In greenhouse cultivation, seasonal and temporal low light intensity can limit the plant growth due to insufficient light amount reaching the canopy. Supplemental lighting has been attempted as a countermeasure, but adequate lighting strategies are required for minimizing electrical costs. This study aimed to construct weekly-scanned tomato 3D plant models and analyse the light interception, photosynthesis, and light use efficiency under supplemental HPS and LED light sources with growth stage. Photosynthetic rate was calculated using the FvCB biochemical photosynthesis model with obtained light distributions from optical simulation. We placed light sources at the top and middle of the tomato canopy in CAD software and evaluated light interception, photosynthesis, and light use efficiency (LUE) of top lighting HPS and inter-lighting LED sources. Light deficiencies were also analysed for 1.4, 2.0 m height tomato models with light extinction factor k to dispose HPS and LED light module at the top and inside the canopy. In solely HPS, the absorbed PAR of the tomato canopy from the HPS sources steadily increased with growth stage. In contrast, the photosynthetic rate of the canopy was maintained at a low value of 0.5 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) after five weeks of growth. With adding two layers of inter-lighting from top-lighting, photosynthetic rates improved to 1.1 and 1.5 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) in 1.4 and 2.0 m height of tomato models, respectively. In particular, LUE was much higher at inter-lighting cases than HPS, with higher spectral photosynthetic efficiency. We could quantify the light interception and photosynthetic efficiency of the plants under different supplemental lighting conditions using 3D plant models and optical simulation. This method can contribute to optimization of supplemental lighting in greenhouses.

Simplified estimation of light interception in process-based model (PBM) exhibits decreasing accuracy due to complicated structures of plants. Functional-structural plant model (FSPM) includes the structural features required for estimation of light interception, which results in improved accuracy over PBM. However, accuracy is still a problem because the model is constructed in an indirect way. We created high resolution models of paprika plants using 3D scanner every 1 or 2 weeks during growing season. The scanned models were converted into parametric models to enable the optical simulation on developed models. The error between the scanned and parametric models was less than 0.1 mm, indicating that the scanned model well reflected the actual plant. The data of the parametric models were separated by organs for detail analysis. The analysis with growth stage could be performed more accurately. In addition, by combining each plant organ into the existing crop modeling tool, it was possible to visualize the plant model close to the actual one.

Light interception of crops is crucial for estimation of growth and development. The light interception changes over time and growth stage due to structural and optical changes. Functional-structural plant model (FSPM), which reflects structural and optical characteristics of crops, is advantageous in this aspect than process-based model. However, its reconstruction is indirect and the calculation of light interception involves home-built optical simulations. We constructed structural models of actual greenhouse and paprika plants in one- or two-week interval with 3D scanning and performed an optical simulation on it. The distributions of photosynthetic rate and light use efficiency were calculated with obtained light distributions and FvCB model. Temporal and spatial distributions of light and photosynthetic rate within the canopy were obtained with growth stage. Also transpiration rate and carbon dioxide consumption could be estimated from our results. This method would contribute to the comprehensive modeling of greenhouse operation and estimation of crop productivity in greenhouses.

The resonance in a two-dimensional array of square ferromagnetic elements has been experimentally investigated. The magnetization of the elements is shown to be in the vortex state. The resonance peak splitting in the array with increasing density of the elements has been established. The explanation of this phenomenon is proposed and eigenfrequencies of the collective modes are theoretically estimated. Different combinations of polarities and chiralities of the nearest elements in the array are examined.

The collective magnetization motion in an array of magnetostatically interacting ferromagnetic square elements is studied theoretically and experimentally. Dispersion laws are obtained for collective modes for some particular cases of the distribution of the topological charges π T of magnetic vortices in particles. Resonance curves are plotted with allowance for dissipation for various values of π T . An experimental investigation of the ferromagnetic resonance in a two-dimensional array of particles qualitatively supports the calculation results.

Development of the interpretation of the phenomenon of the lift of the magnetic resonance frequencies degeneracy caused by the magnetostatic interaction in assemblies of nanodisks has been done. The difference of the resonance behavior of magnetic vortexes in a round and rectangular nanodots has been studied experimentally and explained.

Here we describe a method of forming large arrays (up to 109 pieces) of free magnetic Ni-nanodisks 50 nm thick coated on both sides with layers of 5 nm thick Au. The antitumor effect of the magnetic nickel gold-coated nanodisks and DNA aptamer conjugates was evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Under the influence of rotating magnetic field, the studied nanodisks can cause the death of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells.

Magnetomechanical cell disruption using nano- and microsized structures is a promising biomedical technology used for noninvasive elimination of diseased cells. It applies alternating magnetic field (AMF) for ferromagnetic microdisks making them oscillate and causing cell membrane disruption with cell death followed by apoptosis. In this study, we functionalized the magnetic microdisks with cell-binding DNA aptamers and guided the microdisks to recognize cancerous cells in a mouse tumor in vivo. Only 10 min of the treatment with a 100 Hz AMF was enough to eliminate cancer cells from a malignant tumor. Our results demonstrate a good perspective of using aptamer-modified magnetic microdisks for noninvasive microsurgery for tumors.

The resonance motion of the magnetization of thin cylindrical and parallelepiped micro- and nanodots has been studied theoretically and experimentally. Analytical expressions for the external-field dependence of the resonance frequency of the vortex-structure oscillations have been derived taking into account the inertial and damping coefficients. The external-field dependence of the damping parameter has been found theoretically. The influence of the effective mass of a magnetic vortex on its low-frequency dynamics has been discussed.

The aim of the research.Determination of the prospects of application the functionalized by DNA-aptamers magnetic nickel nanodiscs with gold coating for targeted cell cancer surgery.Materials and methods.As tumor model was used Ehrlich ascites carcinoma.Theoretically and experimentally were investigated the structures of the magnetic field of permalloy and cobalt disks Au-Fe ( 20) Ni ( 80) -Au and Au-Co-Au.Results.It were executed the estimation of the mechanical impact of nanodiscs to the cell membrane in an alternating magnetic field.It was determined the optimum composition, geometry and structure of the residual magnetization of nanodiscs.Experimentally in vitro and in vivo for Ehrlich ascites carcinoma was showed the use of functionalized DNA-aptamers three layer Au-Ni-Au nanodisks with dipole structure of the residual magnetization for address destruction of the target cells.Conclusion.On the basis of theoretical calculations and experimental data, it was concluded that nanodiscs Au-Ni-Au, with magnetic properties, can be used to develop new methods and products for minimally invasive cellular nanosurgery that allows targeted and dosed destroy only tumor cells, including metastasis.

The lift of the degeneracy of the resonance frequency of motion of the core of a magnetic vortex in a square array of nanodots has been experimentally detected. The appearance of a frequency multiplet has been theoretically explained. It has been shown that a reason for the lift of degeneracy can be the magnetostatic interaction between nanodots.

Magnetic spin valve structures have a great practical interest as sensors of magnetic fields, hard disk read heads and elements of magnetic random access memories (MRAM). Despite the large number of experimental and theoretical work on spin valve structures, the effects of interlayer interactions occurring in these structures, at present time are not fully understood. Introduction

The paper is devoted to the problem of low frequency oscillations of a magnetic vortex of small amplitude in isolated cylindrical ferromagnetic of submicronic size. The problem is solved analytically in the context of the rigid vortex model. This model assumes a certain constant magnetization distribution near the Bloch point when the vortex core is displaced from the equilibrium position. Numerical results are presented in the form of diagrams. These diagrams can be used to predict how frequencies of modes depend on geometrical sizes of a nanocylinder.

The results of an investigation into square permalloy film microdots with a quasivortical magnetic structure by the method of Lorentz electron microscopy are presented. The found before mechanism of the switching of microdot chirality in homogeneous plane magnetic field is discussed. The calculations are performed to evaluate the interaction of microdots under switching chirality.

This paper considers the dependence exchange bias on the thickness of the intermediate layer of copper and temperature in polycrystalline thin films ferromagnet / nonmagnetic metal / antiferromagnet (Fe/Cu/CoO). We have revealed oscillatory of exchange bias value in depending on the thickness of the copper layer. The oscillation of the most clearly manifested in a certain range of temperatures. For the first time by us detected the oscillation of the exchange bias with increasing temperature, these oscillations occur with a change of sign of the field exchange interaction.