This study employs the expert-novice paradigm to examine the visual search characteristics of expert players through basketball-specific decision-making tasks. A total of 48 female college students (24 basketball players and 24 regular college students) were selected as participants. First person video stimuli were used to explore the behavioral indicators and eye movement characteristics of professional basketball players in sports decision-making tasks using the eye tracker. (1) Compared with novice players, expert players demonstrated significantly shorter reaction times, higher decision accuracy, and greater decision-making confidence in the task. (2) Expert players exhibited shorter fixation durations and fewer fixation counts. There was a significant difference in fixation duration and frequency between novice and expert players in the relevant and irrelevant areas of interest, with the expert group showing longer fixation durations and higher fixation frequencies in the relevant areas of interest. The scanning trajectory of the expert group was simpler and more centralized. Expert players demonstrate faster reactions and higher accuracy in sport-related decision-making tasks, exhibiting visual search advantages, shorter fixation durations, fewer fixation counts, and more focused attention allocation in relevant areas of interest.

This study investigated the visual attention characteristics of female collegiate basketball players during three-point shooting and their relationship with field goal percentage. Sixty participants, categorized as expert, general, or novice players, performed three-point shots from left 45°, 90°, and right 45° positions while wearing Tobii Glasses 3 eye-tracking equipment. The number of fixations and fixation duration on the hoop, backboard, and net were recorded. Field goal percentage was assessed in a separate session (non-synchronized with eye-tracking). Data were analyzed using mixed-design ANOVA and Pearson correlations. Results revealed that expert players demonstrated significantly fewer fixations and shorter total fixation durations than general and novice players (p < 0.001). Experts allocated a greater amount of attention (absolute number of fixations and fixation duration) towards the hoop relative to other groups. Significant negative correlations were observed between field goal percentage and fixations on non-critical areas (backboard, net) within each group (r = -0.457 to -0.816, q < 0.05, FDR-corrected). Conversely, fixation duration on the hoop positively correlated with field goal percentage (r = 0.646 to 0.842, q < 0.001, FDR-corrected). The right 45° position imposed higher visual demands. These associations likely reflect the shared influence of skill level rather than a direct causal link from gaze to performance. Findings suggest that superior shooting performance is associated with more efficient visual-search strategies and stable fixation on the hoop. These results suggest that training programs aimed at optimizing attention allocation may be worth investigating, though causal conclusions require experimental designs.

Visual attention plays a crucial role in basketball shooting, yet how it adapts under varying exercise intensities and from different shooting positions remains poorly understood, especially in elite female athletes. This study examined the effects of exercise intensity (low, moderate, high) and shooting position (left 45°, 90°, right 45°) on fixation behavior and 2‑point shooting accuracy in elite female basketball players. Twenty‑two players from a championship‑winning university team performed two‑point shots from three positions under three intensity conditions, each defined by heart‑rate zones (%HRmax). Fixation metrics (number of fixations, fixation duration, distribution) were recorded using Tobii Glasses 3. Data were analyzed using two‑way repeated‑measures ANOVA and generalized linear mixed‑effects models (GLMMs) with a binomial distribution for trial‑level accuracy; Pearson correlations are reported descriptively. Exercise intensity significantly influenced all fixation metrics. High intensity led to increased fixations across all areas of interest (hoop, backboard, net) and longer total fixation duration, indicating higher cognitive load. Moderate intensity was associated with the lowest total number of fixations and shortest duration, reflecting efficient visual processing. Shooting position also affected fixation: the 90° position attracted the most fixations and longest duration on the hoop (F = 4.56, p = 0.017, [Formula: see text] = 0.19, 95% CI [0.02, 0.37]), while the 45° positions shifted attention toward the backboard. Fixation duration on the hoop positively correlated with accuracy under high intensity (r = 0.499, p = 0.021, 95% CI [0.10, 0.76]), whereas number of fixations negatively correlated with accuracy across intensities. Moderate intensity promotes optimal visual‑attentional control and shooting accuracy in elite female athletes, whereas high intensity disrupts fixation stability and increases cognitive load. Position‑specific adaptations in visual strategy were also observed. These findings support the use of intensity‑ and position‑based visual training to enhance shooting performance under realistic game conditions.

Background Visual attention is critical for effective sports decision-making (SDM), this study explores that how multiple-object tracking (MOT) training improves decision-making accuracy (ACC) and the underlying neural mechanisms. Methods The paper selected 56 novice female novice basketball players from universities, which synchronized eye movement electroencephalogram (EEG) technology was used to analyze the relationship between visual attention and sports decision-making, as well as the corresponding EEG changes, through nine weeks of multiple-object tracking training in the intervention group. Results After training, the accuracy of the intervention group significantly improved, the proportion of players’ fixation on key and related areas increased, and the visual search process was simplified. During the decision-making process, event-related potential (ERP) components N1, P1, late positive complex (LPC), and late negative complex (LNC) undergo changes, the result improved efficiency of cognitive processing for players. Conclusions Nine weeks multiple-object tracking training can improve the sports decision-making ability of novice female basketball players significantly. After training, the proportion of fixation in the key and related areas of players increased. During the decision-making process, the ERP components N1, P1, LPC decreased, and LNC increased, the result indicates that more cognitive resources were allocated effectively to the key information and optimal time points for completing decisions, demonstrating cognitive processing advantages.

Background:Variations in attention and search strategies can partially explain the differences in players' decision-making capabilities. This study aims to explore the correlation between basketball players' multiple object tracking (MOT) ability and visual search in sports decision-making tasks using the expert-novice paradigm. Methods:Forty-eight college students were selected and divided into two groups: the expert group (24 basketball players) and the novice group (24 general college students). Using different numbers and speeds in MOT tasks, the Eyelink eye tracker was employed to record the visual search process during sports decision-making tasks. The correlation coefficient between MOT accuracy and eye-tracking indicators was then analyzed. Results:(1) The accuracy of MOT in both the expert and novice groups was negatively correlated with average fixation time and average fixation frequency. The correlation between MOT accuracy and average fixation time for passing intuition and passing cognition in the expert group was stronger than that in the novice group. (2) When tracking three-six targets at a speed of 10°/s, a strong correlation was observed between the MOT accuracy in both groups and the eye movement indicators of the sports decision-making task. (3) The correlation between MOT accuracy in the expert group and the proportion of fixation time in irrelevant areas during intuitive decision-making was lower than in the novice group. Similarly, the correlation with the proportion of fixation frequency in irrelevant areas during cognitive decision-making was also lower in the expert group compared to the novice group. Conclusions:The multiple object tracking ability of basketball players is negatively correlated with fixation time and fixation frequency in sports decision-making tasks, and positively correlated with fixation time during passing decisions.

Background:The running speed of basketball players plays a critical role in shaping the complexity and dynamics of game situations. This study aims to examine the relationship between players' tracking speed capabilities and the quality of their decision-making during gameplay. Methods:Employing an expert-novice paradigm, Experiment 1 assessed tracking accuracy in a multiple object tracking (MOT) task at three angular velocities: 5°/s, 10°/s, and 15°/s. Experiment 2 evaluated decision-making accuracy under three distinct running speed conditions: low speed (0.67-3.98 m/s), medium speed (3.99-7.97 m/s), and high speed (7.98-12.62 m/s). Results:In Experiment 1, expert players demonstrated significantly higher tracking accuracy (60.42 ± 13.98%) than novice players (41.25 ± 13.93%) at 10°/s (P < 0.001). No significant group differences were found at 5°/s or 15°/s (Ps > 0.05). In Experiment 2, the expert group exhibited significantly higher decision accuracy than the novice group across all three speed conditions (Ps < 0.001). Moreover, at high speeds (7.98-12.62 m/s), shooting decisions were significantly less accurate than passing and breakthrough decisions (Ps < 0.001), while no significant differences were observed between passing and breakthrough decisions (Ps > 0.05). Conclusion:This study shows that expert basketball players display superior visual attention and decision-making in moderate-to-high complexity settings, extending dynamic sport cognition theory. The absence of differences at 5°/s and 15°/s suggests task boundary effects. Future work should examine player position and gender to refine perceptual-cognitive training and theoretical models.

Background The 3-point shot plays a significant and pivotal role in the historical context of basketball competitions. Visual attention exerts a crucial influence on the shooting performance of basketball players. This study aims to investigate the eye movement characteristics exhibited by high-level basketball players while executing 3-point shot at varying exercise intensities, as well as explore the correlation between these eye movement characteristics and 3-point field goal percentage. Methods A total of twenty highly skilled female basketball players were recruited as participants for this study. During the experiment, the participants wore an eye tracker to record their eye movement data while executing 3-point shot at varying exercise intensities (low, moderate, and high). The collected eye movement data was analyzed using Tobii Pro Lab software. Additionally, the participants’ exercise intensity was monitored by wearing Polar Team Pro sensors. Results The average number of fixations during the execution of a 3-point shot at three exercise intensities exhibited statistically significant differences in the front, bottom, top left, and bottom right. Moreover, notable disparities were observed in the average fixation duration for the front, bottom, and bottom right. The average total number of fixations and fixation duration in the moderate intensity shot were comparatively lower than those observed in the low and high intensity shots, while the average number of fixations and percentage of fixation duration on the front were relatively higher compared to those in the low and high intensity shots. Under varying intensities, there were no significant differences observed in the average number of fixations and the 3-point field goal percentage each AOI; however, a significantly positive correlation was found between the front average fixation duration and the 3-point field goal percentage. Conclusion During the execution of a moderate intensity 3-point shot, the player’s fixation is focused and stable, their information search strategy is efficient, and their information processing is precise. Variations in exercise intensity result in changes to both the information search strategy and degree of processing. Fixating on the front has a positive impact on 3-point field goal percentage.

Whether the application of exergames in physical education (PE) courses can significantly improve student performance in PE learning is still controversial. This review explores the promoting effect of exergames on student PE learning and the conditions in which the effect of exergames can be maximized. Based on the PICOS method, two researchers independently searched the ProQuest database, EBSCO database, Web of Science (WoS) database, PubMed database, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database, Wanfang database, and VIP database, evaluated the literature quality using the Cochrane system evaluation manual, and performed a meta-analysis of the included literature. A total of 16 randomized controlled trials involving 2962 subjects were included in this study. The meta-analysis showed that exergames effectively improved student performance in PE learning (SMD = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.27–0.63, P < 0.00001). Subgroup analysis indicated that better results could be achieved when exergames were introduced in small kindergarten classes and continued for 1–2 months.

Background Free throw is an important means of scoring in basketball games. With the improvement of basketball competition level and the enhancement of confrontation degree, the number of free throws in the game gradually increases, so the score of free throw will have an important impact on the result of the game. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between visual attention characteristics and hit rate of basketball players in free throw psychological procedure training, so as to provide scientific basis for basketball teaching and training. Methods Forty players with similar free throw abilities were randomly assigned to the experimental group (10 males, 10 females) and control group (10 males, 10 females). The experimental group was free throw psychological procedure training, while the control group was trained with routine training, Eye movement indices (number of fixations, fixation duration, and pupil dilation) and the free throw hit rate and analyzed before and after the experiment. Group differences were examined using t-tests, while paired sample t-tests were conducted to compare pre- and post-test results within each group. The training time and training times of the two groups were the same. Results There were significant differences in fixation duration, number of fixations, pupil diameter and free throw hit rate between pre-test and post-test in the experimental group (P < 0.05). Post-test, there were significant differences in number of fixations, fixation duration, pupil diameter and free throw hit rate between the two groups (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between number of fixations and free throw hit rate in top (P < 0.01), and there was a significant positive correlation between fixation duration and hit rate in front (P < 0.01). Conclusions The psychological procedure training can improve the visual information search strategy and information processing ability of free throw, and significantly improve the free throw hit rate. There was a positive correlation between the front fixation time and the free throw hit rate, and there was a positive correlation between the top number of fixations and the free throw hit rate.

BACKGROUND:Free throws serve as a crucial scoring mechanism in basketball games. As the level of basketball and the intensity of competition continue to improve, the frequency of free throw attempts gradually rises. However, with heightened game intensity, maintaining a consistent free throw success rate becomes increasingly challenging. The aim of this study was to investigate the eye movement characteristics exhibited by basketball players during free throws of varying intensities, as well as explore the relationship between these eye movement characteristics and free throw percentage. METHODS:Twenty elite female basketball players were recruited to perform free throws at varying exercise intensities (low, moderate, and high) while wearing an eye tracker device. Eye tracking data was collected using the Tobii Glasses 3 eye tracker. Additionally, the Polar team pro, a heart rate monitoring system manufactured in Finland, was utilized to monitor participants' heart rates during different exercise intensities. RESULTS:The average number of fixations on the hoop and net during free throws of varying intensities exhibited statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). The fixation durations of the hoop, backboard, and net exhibited statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). Notably, the hoop accounted for the highest proportion of the overall average fixation duration. high-intensity free throws necessitate lengthier processing durations compared to low-intensity and medium-intensity free throws. Furthermore, for free throws of moderate intensity, there was a significant negative correlation between the number of fixations on the hoop and free throw percentage (P < 0.05). Conversely, for high intensity free throws, there was a significant positive correlation between the fixation duration on the hoop and free throw percentage (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Under the three kinds of sports intensity, the players mainly focus on the hoop position, the moderate intensity free throw has the best stability, and the information search strategy and information processing efficiency are the highest. In high intensity free throws, the longer the fixation duration at the hoop, the higher the free throw percentage; The higher the number of fixations at the hoop, the lower the percentage of free throws.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the eye movement characteristics of basketball players during free throws at different intensities. This study selected 20 professional female basketball players wore a mobile eye tracker and made free throws at low, moderate and high exercise intensities. Eye movement data were recorded using the Tobii Glasses 3 eye tracker.Three kinds of exercise intensity under the free throws, front, top,bottom,top left, bottom left and bottom right average number of fixation was significantly different, front, bottom, top left and bottom right average fixation duration were significantly different, average pupil dilation was significantly significant.With the increase of exercise intensity, the total average number of fixation and fixation duration gradually increased, the pupil dilation increased, and the average number of fixation and fixation duration of AOI changed.The increase of exercise intensity leads to the distraction of attention, the automatic calculation ability of vision is reduced, and the information search strategy is decreased. The automatic information processing mode is destroyed and the control ability of the cognitive system is reduced, the fixation stability is changed, and the information processing ability is decreased.

以中国知网作为研究文献的数据平台,运用CiteSpace知识图谱可视化软件分析工具,对我国体育用品领域 1501 篇文献进行研究现状、热点和趋势的文献计量挖掘.结果表明:(1)从发文量的时序演变情况来看,该领域文献最早发表于 1983 年,1983-2022 年体育用品领域研究经历三个阶段,分别是 1983-2000 年的起步阶段,2001-2011 年的快速增长阶段,2012 年至今的稳定发展阶段.就空间分布特征而言,我国体育用品研究机构地理空间呈现分布不均衡特征,研究数量集聚区域呈高密度、中密度和低密度 3 个层次;(2)从关键词共现来看,研究文献中的高频和高中心性关键词主要集中于体育产业、体育品牌、中国、对策等,聚类热点关键词的知识结构主要集中于体育用品、体育经济、中国、体育产业、耐克、专业店、对策、现状、价值链等 9 个领域;(3)就关键词时区知识图谱而言,研究初期和后期成果较少,研究中期成果则呈现爆发式增长态势;(4)就核心作者和机构而言,目前已形成较具代表性的学者群,但研究力量独立零散,缺乏互动交流.各研究机构之间呈现"少量集中、大体分散"的状态,协同合作研究有待加强.

青少年篮球人才培养关涉我国篮球事业的蓬勃发展,是"三大球"振兴的关键环节,更是体育强国建设的重要支撑.采用文献资料法、实地考察法和访谈法,对"三大球"振兴背景下我国青少年篮球人才培养的现实困境进行探索,并借鉴美国6～18 岁青少年篮球人才培养经验,提出青少年篮球人才培养的中国路径.研究表明:我国青少年篮球人才培养存在系统创新缺失、资源协调不畅、人才基础薄弱、竞赛体系欠佳等问题;"金字塔"式推优运行机制、"双主型"人才培养模式、"体教结合"式精英打造路径、"高曝光"式竞赛平台搭建、"双赛季"式竞赛运行体系的美国经验值得借鉴.中国实践指向:构建"体育—教育—社会"融通的新型篮球后备人才培养机制;建立区域竞训中心,优化多元选拔与培养机制;扩大篮球传统学校数量,支持社会青训机构发展;优化青少年区域性篮球赛事结构,构建全国性立体式竞赛体系.

Background Visual attention is very important in basketball shooting, which is a prerequisite for forming good muscle proprioception and improving the shooting rate. The ability of visual instant searching information in the process of free throw plays an important role in the mobilization of free throw percentage. The aim of this study is to explore the fixation characteristics of athletes at different levels in the process of free throw shooting and to provide scientific basis for improving the free throw training of basketball players. Methods A total of 20 expert basketball players, 20 general basketball players and 20 novice basketball players participated in the experiment. Participants in the three groups wore eye tracker to make free throws, and analyzed the difference of visual attention among the three groups. Results The expert group had fewer number of fixations on the front, bottom, top-right, and top-right areas of the basket than the general and novice groups. The expert group also had smaller saccadic amplitudes than the other two groups. In terms of fixation duration, the expert group had longer fixation duration on the front and top areas of the basket than the other two groups, while in the top-right and bottom-right areas, the expert group had shorter fixation durations. The pupil dilation of the expert group was larger than that of the other two groups. Conclusion During the free throw process, the expert group had a clear attentional focus, concentrated fixation points, efficient information search, and precise processing. Profound basketball knowledge, proficient skills, and accumulated experience are the foundation of visual efficient search and precise processing during free throw attempts, and they are also the prerequisite for ensuring a high free throw shooting percentage.

In 2021, the Ministry of Education issued the “Standards for the Professional Competence of Teachers of Middle School Education Major Normal Students”, and established the assessment system for the educational and teaching ability of normal students. Based on the requirements of the ability standard for the development of class guidance of normal students, this paper uses expert interviews, questionnaires, case studies and other methods to explore the current situation and training strategies of the class guidance ability of normal students in Beijing Normal University. The research believes that there are deficiencies in the mastery of the class guidance ability of normal students in Beijing Normal University; It is mainly affected by the curriculum, educational practice and training, and normal students themselves. Then put forward the corresponding countermeasures:（1） Normal colleges and universities need to optimize the curriculum of normal students;（2） Optimize the educational practice program;（3） Physical education normal students need to improve their own action.

新冠肺炎疫情暴发后,在党和国家的正确领导下,全国人民团结一心,众志成城,有效遏制了疫情的蔓延,同时人民群众对体育锻炼有了更高的需求.我国有关"新时代体育"的论述,对体育强国的内涵和价值进行了总结和解释.该文主要采用文献法,以"中国体育""新时代体育""体育强国"为关键词,通过检索CNKI、北京师范大学图书馆、百度网等系统,共检索到与该研究主题相关的自2013年以来公开发表的论文50篇,评论32篇,网络新闻42篇;查阅了3部研究马克思主义哲学的著作,整理、提炼出11条与该文相关的参考文献.通过对这些文献进行整理和分析,指出我国新时期的体育思想所蕴含的马克思主义认识论、方法论及群众观,阐明了体育思想是国家发展的重要一环,以期为相关研究提供理论支持与实践指导.

篮球教练员是球队文化的建设者、践行者和维护者,其主要职责之一就是培育和建设球队文化,须具备凝练和培育球队文化的意识和能力,充分发挥球队文化熏陶人、影响人的独特育人作用.根据文化结构"四层次说",从文化载体的角度对篮球教练员文化领导力的建构要素进行分析,发现其由物质文化建设、行为文化建设、制度文化建设和精神文化建设构成.围绕"为何重要""如何提升"阐述篮球教练员文化领导力的提升路径.

BACKGROUND:Players' multiple-object tracking (MOT) ability is very important in basketball because it may affect players' sports decision-making (SDM), thus affecting the results of the game. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between expert and novice basketball players in MOT ability and SDM and to explore the correlation between basketball players' visual attention and SDM. METHODS:A total of 48 female basketball players (24 categorized in the expert group and 24 in the novice group) participated in the MOT task in Experiment 1 and the basketball 3 vs. 3 games in Experiment 2. Experiment 1 examined the difference in dynamic visual attention characteristics between expert players and novice players by changing the tracking number. Experiment 2 examined the differences between expert players and novice players through the SDM of basketball 3 vs. 3 games. Sports decisions were evaluated by basketball experts. MOT ability and SDM ability were analyzed through Pearson correlation. RESULTS:The overall MOT accuracy of expert players (64.6%) and novice players (55.7%) was significantly different (χ2 = 59.693, P = 0.000). There was no significant difference in accuracy when tracking 2-3 targets (P > 0.05), but there was a significant difference in accuracy when tracking 4-6 targets (P < 0.05). The overall SDM accuracy of expert players (91.6%) and novice players (84.5%) was significantly different (χ2 = 31.975, P = 0.000). There was no significant difference between expert players and novice players in the accuracy of dribbling decision-making (P > 0.05), but there was a significant difference in the accuracy of passing decision-making and shooting decision-making (P < 0.01). When tracking 4-5 targets, the tracking score was positively correlated with the passing decision score and dribbling decision score of expert players, and the tracking score of novice players was positively correlated with the passing decision score (r > 0.6, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS:First, the tracking accuracy of expert players was significantly higher than that of novice players, especially when tracking 4-6 targets. As the number of targets increased, accuracy decreased. Second, the accuracy of expert players' SDM was significantly higher than that of novice players, especially in passing decision-making and shooting decision-making. Expert players exhibited fast and accurate SDM. Third, there was a correlation between MOT ability and SDM performance. The MOT ability of 4-5 targets was positively correlated with passing decision-making, which was statistically significant. The correlation between the MOT ability and SDM performance of expert players was greater and more significant. Having too many targets to track (more than 6) interfered with players' decisions.

在体育教学中,身体语言是体育教师优化教学、实现课程目标的重要手段之一.提高当前体育教师对身体语言功能的认识有助于促进体育教师对于身体语言的使用.本文围绕体育教学中教师身体语言功能的内涵、价值和实现路径三个方面进行讨论,创新性提出体育教学中教师身体语言的ICE功能模式,即体育教师身体语言的信息传递功能、认知评价功能和情感表达功能;分析教师身体语言功能在体育教学中对学生、教师及体育学科的不同价值,指出体育教学中实现教师身体语言功能的路径,以期提高广大教师对身体语言功能的认识,进而提高课堂教学质量.

目的 探讨本体感觉联合核心稳定性训练对大学生静态平衡能力、动态平衡能力的影响,为研究身体平衡能力及预防运动损伤提供实验依据.方法 2019年8月招募山东体育学院112名非体育专业学生,采用随机数字表法将52例被试分为干预组,60例为对照组.干预组做本体感觉训练联合核心稳定性训练,对照组做核心稳定性训练.比较两组被试训练前后的静态、动态平衡能力.结果 干预组第5和11周静态平衡能力高于干预前(F=2.17,P＜0.05),分别高出18.31％和47.37％.干预组第11周闭目单足站立能力高于对照组第11周(t=2.25,P＜0.05);训练后干预组第5周外前方向平衡能力提高,第11周时继续提高,高于干预组干预前外前方向的平衡能力(F=2.37,P＜0.01),分别高出12.01％和12.99％;且高于对照组第5和11周.结论 本体感觉和核心稳定性训练能有效提高大学生静态、动态平衡能力,且本体感觉训练联合核心稳定性训练的训练效果优于核心稳定性训练.