以瓜蒌籽为原料,研究微波预处理对瓜蒌籽细胞结构、脂肪酶及油脂和饼粕品质的影响.结果表明:微波处理的瓜蒌籽细胞壁断裂、间隙增加;微波预处理后脂肪氧合酶的活性降低90.30％,瓜蒌籽油的出油率提高5.24％,酸价、过氧化值升高;微波后瓜蒌籽油中亚油酸、瓜蒌酸、菜油甾醇、豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇含量没有明显变化,总酚含量增加,体外抗氧化能力提高;微波后瓜蒌籽饼粕粗脂肪含量降低5.70％,粗蛋白含量增加5.90％.微波预处理是一种适宜于提高瓜蒌籽油、饼粕品质的预处理方式.

以芝麻油中木脂素、维生素E、植物甾醇、总酚等微量营养成分含量及油脂的抗氧化能力为主要评价指标,探讨了微波预处理对芝麻油品质的影响.结果表明:在芝麻初始水分10％、微波频率2 450 MHz、微波功率1 200 W、微波时间5～9 min条件下,与直接低温压榨芝麻油相比,微波预处理能有效提高芝麻油中微量营养成分的含量,维生素E总量增加了0.44％ ～ 3.05％,植物甾醇含量增加了3.58％ ～5.89％;随着微波时间的延长,总酚及芝麻酚含量、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除能力、铁离子还原抗氧化剂能力(FRAP)以及油脂的氧化诱导时间(IP值)均逐渐升高,并且在微波9 min时,总酚含量、DPPH值、FRAP值和IP值达到峰值,分别为低温压榨芝麻油的1.94、2.43、2.13倍和1.97倍.

以山桐子干果为原料,研究了微波预处理对山桐子果细胞结构及压榨山桐子果油品质的影响.结果表明:通过透射电镜发现,微波预处理的山桐子果细胞结构遭到破坏,细胞壁明显破裂,有助于提高出油率.山桐子果经微波预处理后,其油脂酸值、过氧化值没有显著变化;山桐子果油中亚油酸含量最高,微波预处理前后分别达69.50％和68.66％;山桐子果油中甘油三酯的PLL相对含量最高,微波预处理后可达27.38％,其次是LLL,微波预处理后相对含量为16.84％;与未经微波预处理的冷榨山桐子果油相比,微波预处理后生育酚、植物甾醇和总酚含量都有所增加,总生育酚含量增加了382.11 μg/g,总植物甾醇含量增加了496.87 μg/g.微波预处理提高了山桐子果油的抗氧化性,使氧化诱导期延长了2.06h,DPPH自由基清除活力增加了3.73 μmol/100 g,FRAP总抗氧化能力增加了48.15 μmol/100 g.

The ultrasound-assisted enzymatic synthesis conditions of konjac glucomannan oleate were studied.With esterification rate as evaluation index,the effects of ultrasonic frequency,ultrasonic power,reaction temperature,reaction time,medium initial water activity and concentration ratio of enzyme to konjac glucomannan on ultrasound-assisted enzymatic synthesis of konjac glucomannan oleate were investigated.Then the synthesis conditions were optimized by L18 (37) orthogonal experiment.The results showed that the optimal conditions were obtained as follows:ultrasonic frequency 20 kHz,ultrasonic power 220 W,reaction temperature 50 ℃,reaction time 8 h,medium initial water activity 0.65 and concentration ratio of enzyme to konjac glucomannan 1 ∶ 1.Under the optimal conditions,the esterification rate reached 83.40％,much higher than 9.48％ of enzymatic process without ultrasound-assist at reaction time 8 h,so the effect of ultrasound on esterification was remarkable.

Generally, ultrasound irradiation is required throughout the reaction for fatty acid methyl esters (FAME, namely, biodiesel) production, which is energy-consuming and difficult to scale-up. In order to improve the industrial application of ultrasonic technology, a systematic study of ultrasonic pretreatment solid basic (Na2SiO3)-catalyzed transesterification for FAME production from cottonseed oil was carried out, and the effect of ultrasonic waves on the properties of Na2SiO3 catalyst was assessed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization of fresh and collected catalysts. An ultrasonic frequency of 30 kHz, ultrasonic power of 200 W and ultrasonic pretreatment irradiation time of 30 min was determined to guarantee a satisfactory degree of transesterification. The optimum production was achieved in the reaction system at 45 °C with methanol/cottonseed oil molar ratio 5:1, catalyst dosage 3% and stirring speed 350 rpm resulting in a FAME yield of above 97% after 60 min of reaction under mechanical stirring with the ultrasonic pretreatment process. The new process has a shorter reaction time, a more moderate reaction temperature, a less amount of methanol and catalyst than only the mechanical stirring process without essential damage to activity and the structure of catalyst. These results are of great significance for applying the ultrasonic pretreatment method to produce FAME.

The antioxidant activities in vitro of konjac glucomannan (KGM) and the konjac glucomannan oleic acid ester (KGM ester) were studied.By oxidation induction test,DPPH free radical scavenging,ABTS free radical scavenging,Fe2+ chelating ability and reducing power test,it was found that KGM and KGM ester had certain antioxidant activities and the higher degree of esterification,the stronger the antioxidation capacity.When dosages of KGM and KGM ester 1 with the highest esterification degree were 0.8％,the oxidation induction time of rapeseed oil extended 5.94 h and 2.56 h respectively compared with control group.In the synergy test of KGM ester and tea polyphenols,VC and TBHQ,KGM ester also showed certain antioxidant activity.When the mass concentrations of KGM and KGM esters were 0.5 mg/mL,DPPH free radical scavenging rates were 61.68％ and 36.93％ respectively.When the mass concentrations were 2.0 mg/mL,the ABTS free radical scavenging rates were 20.31％ and 17.26％,and the Fe2+ chelating rates were 17.58％ and 9.79％ respectively.Although the antioxidant capacity of KGM slightly decreased after esterification with oleic acid,it still had antioxidant ability,and it was positively correlated with the degree of esterification.

To investigate advantages of microwave pretreatment for oil storage, oxidative stability of pressed rapeseed oil with microwave pretreatment(M-RO) was evaluated, while pressed rapeseed oil(RO) and RO with 200 ppm tertiary butylhydroquinone added(T-RO)were used for comparison. Oil samples were collected after accelerated storage at 60 oC in dark for 0-32 d. A total of 37 oxidized volatile compounds were identified and 9 typical key compounds were quantified by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(HS-SPME-GC/MS). Correlation analysis showed that lipid oxidation parameters and induction time(IP) had significant association with typical indicators of volatile oxidized compounds. Hexanal and(E,E)-2,4-heptadienal were most suitable for differentiating RO sample at different storage times while 1-hexanol, 1-heptanal and(E)-2-octenal were suitable for T-RO sample. To M-RO sample, 5 substances described above together can provide a guide for monitoring lipid oxidation. M-RO has better oxidation resistance than RO, with advantage of 4 d in accelerated conditions both in sensory evaluation and PCA analysis. However, it still produces more volatile oxidized compounds and has higher peroxide value(PV) and p-anisidine value(p-AV) than T-RO sample at any sampling point.Anti-oxidation efficiency of rapeseed oil can be promoted via microwave pretreatment. This work provid new clues of benefits about microwave pretreatment in oil storage.

The linseed gum/cellulose composite hydrogels were successfully fabricated by mixing cellulose and linseed gum solutions dissolved in the NaOH/urea aqueous system and cross-linked with epichlorohydrin. The morphology and structure of the composite hydrogels were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The swelling ratio and water retention properties were investigated. The results revealed that linseed gum mainly contributed to water adsorption, whereas the cellulose acted as a backbone to strengthen the porous structure. This work provided a simple way to prepare cellulose-based superabsorbent hydrogels, which could be potentially applied as an effective water conservation material in agriculture.

我国油料作物种植面积约3.8亿亩，总产3400万吨，富含多种功能脂质活性成分，对人体一些相应缺乏症和内源性疾病，尤其是高血脂、高血压、糖尿病、记忆障碍等慢性疾病具有显著防治作用；《中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告2015》表明，目前慢性疾病已经成为我国人口致死的主要诱因，因此，油料功能脂质开发对提高居民营养健康水平具有重要意义。但以下问题严重制约了油料功能脂质产业的发展：油脂营养活性成分损失严重、风味不佳、稳定性差、易产生风险因子；脂质结构的不稳定和强疏水性，制约了其功能和应用范围；功能脂质产品单一、效益低。本成果重点开展了功能脂质绿色制备提质技术、定向修饰技术和脂质高值化利用技术的研发，并将上述技术组装集成示范，实现功能脂质资源的优质高效产业化。

It is a hot topic of producing biodiesel with heterogeneous catalyst nowadays. Transesterification of oil with methanol using potassium carbonate/active carbon as catalyst, and the effects of catalyst dosage, methanol proportion, reaction time, etc., on the reaction were studied. The results showed that potassium carbonate/active carbon had strong catalysis for the transesterification of oil with methanol; potassium carbonate/active carbon could be reused by recovery. The transesterification rate could be above 98% by two-step transesterification.

The crude Jatropha oils with different moisture contents of 0 . 1%, 0 . 5% and 1 . 0% respec-tively sealed in brown plastic bottle, white plastic bottle and transparent glass bottle were stored at 20, 30℃ and 40℃ for 160 d, and the acid values and peroxide values of the crude Jatropha oils were meas-ured every twenty day to study the quality change of crude Jatropha oil under different storage conditions. The results showed that the acid value and peroxide value of crude Jatropha oil increased with the increas-ing of storage temperature and moisture content and the extension of storage time. The optimal storage con-ditions of crude Jatropha oil were obtained by orthogonal experiment as follows:brown plastic bottle sealed packaging, moisture content 0. 1%, storage temperature 15℃. Under the optimal conditions, after storing for 180 d,the acid value of crude Jatropha oil did not change significantly, while peroxide value increased.

Fatty acid composition and content, main minor components, oxidative induction period and shelf life of high-oleic peanut oil and normal-oleic peanut oil were compared. The results indicated that the contents of oleic acid and phytosterol, oxidative induction period and shelf life of high -oleic peanut oil increased by 28. 03 percentage point, 164. 57 mg/100 g, 27. 27 h and 4. 09 a respectively comparing with normal-oleic peanut oil. α-tocopherol and γ-tocophperol were detected in both pea-nut oils and their contents showed significant differences ( P<0. 05 ) , but the total contents of tocopherols had no remarkable difference between them. Therefore, high-oleic peanut oil had higher nutritional val-ue and better oxidative stability than normal-oleic peanut oil, which was a kind of high quality edible oil with market potential and competitiveness.

Diglycerides and phytosterol esters are two important functional lipids. Phytosterol esters mixed with dietary diglyceride could not only influence body weight but also prevent or reverse insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia. In this study, a kind of novel "functional oil" rich in both diglycerides and phytosterol esters was prepared with "one-pot" enzymatic transesterification. First, lipase AYS (Candida rugosa) was immobilized on the porous cross-linked polystyrene resin beads (NKA) via hydrophobic interaction. The resulting immobilized AYS showed much better transesterification activity and thermal stability to freeways. On the basis of the excellent biocatalyst prepared, a method for high-efficiency enzymatic esterification of phytosterols with different triglycerides to produce corresponding functional oils rich in both diglycerides and phytosterol esters was developed. Four functional oils rich in both diglycerides and phytosterol esters with conversions >92.1% and controllable fatty acid composition were obtained under the optimized conditions: 80 mmol/L phytosterols, 160 mmol/L triglycerides, and 25 mg/mL AYS@NKA at 180 rpm and 50 °C for 12 h in hexane. The prepared functional oil possessed low acid value (≤1.0 mgKOH/g), peroxide value (≤2.1 mmol/kg), and conjugated diene value (≤1.96 mmol/kg) and high diglyceride and phytosterol ester contents (≥10.4 and ≥20.2%, respectively). All of the characteristics favored the wide application of the functional oil in different fields of functional food.

The thermal stability of rapeseed oil fortified with 3 % sterol linolenate, sterol linoleate, and sterol oleate was investigated using the Rancimat accelerated oxidation method. The results indicated that the sterol ester content in fortified oil displayed positive correlations (P < 0.05) with total phenols and tocopherols and significant negative correlations (P < 0.05) with acid value (AV), peroxide value (POV), conjugated diene value, \(\varDelta E\) value, viscosity, and polyphenols and γ-tocopherol levels. The sterol ester content in fortified oil was found to significantly decrease when the oil was heated at 110 °C. The rate of increase of the AV, POV, \(\varDelta E\) value, and viscosity, and the rate of decrease of polyunsaturated fatty acid, tocopherol, and polyphenol contents were accelerated with the increase of the degree of unsaturation of fatty acid sterol esters in rapeseed oil during heating. Therefore, the oxidative stability is further reduced by increasing the degree of unsaturation, as the instability of fortified oil is mainly due to the decomposition of unsaturated fatty acid sterol esters. The addition of lipid-soluble polyphenols is an effective method to improve the stability of rapeseed oil fortified with unsaturated fatty acid sterol esters.

以脂肪酶Novozym435为生物催化剂,建立了新型功能脂质α-亚麻酸芦丁酯的酶促合成工艺,并通过响应面方法系统考察了反应工艺参数对酯化率的影响.得到的最佳合成工艺参数为:反应溶剂为丙酮,脂肪酶No-vozym435的添加量为17.9mg/mL,芦丁的底物浓度为17.3mmol/L,芦丁与α-亚麻酸的摩尔比为1∶4.5,反应时间60h,酯化率高达92.6％,经过提纯后产物纯度可达到95.0％.

This study was focused on the enzymatic esterification of rutin and naringin with different free unsaturated fatty acids to produce the corresponding flavonoid esters catalyzed by Novozym 435 under ultrasound pretreatment. An ultrasonic frequency of 25 kHz, power of 200W for rutin and 150W for naringin and time of 1 h was determined to guarantee satisfactory degree of esterification and lipase activity. The influence of substrates concentration and molar ratio was investigated subsequently. The optimum production was achieved in component solvent of acetone and 2-methyl-2-butanol for rutin and pure 2-methyl-2-butanol for naringin at 50 degrees C with flavonoid concentration of 40 mM and flavonoid to fatty acid molar ratio of 1:4, resulting in a flavonoid esters conversion of above 83.2% in relative short reaction time (48-72 h). In optimum conditions, the overall esterification reaction time using the ultrasonic pretreatment process was 24h shorter than that of mechanical stirring process without damaging the lipase activity. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A solid base catalyst Na2SiO3 was prepared by microwave heating. The catalyst was used to catalyze the transesterification reactions for the production of fatty acid methyl esters from cottonseed oil. The optimum conditions of the catalyst preparation and transesterification reactions were investigated by orthogonal experiments. The catalyst with the highest catalytic activity was obtained using microwave power of 640 W, microwave irradiation time of 6 min, catalyst particle size of 60 mesh. The catalyst was characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron micrographs (SEM), and the results showed the catalyst Na2SiO3 has good microstructure. Under the transesterification conditions of methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1, catalyst dosage of 5%, reaction temperature of 65 degrees C, reaction time of 100 min and stirring speed of 400 rpm, the yield of methyl esters was 97.6%. The lifetime of the solid base catalysts by different process methods (microwave heating and conventional electric heating) was no significant differences, but microwave heating may be more economical than conventional electric heating. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Jatropha curcas seed,with different moisture content of 6.0%,8.0% and 10.0%,was stored for 100 d at 20,30,40 ℃ by conventional packaging or hermetic packaging,and the changes of seed oil content,free fatty acid(FFA)content and peroxide value of the oil extracted from the seed were investigated by measuring these indexes every 20 d.The results showed that the seed oil content decreased,and FFA content and peroxide value of the extracted oil increased as storage temperature and seed moisture content increasing and storage time prolonging.On this basis,Jatropha curcas seed moisture content,storage temperature and time were optimized by orthogonal experiment.The optimal storage conditions for Jatropha curcas seed were obtained as follows:conventional packaging,Jatropha curcas seed moisture content 5.0%,storage temperature 15 ℃.Under the optimal storage conditions,Jatropha curcas seed was placed in a dark and dry place for 150 d,the peroxide value of the extracted oil raise slightly,the oil content of Jatropha curcas seed and FFA content of the extracted oil were not changed significantly.