В контролируемых условиях интенсивной светокультуры изучено влияние спектральногосостава источников облучения на продуктивность и показатели биохимического состава трех новых селекционных образцов редиса (Raphanus sativus L.), полученных с применением методологии ускоренной селекции и предназначенных для выращивания в светокультуре. Установлено, что при использовании светодиодных светильников AFI-5000 с наибольшим содержанием синего света в спектре показатели урожайности и качества всех изученных образцов не уступают аналогичным показателям контрольных растений, выращенных под натриевыми лампами высокого давления ДНаЗ-250, а содержание хлорофилла в листьях редиса, выращенного под светодиодными светильниками, превышает таковое в контроле. Выявлена четко выраженная зависимость роста урожайности от значений цветовой температуры: в варианте со светильниками AFI-5000 она была выше у сортов редиса Петербургский фиолетовый и Перно, а также линии Виола × Петербургский по сравнению с вариантами AFI-3000 и AFI-4000 на 47% и 82%, 52% и 18%, 19% и 21% соответственно. Редис сорта Перно, использовавшийся в качестве родительского сорта при селекции редиса Петербургский фиолетовый, во всех вариантах опыта характеризовался как более низкой массой корнеплодов, так и меньшей их товарностью по сравнению с созданными образцами. По-видимому, причина более низкой урожайности редиса сорта Перно состоит в том, он предназначен для выращивания в условиях открытого грунта и в светокультуре не способен полностью реализовать свой потенциал продуктивности. Выявлено, что линия Виола х Петербургский характеризуется растянутым во времени сроком уборки корнеплодов (28–40-е сутки от посева), при этом корнеплоды сохраняют свои товарные качества; а линия Октава х Петербургский еще более позднеспелая – рекомендованный срок уборки корнеплодов составляет 40 суток и более от посева. Таким образом, создана группа новых образцов Raphanus sativus L., адаптированных для выращивания в светокультуре, с растянутым сроком уборки (25–40 дней), что позволяет значительно увеличить урожайность редиса с кв. м (до 7–10 кг м–2 за 40 суток вегетации) при сохранении товарных качеств корнеплодов.

Поступила в редакцию 25.03.2024, принята к печати 01.06.2024 В контролируемых условиях интенсивной светокультуры было изучено 16 образцов руколы (Eruca sativa L.), исследована реакция сортов на длительность фотопериода (12, 14 и 16 часов), проанализирована корреляционная связь между морфологическими признаками и биохимическими показателями. Двухфакторный дисперсионный анализ выявил наличие изменчивости среди генотипов по большинству признаков, а также высокую отзывчивость культуры на изменение продолжительности светового периода. По ряду хозяйственно ценных морфологических признаков 14-ти часовой фотопериод был определен как наиболее благоприятный для выращивания исследованных сортов руколы в условиях интенсивной светокультуры. При помощи коэффициентов корреляции установлены постоянные средние обратные (от –0,7 до –0,5) и тесные обратные (от –0,91 до –0,73) связи между содержанием сухого вещества и хозяйственно ценными морфологическими признаками. Наиболее значимые корреляционные связи выявлены с признаками «сырая масса» (от –0,86 до –0,84) и «количество листьев» (от –0,74 до –0,67). Также было выявлено множество взаимосвязей между содержанием каротиноидов, хлорофиллов, β-каротина и рядом морфологических признаков, проявление которых варьировалось в зависимости от продолжительности фотопериода. По совокупности морфологических признаков и биохимических показателей выделены образцы руколы к-3 и к-8, отличающиеся высокой продуктивностью и ценным биохимическим составом.

For the first time, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were mapped in spring bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) upon soil application of different doses of lime ameliorant, raw dolomite, with the purpose of identification of the genetic determinants that determined the “genotype-environment” ecological genetic interaction in recombinant inbred lines of this crop. As a result of this study, 29 economically valuable traits were evaluated and a total of 150 QTLs were mapped. Statistical significance of the association between the identified QTLs and polymorphism for each studied trait was established on the basis of the threshold LOD (logarithm of odds) score. It was demonstrated that soil application of either half or full ameliorant doses resulted in that QTLs that determine the manifestation of 14 studied traits changed their location on the linkage groups depending on the applied dose of raw dolomite, while QTLs of 15 traits remained stable and did not change their experimentally determined chromosomal location. The conducted correlation and one-way analysis of variance made it possible to reveal the nature of the association between the traits and applied doses of lime ameliorant. Computations were performed using the maximum likelihood criterion, as well as statistical criteria for assessing the significance of the results. The data obtained are of interest for the further study of the ecological and genetic mechanisms of the realization of the studied traits and control of growth, development and productivity in spring bread wheat, and the determination of trigger mechanisms for the action of the ameliorant on the physiological state of plants.

In this work, quantitative trait loci (QTL) were mapped for the first time in spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) when various doses of a lime ameliorant, raw-milled dolomite, were introduced into the soil in order to reveal and identify genetic determinants that determine the ecological genetic interaction “genotype–environment” in recombinant inbred lines of this crop. As a result of the research, 29 economically valuable traits were evaluated and a total of 150 QTLs were mapped. The significance of the relationship between the identified QTLs and polymorphism for each studied trait was established based on the threshold values of the likelihood ratio of the logarithm of odds (LOD-score). It was found that when half and full doses of the ameliorant were applied to the soil, the QTLs that determine the manifestation of 14 studied traits changed their location on the linkage groups depending on the applied dose of raw ground dolomite, and the QTL of 15 traits remained stable and did not change the localization on the chromosomes established in the experiments. Conducted correlation and one-way analysis of variance made it possible to establish the nature of the conjugation of the relationship between the traits and the dose of the introduced lime ameliorant. When performing mathematical calculations, the maximum likelihood criterion and statistical criteria for assessing the significance of the results were used. The results obtained are of interest for the subsequent study of the ecological and genetic mechanisms of the realization of the studied traits and the control of growth, development and productivity in spring soft wheat, and the establishment of trigger mechanisms for the action of the ameliorant on the physiological state of plants.

Genetic and breeding study shows inefficiency of the analysis of the genotype-environment interaction (GEI) in plants at a molecular level, since the GEI effect completely vanishes on such a level being an emergent property resulting from the interaction of gene products with labile (over days, weeks, or months) limiting environmental factors. Such a study should be carried out at higher system levels, in particular, at the next stages of life organization (organismal, population, ecological, and phytocenotic). Since the most powerful effect for an increase in the plant productivity and yield (GEI) cannot be traced at the molecular level, knowledge of the molecular structures of the genome without knowledge of the dynamics of limiting environmental factors and the interaction of gene products with them does not contribute to the development of high technologies for ecological genetic increase in plant productivity and yield. The existing data show that rapid methods for measuring traits of plants that comprehensively characterize complex dynamic system (in particular, GEI) can be created with the aid of interdisciplinary approaches, primarily, using physical experimental methods. In the framework of such an approach, we propose application of millimeter-wave spectroscopy, which is very sensitive to changes in the water supply of plant tissues, for breeding of drought-resistant plants.

New highly productive forms of small radish (Raphanus sativus L.), adapted for growing under conditions of intense light culture, were obtained on the basis of the methodology of accelerated transgressive breeding developed at the Agrophysical Research Institute. Their genetic, morphobiological, and biochemical assessment was carried out, as well as the assessment of parental forms, in controlled and natural conditions of the environment. It has been shown that new radish forms, transgressive in terms of size and weight of root, are characterized by a complex of economically valuable traits: compact rosette, glabrous leaf, intense root growth, resistance to bolting, and improved biochemical composition. It was revealed that the characteristics of the length and diameter of the root, the compactness of the rosette, the resistance to bolting, and the degree of leaf pubescence are weakly dependent on the growing conditions, and the weight of the root and the yield of new forms exceed those for the parent varieties both in light culture and in open ground. The results of research allow us to conclude that the use of intense light culture is highly efficient for carrying out genetic selection studies and accelerating the breeding process by establishing the effects of the "genotype-environment" interaction. Evaluation and selection of hybrid plants can be carried out in a light culture for various growing conditions, including traditional protected and open ground by simulating the typical characteristics of growing conditions.

Investigation of the genetic and breeding orientation have shown that it is inefficient to study the genotype-environment (GTE) interaction in plants at the molecular level, since the GTE effect disappears without a trace on it, being an emergent property that occurs when gene products interact with labile ones during the day, weeks, months by limiting environmental factors. Such studies should be carried out for higher system levels, namely, at the next stages of life organization - organismal, population, ecological, phytocenotic. Since the most powerful “lever” for increasing plant productivity and yield, GTE, cannot be traced at the molecular level, knowledge of the molecular structures of the genome without knowledge of the dynamics of limiting environmental factors and the interaction of gene products with them does not contribute to the creation of high technologies for ecological genetic increase in productivity and yield plants. The accumulated world experience shows that rapid methods for measuring traits in plants, which give a holistic characterization of a complex dynamic system (this is what GTE is), can be created by interdisciplinary approaches, primarily using physical measurement methods. Within this approach, the article proposes to use the method of millimeter (MM) wave spectroscopy, which is very sensitive to changes in the water supply of plant tissues for the selection of drought-resistant plants.

современные проблемы дистанционного зондирования Земли из космоса.2019.т. 16. № 3

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping of diffuse reflectance indices of laminas in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been first performed under controlled conditions of a regulated agroecobiological testing ground in the presence or absence of nitrogen fertilizers. Indices chosen for the study determine a range of important characteristics, such as the content of chlorophylls and anthocyanins, carotenoid/chlorophyll ratio, photochemical activity of the photosynthetic apparatus, light scattering on a lamina, assimilating leaf surface area, and grain productivity. In total, 31 QTLs have been mapped. A significant correlation has been revealed between the introduction of a nitrogen fertilizer and the five of six optical characteristics of the photosynthetic apparatus activity in bread wheat. The only exception is the reflectance index for near-infrared radiation (800 nm), which depends on the structural features of leaf tissues. No statistically significant correlation has been revealed between the thousand-grain weight and spectral characteristics of the diffuse reflectance of the lamina measured at the booting stage. However, a significant correlation between the number of grains formed in the spike of the main stalk and the traits characterizing activity of the photosynthetic apparatus (reflectance indices, leaf area) has been observed. Results of the performed variance, correlation, and QTL analyses confirm each other indicating reliability of the revealed effect of nitrogen nutrition level on the manifestation of the studied reflectance indices in bread wheat under strictly controlled conditions of an agroecobiological testing ground. Application of noninvasive optical methods provides a high-throughput assessment of photosynthetic intensity in plants and, therefore, can be used for efficient selection of promising wheat genotypes with high grain productivity under both controlled and field conditions.

С точки зрения комплексного междисциплинарного подхода, для повышения продуктивности сельскохозяйственных культур необходимо применение достижений генетико-селекционного характера. В работе приведены примеры эколого-генетических подходов и генетических инструментов маркерной помощи селекции, основанных на статистических методах и подходах. In addition to remote sensing technologies, an integrated interdisciplinary approach wins in solving plant productivity problems. Therefore, the aspects of ecological and genetic achievements in the field of plant breeding, the interaction of selection with classical, quantitative and molecular genetics are added to the technologies of accurate farming, cloud services for managing agricultural production and so on. One of the tools that ultimately affects the production of cultivated plants, which allows predicting the behaviour of the genetic parameters of a plant population under changes in ontogenetic, ecological and cenotic conditions for the formation of quantitative plant characteristics, are ecological-genetic algorithms for increasing the productivity of a plant. Ecologicalgenetic approaches to the successful solution of the problems of genetic selection are presented. In turn, molecular genetic studies have established the existence of individual key genes (quantitative trait loci), which contribute to the formation of a certain quantitative trait, although the measure of this contribution is regulated by the external environment. Such genetic loci constitute the main interest of the modern molecular approach to the selection of polygenic plant characteristics, including marker selection assistance. Such conditions are genetic mapping using molecular markers and the use of created maps for the analysis of associations of marker attributes is a step in the implementation of selection of auxiliary markers. Without accurate, statistically verified information about such associations and the processes of building genetic maps, it is impossible to carry out a marker-auxiliary selection, which in turn is expected to contribute to the acceleration of the selection process, including the creation of new varieties with the desired characteristics.

A biochemical evaluation of 25 radish accessions (Raphanus sativus L.) on esterase isozymes of mature seeds has been carried out. The results of the experiments showed a wide range of diversity among the genotypes based on electrophoretic zones of esterase isoenzymes. The revealed isoenzyme complex of esterases was represented by eight isoforms with molecular weights from 37.7 kD to 57.6 kD. All accessions were divided into 13 electrophoretic zymotypes, differing from each other by the presence or absence of definite zones. The most often observed electrophoretic zymo-type is Gr. 1, which includes 24% of the total number of accessions evaluated. There are 8 zymotypes (Gr. 6 Gr. 13) with a frequency of occurrence 4%. Three groups (Gr. 2 – Gr. 4) had the same frequency of occurrence – 12%. Zimotype of Gr. 5 containes the maximum number of zones – 8. 2 zimotypes – Gr. 3 and Gr. 12 had the smallest number of 4 zones. Two zones of esterases – zones 7 and 8 (Мr 39.7кD and Мr 37.7 kD, respectively) were monomorphic. The remaining six zones were polymorphic, i.e. could be absent in some zimotypes. The frequency of occurrence of each zone in different zymotypes has varied from 6.58% to 17.11%. As results of this research the accessions that were selected can become the most promising parent forms for future genetic and selection studies of this culture.

In some vegetation seasons black rot may damage up to 80 % of cabbage, turnip, rapeseed, mustard crop all over the world including Russia. To prevent the spread of black rot is difficult, and it is almost impossible to fight a pathogen penetrating into a susceptible plant. Among Brassica rapa L., the disease is most dangerous for root crops and leaf crops. Data on loci which determine the plantspecific resistance of B. rapa plants to black rot is still extremely limited. This study is the first to estimate resistance to four races of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Pam.) Dow., the causative agent of black rot in Brassicaceae, in the lines of doubled haploids of two B. rapa mapping populations, DH38 (♀Р175 1⁄2♂♂P143) and DH30 (♀P115 1⁄2♂♂Р143). Here, we report data on identification and mapping the linkage groups and QTLs associated with physiological resistance to strains PHW231 (race 1), HRI5212 (race 3), HRI1279а (race 4), and В-32 (race 6). For three of these races, OTLs have not been mapped so far. The study revealed lines which were resistant or hypersensitive to the four races of black rot agent. Monogenic non-linked inheritance of resistance to these races prevailed. Significant correlation was found between response to an individual strain and general infection in plants. A total of 13 QTLs which control resistance to four races of the black rot pathogen were identified for DH30 population and 19 QTLs were found for DH38 population. All detected loci did not change their localization during two years of investigation. The most important loci responsible for manifestation of physiology resistance to different races of black rot pathogen in DH30 were mapped in the linage groups A01, A03 and A07, whereas in DH38 these were in A03, A06 and A08. SSR analysis of the lines contrast in resistance to individual races of the pathogen revealed the microsatellite markers linked to the loci which control resistance to several races of black rot agent. So we have found effective molecular descriptors of B. rapa black rot resistance to each race separately and to the pathogen as such. The obtained data are of interest in elucidation of basic physiological and genetic mechanisms of gene-to-gene interaction and B. rapa resistance to different races of X. campestris pv. campestris.

A biochemical evaluation of 25 radish accessions (Raphanus sativus L.) on esterase isozymes of mature seeds has been carried out. The results of the experiments showed a wide range of diversity among the genotypes based on electrophoretic zones of esterase isoenzymes. The revealed isoenzyme complex of esterases was represented by eight isoforms with molecular weights from 37.7 kD to 57.6 kD. All accessions were divided into 13 electrophoretic zymotypes, differing from each other by the presence or absence of definite zones. The most often observed electrophoretic zymo-type is Gr. 1, which includes 24% of the total number of accessions evaluated. There are 8 zymotypes (Gr. 6 Gr. 13) with a frequency of occurrence 4%. Three groups (Gr. 2 – Gr. 4) had the same frequency of occurrence – 12%. Zimotype of Gr. 5 containes the maximum number of zones – 8. 2 zimotypes – Gr. 3 and Gr. 12 had the smallest number of 4 zones. Two zones of esterases – zones 7 and 8 (Мr 39.7кD and Мr 37.7 kD, respectively) were monomorphic. The remaining six zones were polymorphic, i.e. could be absent in some zimotypes. The frequency of occurrence of each zone in different zymotypes has varied from 6.58% to 17.11%. As results of this research the accessions that were selected can become the most promising parent forms for future genetic and selection studies of this culture.

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) of agriculturally valuable traits of soft spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) were mapped in two simultaneous and independent experiments that were carried out in different agronomical backgrounds with respect to nitrogen availability (i.e., with and without introduction of a mineral nitrogen fertilizer) in order to reveal the effects of physiological and genetic interaction between the genotype and the environment. In total, 94 QTLs, which determine 31 physiologically and agriculturally important traits, have been identified. The connection between the loci identified and polymorphism by certain traits has been proven. The connection between the trait expression and introduction of the fertilizer has been confirmed by both correlation analysis and the single-factor analysis of variance. The analyses of QTL and correlation, as well as the single-factor analysis of variance, showed that 15 of 31 traits varied confidently. This shows that the expression of these traits depends on the presence of nitrogen nutrition. The data obtained are important for further study of physiological and genetic regulatory mechanisms of expression of the traits that were evaluated in the system of interaction between the genotype and the environment as well as for the marker-assisted selection of wheat.