桃树A DC基因的结构和逆境胁迫转录表达情况,试验利用同源序列法克隆桃树PpA DC基因,对基因序列、编码蛋白结构等进行生物信息学分析,应用qRT-PCR检测基因PpA DC在不同逆境胁迫过程中的转录表达量.结果表明,桃树PpA DC基因含有一个2178 bp的开放阅读框,编码725个氨基酸,基因序列中不含有内含子结构;该基因编码蛋白与白梨精氨酸脱羧酶相似值高达90.14％,系统进化树分析表明PpA DC基因与白梨、苹果和湖北海棠等蔷薇科果树A DC基因亲缘关系较近;低温、脱水、盐和乙烯处理能不同程度上调PpA DC基因的转录表达水平,表明该基因在桃树应答逆境胁迫过程中发挥重要作用.

The interplay between polyamines (PAs) and nitrogen (N) is emerging as a key factor in plant response to abiotic and biotic stresses. The PA/N interplay in plants connects N metabolism, carbon (C) fixation, and secondary metabolism pathways. Glutamate, a pivotal N-containing molecule, is responsible for the biosynthesis of proline (Pro), arginine (Arg) and ornithine (Orn) and constitutes a main common pathway for PAs and C/N assimilation/incorporation implicated in various stresses. PAs and their derivatives are important signaling molecules, as they act largely by protecting and preserving the function/structure of cells in response to stresses. Use of different research approaches, such as generation of transgenic plants with modified intracellular N and PA homeostasis, has helped to elucidate a plethora of PA roles, underpinning their function as a major player in plant stress responses. In this context, a range of transgenic plants over-or under-expressing N/PA metabolic genes has been developed in an effort to decipher their implication in stress signaling. The current review describes how N and PAs regulate plant growth and facilitate crop acclimatization to adverse environments in an attempt to further elucidate the N-PAs interplay against abiotic and biotic stresses, as well as the mechanisms controlling N-PA genes/enzymes and metabolites.

园林专业是应用性、实践性较强的专业,专业实习是园林专业大学本科教育必备的实践教学环节,对于培养学生的施工实践能力和创新意识起着重要作用,但目前实习实训基地存在经费不足、场地对接难且管理滞后等须待解决的问题.校内实习实训基地具有设备齐全、技术先进、品种资源丰富和管理科学规范等优势,探索、发掘校内基地在园林专业本科教育培养过程中的功能,对提升园林专业的人才培养质量具有重要的现实意义.因此,应改革基地管理体制,构建基于创客及其模式的实训体系,积极创建新的实训基地,发挥好科技示范与服务功能.

Corrosion behaviors of the porous alumina-based ceramic core materials in KOH and NaOH solution were investigated. Corrosion tests were carried out at 100 degrees C, 150 degrees C, and 200 degrees C, and the concentration of KOH and NaOH was 50, 67, and 75 wt%, respectively. The results indicated that the optimal concentration was 67 wt% for KOH solution and 50 wt% for NaOH solution, respectively. Increasing corrosion temperature and prolonging corrosion time were helpful to enhance the corrosion effect, and temperature played an extra important role during the whole corrosion process. NaOH solution was better than KOH solution for corrosion at the same temperature and concentration.

Gaussian process (GP),which is a technique to reconstruct a function from observational data without assuming specific models,is paid more and more attention.We introduce the principle and application of GP and the advantages of its applications.By using this method with the whole observed dataset and galaxy differential age method,we reconstruct Hubble parameter and determine H 0 ,and the results constrain transition redshift as z t =0.68±0.01.

The PpERS1 gene, which encodes an ethylene receptor and responds to abiotic and biotic stresses, was cloned from peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch cv Okubao). The genomic DNA sequence of PpERS1 comprises seven exons which are separated by six introns, interestingly alternative splicing of the first intron produced three different PpERS1 transcripts. In addition, a 2.8-kb sequence including the promoter of PpERS1 was isolated and analyzed by placing expressing of the GUS reporter gene under its control. Several putative cis-elements were identified in the promoter of PpERS1, including two ethylene-responsive elements (EREs), five W boxes, and four putative binding sites for MYB-type transcription factors. Deletion analysis indicated the presence of an enhancer element in the PpERS1 promoter. Temporal and spatial expression analysis of the PpERS1 promoter using histochemical GUS staining showed GUS activity in all tissues examined throughout the development of transgenic tomato plants. Exposure to various stresses caused similar changes in expression patterns in peach and transgenic tomato plants. Overall, our results suggested that PpERS1 gene might play important roles in response to multiple stresses via signal transduction mediated by ethylene receptors. The characterization of the PpERS1 promoter contributes to our understanding of the transcriptional regulation of this ethylene receptor in peach.

Abstract Reconstructing the evolution history of the dark energy equation of state parameter w ( z ) directly from observational data is highly valuable in cosmology, since it contains substantial clues in understanding the nature of the accelerated expansion of the Universe. Many works have focused on reconstructing w ( z ) using Type Ia supernova data, however, only a few studies pay attention to Hubble parameter data. In the present work, we explore the merit of Hubble parameter data and make an attempt to reconstruct w ( z ) from them through the principle component analysis approach. We find that current Hubble parameter data perform well in reconstructing w ( z ) ; though, when compared to supernova data, the data are scant and their quality is worse. Both Λ CDM and evolving w ( z ) models can be constrained within 10 % at redshifts z ≲ 1.5 and even 5 % at redshifts 0.1 ≲ z ≲ 1 by using simulated H ( z ) data of observational quality.

In a previous work,we proposed two methods computing luminosity distance dΛL inΛCDM model.In this paper, two effective algorithms, known as Romberg Integration and composite Gaussian Quadrature,are presented to calculate luminosity distance dCPLL in Chevallier-Polarski-Linder parametrization (CPL)model.A comparison of both efficiency and accuracy of the two algorithms reveals that the second is more promising.We develop another strategy adapted for approximating dΛL in flat ΛCDM universe.Our methods can make contributions to recent numerical stimulation for investigation of dark energy cosmology.