The gas-discharge visualization (GDV, electrophotography) method allows recording and quantifying the glow that occurs near the surface of the object (seed), when placing it in an electromagnetic field of high intensity. The hidden defects – emptiness of Pinus sibirica Du Tour seeds and biogenic damage (by phytopathogenic bacteria Pantoea ananatis) of Zea mays L. seeds were revealed and analyzed by the method of gas discharge visualization in combination with automatic analysis of digital gas-discharge images. It is shown that empty seeds have reduced values of the averaged intensity of digital gas discharge images. According to the data obtained, the methods of gas-discharge imaging (electrophotography) and microfocus radiography showed high efficiency (> 90%) of accuracy in the detection of empty seeds of Pinus sibirica. It was found that the sample of Zea mays seeds (hybrid Krasnodarskiy 194 MV) was characterized by reduced values of the average intensity of gas-discharge images, as well as the average brightness of digital X-ray images, compared with the other three seed samples. The seed sample of hybrid Krasnodarskiy 194 MB was characterized by the worst sowing qualities: emergence rate, germination, root length and shoot length. It was shown that the Krasnodarskiy 194 MB seeds were affected by phytopathogenic bacteria Pantoea ananatis. The average inverse correlations of a number of characteristics of gas-discharge glow (area, total intensity) with the standard deviation of brightness of digital X-ray images, as well as weak reliable correlation of most gas-discharge characteristics with seeding qualities were found. Comparative assessment of gas discharge indices and seedlings germination as integral indices for evaluation of biological completeness of Zea mays seeds was carried out. Research has confirmed that the method of gas discharge visualization in combination with automatic analysis of digital gas-discharge images can be used as an effective additional tool for rapid detection of defective seeds.

The high-quality grain use when sowing is a necessary condition for obtaining a high yield. Along with the standard tests regulated by the ISTA (International Seed Testing Association), there are promising introscopic techniques for the seed material quality controlling methods of microfocus radiography and gas discharge visualization (electrophotography). The effect of structural and functional characteristics of the seeding material on the wheat productivity and diseases resistance was studied out on the experimental field of the Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources. Ten accessions of soft wheat with the ‘parametric passport’ (including more than thirty optical parameters, including gas discharge images, morphoand densitometric analysis of X-ray patterns) were used as an experimental seeding material. Unviable wheat seeds, in comparison with healthy ones, were characterized mainly by a smaller area, form coefficient, standard deviation of three-dimensional fractality by isoline, entropy by isoline, higher brightness and standard deviation of the isoline radius of the gas discharge images. Morphoand densitometric indices of unviable seeds differed in reduced values of the circle factor, roundness, minimum and maximum average brightness, but in greater elongation and optical density of the X-ray patterns projection. The intensity of wheat affection by diseases has varied depending on the structural and functional characteristics of seeds. It was noted, that the brown rust development decreased with an increase in the entropy by isoline, the contour irregularity and the average radius of the isoline.

Теоретические и прикладные проблемы АПК №1 2020 вариантам в фазу кущения.Для повышения качества зерна производилась вторая внекорневая подкормка в начале фазы выхода в трубку.Третья внекорневая подкормка была проведена в фазе цветения.Опыт № 2. Полевые опыты закладывались в условиях светло-каштановой, так и бурой полупустынной почв (2011-2014 гг.).Общая площадь занятая под опытом составляла 2508 м 2 .Общая площадь под вариантами -1560 м 2 , размер одной делянки -104 м 2 .Повторность опыта 3х-кратная.Посев ярового ячменя сорта Нутанс 553 и яровой пшеницы сорта Саратовская 70 был проведён на орошаемом участке, с глубиной заделки семян 4 см, с применением микробиологических препаратов (Агрофил, Мизорин, Флавобактерин, Ризоагрин).Инокуляция семян была проведена за 10-15 мин.до посева с нормой расхода препарата 600 г/га на гектарную норму семян.Способ полива -дождевание ДДА 100 МА.Опыт № 3. Экспериментальная часть исследований выполнялась с 2011 (посев) по 2015 гг.на землях Калмыцко-Астраханской рисовой оросительной системы Астраханской области.В соответствии с программой исследований полевой эксперимент предусматривал изучение: сорт озимых культур (фактор А), влияния условий минерального питания (фактор В) и нормы высева озимых культур (фактор С).Площадь, занимаемая под опытом, составила 10,08 га.Площадь одной учетной делянки -560 м 2 .Объектами исследований явились: тритикале сорта Бард, Валентин; озимая пшеница сорта: Тарасовская Росинка, Дон-93, Ермак (фактор -А).Варианты исследования: фактор В 1 -Контроль; В 2 -N 32 Р 32 K 32 ; В 3 -N 64 Р 64 K 64 ; В 4 -N 96 Р 96 K 96 .На фоне внесения регулируемых доз минеральных удобрений изучалась эффективность трех норм высева 4,0, 4,5 и 5,0 млн.шт./га (фактор С).Способ полива -напуск воды в чеки рисовой системы.Всего было проведено 3 полива (влагозарядка 1000 м 3 /га+ 2 вегетационных полива по 1600 м 3 /га).Структуру урожая определяли по методике Государственного сортоиспытания сельскохозяйственных культур (1971) [7].Урожай зерна учитывался биологическим методом с последующим пересчетом на 14%ную влажность и 100%-ную чистоту [8]. Результаты исследования и их обсуждениеТеоретические и прикладные проблемы АПК №1 2020 Литература 1. Добрева, Н.И.Применение регуляторов роста и силипланта для повышения урожайности зерновых и снижения пестицидной нагрузки / Н.И.Добрева, И.Х.Габдрахманов, Л.А.Дорожкина

As a result of analysis of the quality of Pinus pumila seeds by the method of microfocus X-ray radiography in combination with the automatic analysis of digital X-ray images, it was found that the best characteristics of individual structures and organs of seeds were demonstrated in samples collected from trees growing at site 71 of BIN RAS; the worst — from seeds taken from South Sakhalin. The seeding qualities of Pinus pumila seed samples were determined by standard methods. Based on analysis of the characteristics of digital X-ray images of Pinus pumila seeds, it was found that a seed sample from site 71 BIN RAS was characterized by the high level of embryo area 4.19±0.49 mm2, maximum embryo to thalus ratio 60.95±7.45 %, high level of endosperm area 23.93±1.24 mm2, and maximum ratio square of embryo area 9.45 ±1.17 %. The same sample was characterized by a maximum weight of 1000 seeds and a maximum absolute and soil germination ratio, compared to other samples. The obtained data showed that Pinus pumila seeds collected from plants introduced in northwestern Russia by most parameters are not inferior or are even superior to seeds from the natural range.

The scientific and technical fundamentals of physical modeling of “ideal agroecosystems” characterized by a high degree of controllability of the matter and energy flows between the environment and plants with accompanying biota are presented. In these systems, it becomes possible to maximize the genetically determined potential of any agricultural crop, creating ecologically harmonious optimized highly efficient microclimate–variety (hybrid)–technology complexes for obtaining consistently high yields of quality plant production. It was shown that the creation of such agroecosystems is possible with a comprehensive approach, including optimization of the light, air, and root-inhabited environments in accordance with the requirements of a particular crop. The creation of the agroecosystem requires the production or selection of hybrids and varieties providing high yields of high-quality plant products in a regulated agroecosystem, as well as monitoring the physiological state of plants and detecting stress at the early stages using noninvasive physical methods. The use of high-quality seeds based on the results of a nondamaging express assessment of internal defects by X-ray in combination with morphometric analysis. Development and application of highly effective environmentally friendly growth and metabolism regulators is also needed for such agroecosystem.

The aim of this work was to assess the effectiveness of X-ray radiography when evaluating the suitability of batches of grain for sowing or technological purposes, taking into account the possibility to control them during the post-harvest ripening period. X-ray radiography allows solving the problem of choosing batches of grain for different purposes with a minimum level of hidden defects and a high degree of economic suitability for sowing or technological purposes. This technique is of particular value for conducting a preliminary assessment of the quality and biosafety of grain immediately after harvesting when traditional methods are not always applicable.

Приведены характеристики современных аппаратных решений, используемых для получения цифровых рентгеновских изображений семян. Описаны основные способы визуализации и приемы анализа цифровых рентгеновских изображений семян. Выявлены и проанализированы скрытые дефекты образцов семян исследуемых древесных лесных пород: сосны кедровой сибирской (Pinus sibirica DuTour) и сосны кедровой корейской (P. Koraiensis Siebold \& Zucc.), кукурузы сахарной (Zeamays L.), а также огурца посевного (Cucumis sativum L.) и перца овощного (Capsicum annuum L.) методом микрофокусной рентгенографии в сочетании с автоматическим анализом цифровых рентгеновских изображений. Показано, что пустозернистые и частично полнозернистые семена имеют пониженные значения показателя "Средняя яркость" рентгенограмм. Проведена сравнительная оценка рентгеновских показателей и всхожести проростков как интегральных показателей для оценки биологической полноценности семян. Ключевые слова: микрофокусная рентгенография семян, анализ изображений семян, посевные качества семян, семена древесных лесных пород, семена сельскохозяйственных культур.

Modern hardware solutions used to obtain digital X-ray images of seeds are characterized. The main visualization methods and techniques for analyzing digital X-ray images of seeds are described. We revealed and assessed hidden defects of seed samples of the studied species such as Siberian cedar pine ( Pinus sibirica Du Tour), Korean cedar pine ( P. koraiensis Siebold & Zucc.), sugar corn ( Zea mays L.), cucumber ( Cucumis sativum L.), and pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) by microfocus X-ray radiography in combination with automatic analysis of digital X-ray images. Empty-grain and partially full-grain seeds have lower values of the “average brightness” of X-ray diffraction patterns. A comparative assessment of X-ray indicators and germination capacity of seedlings as integrated indicators for assessing the biological usefulness of seeds is performed.

The scientific and technical fundamentals of “ideal agroecosystems” physical modeling are presented, which are characterized by a high degree of controllability of matter and energy flows between the environment and plants with concomitant biota, and where it becomes possible to realize the fullest extent genetically determined potential of a particular crop and to create ecologically harmonious optimized highly efficient complexes: microclimate - variety (hybrid) - technology to stable receive the high quality yields plant production . It is shown that the creation of such agroecosystems is possible with the integrated solution of the following problems: 1) optimization of the conditions of light, air and root habitat in accordance with the needs of a particular culture; 2) the creation or selection of hybrids and varieties that give high yields of quality plant products in a controlled agroecosystem; 3) monitoring the plants physiological state and detecting stress in the early stages of its occurrence using non-invasive physical methods; 4) the use of high-quality seed according to the results of a non-damaging rapid assessment of internal defects by x-ray in combination with morphometric analysis; 5) development and application of highly effective environmentally friendly plant growth and metabolism regulators.

AbstractX-ray computer methods of research (projection microfocus radiography and microtomography), which are used to study the problem of hidden defects of seeds and investigate its impact on sowing quality, have been considered. The description and main characteristics of technical means that were used to obtain digital two-dimensional and three-dimensional (tomographic) X-ray images of seeds have been given and the possible ways of their quantitative computer processing and analysis have been discussed. Conclusions about the abilities of the methods of projection microfocus radiography and microtomography to study the features of the internal structures of a seed that are related to the violation of its integrity have been formulated.

X-ray computer methods of research (projection microfocus radiography and microtomography), which are used to study the problem of hidden defects of seeds and investigate its impact on sowing quality, have been considered. The description and main characteristics of technical means that were used to obtain digital two-dimensional and three-dimensional (tomographic) X-ray images of seeds have been given and the possible ways of their quantitative computer processing and analysis have been discussed. Conclusions about the abilities of the methods of projection microfocus radiography and microtomography to study the features of the internal structures of a seed that are related to the violation of its integrity have been formulated.