[目的]探明长白山苔原带土壤真菌群落组成、多样性及其与土壤理化特性的关系,为深入了解长白山北坡苔原带土壤微生物群落特征及长白山苔原带变化规律提供参考.[方法]以长白山北坡苔原带土壤作为研究对象,基于真菌形态学观察鉴别,利用指标检测法分析不同海拔土壤的含水率、pH、有效磷、铵态氮,并深入分析长白山北坡苔原带不同海拔地区土壤真菌的群落变化特征及其与土壤理化特性的关系.[结果]在长白山北坡苔原带土壤中共获得3门5纲7目9科17属土壤真菌,在属水平上的优势类群为青霉属(Penicillium)、木霉属(Trichoderma)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、镰孢属(Fusarium)、毛霉属(Mucor).根霉属(Rhizopus)、放射毛霉属(Actinomucor)、弯颈霉属(Tolypocladium)及毛壳属(Chaetomiua)在不同生境的分布存在显著差异.各海拔区内,土壤含水量、温度、pH、有效磷、硝态氮和铵态氮可能是影响长白山苔原带土壤真菌群落组成成分的关键性土壤环境因子.[结论]长白山苔原带随着海拔上升,土壤真菌多样性总体数量下降,土壤硝态氮、有效磷、铵态氮及含水率对土壤真菌群落特征影响较大.

香菇Lentinula edodes是我国食用菌年产量最大的单品,优化香菇原生质体的制备条件,获得高质量、高活力的原生质体可以为香菇育种和遗传多样性分析提供技术保障.本研究利用单因素试验对稳渗剂浓度、酶解液类型、酶解时间、酶解温度4个因素的最优作用条件和相关性进行检验和筛选;依据单因素试验的结果,对酶解时间、酶解温度、酶解液种类进行响应面法3因素3水平试验优化分析.单因素试验结果表明,使用2％的溶壁酶+蜗牛酶+纤维素酶混合酶制剂为酶解液、0.6 mol/L甘露醇为稳渗剂的效果显著高于其他处理(P＜0.05).经Box-Behnken设计得出香菇原生质体最佳制备条件为酶解时间3.25 h,酶解液浓度1.7％,酶解温度30.49℃,获得原生质体产量为14.02×106 CFU/mL,与理论产量(13.862×106 CFU/mL)偏差小,可为后续原生质体融合育种和多样性分析提供重要基础.

韭菜根腐病是设施连作多年生韭菜的重要病害之一.为明确辽宁省设施韭菜根腐病的病原菌种类,从韭菜感病根系分离纯化获得45株镰孢菌,结合形态学特征及EF-1a、Histone3、IGS基因片段序列分析结果,鉴定为尖孢镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、层出镰孢菌(F.proliferatum)和腐皮镰孢菌(F.solani).经柯赫氏法则证病,确定均可引起韭菜根腐病.对病原菌的生物学特性研究结果表明,3种镰孢菌最适生长温度为30℃左右;最适pH 7-8;黑暗条件有利于病原菌菌丝生长;菌丝的致死温度为75℃10min,分生孢子致死温度为56℃10min.病原菌对碳源鼠李糖以及氮源硝酸钠、甘氨酸利用率最高.综上,尖孢镰孢菌、层出镰孢菌和腐皮镰孢菌是辽宁省设施韭菜根腐病的主要病原菌,其中尖孢镰孢菌分布最广,致病力最强,属于优势致病菌.

对蛹虫草二级菌种液体发酵培养的菌丝体干重为重要指标,从温度、装液量、pH、培养基成分及用量比例方面对蛹虫草液体发酵条件进行优化研究,筛选出其最适培养条件.通过正交试验确定液体发酵培养基各组分最佳用量为:蔗糖30 g·L-1、蛋白胨2.5 g·L-1、K2HPO41 g·L-1、MgSO40.1 g·L-1.该结果为后续蛹虫草人工培养、规模化生产的开发研究提供了理论依据.

"半知菌"概念是约150年前对那些只进行无性繁殖而未发现有性阶段的一类菌物的称呼.为了方便对大量"半知菌"进行观察、描述和分类,在早期的《国际植物命名法规》中特设有一条命名法则,允许采用双重命名法对一个菌物分别按有性阶段或无性阶段进行命名.因此,在形式上为"半知菌"建立起了相应的"亚门"、"纲"、"科"、"属"、"种"等分类等级.随着越来越多的无性阶段和有性阶段联系的建立(实际上约有15％的"半知菌"发现了子囊菌或担子菌的有性阶段),特别是DNA测序技术在菌物分类中的广泛应用,从遗传进化研究上证明"半知菌"属于子囊菌或担子菌.自最新版《藻类、菌物和植物国际命名法规》规定"一个菌物一个名称"之后,"半知菌"概念已再无分类学意义,取而代之是"无性型菌物"一词更能表达该类群菌物属于菌物的无性阶段."半知菌"中的相应的属、种名称还具有分类学意义,但能否保留或废弃,还要依靠权威菌物学家们的意见.即使菌物的有性阶段目前还未知,但其依据无性阶段特征而建立的属、种名称还是可以成为正统名称,并用其表示对应的菌物,当然包括了该菌物的无性阶段和有性阶段的全部.本文对"半知菌"概念诞生及其分类学意义的演化进行了简要综述,并提出对待菌物分类还应坚持无性型和有性型相统一的原则.

试验研究了平枝栒子(Cotoneaster horizontalis)、苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)、花椒(Zanthoxylum bun-geanum)3种植物粗提物对玉米弯孢菌(Curvularia lunata)、向日葵菌核(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、人参灰霉(Botrytis cinerea)、人参黑斑(Alternaria panax)、瓜果腐霉(P ythium aphanidermatum)、辣椒疫霉(Phytophthora capsici)6种植物病原菌的抑菌活性.结果表明:平枝栒子和苍耳粗提物对6种病原菌均有较好抑菌效果,其中平枝栒子和苍耳对人参灰霉菌抑菌活性较明显,抑菌率分别为89.87％和83.54％.花椒除对人参灰霉有一定的抑菌效果外,对其它5种病原菌均存在一定程度上的促生长作用.

Elevational changes in patterns of diversity are important to understanding of the influence of global changes, yet few studies have addressed the distribution of microorganisms, e.g. soil micro-fungi. We studied the diversity of the forest soil micro-fungi in four vegetation belts along an elevation gradient on the north slope of Changbai Mountain in Changbai National Nature Reserve. The four belts were characterized as coniferous–deciduous mixed forest, coniferous forest, Erman’s birch forest, and alpine tundra. We estimated the quantity and distribution of the fungal species in each belt and calculated three indices, viz. Shannon–Wiener diversity (H′), Pielou’s evenness (J′), and Margalef’s abundance (E), to depict fungal species diversity. A total of 932 strains were recorded and identified, representing 53 genera, and 108 species. Among these, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Mucor, Rhizopus and Fusarium were the dominant genera. With increasing elevation, the quantity of fungi and values of H′, E, and J′ gradually declined.

Single-factor experiments and Box-Behnken central composite design were used to optimize the extraction of polysaccharides from waste materials of Cordyceps militaris. The single-factor experiment results showed that three factors including the extraction time, water-mate-rials ratio, and extraction temperature of the experiment would affect the extraction degree. Ac-cording to Box-Behnken central composite design principle, three factors and three levels ex-periments are designed, and optimal conditions of extraction of polysaccharides are obtained. Response surface processing software Design-Expert was used. Results showed that optimal ex-traction conditions were temperature of 100 ℃, time of 3 h, water-material ratio of 50∶1. The extraction rate of polysaccharide was 5 . 45 % and predictive value of polysaccharide was 5 . 88 mg/mL. The model fit well, which can be used to analyze and predict the extraction process of polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris.

发酵技术是大连民族大学生物技术专业的一门专业必修课程,为了进一步完善发酵技术的课程理念,培养高质量的生物技术专业人才,我们基于"互联网+教育"通过将慕课、微课引入民族高校生物技术专业《发酵技术》课程改革与探索,以期将其作为发酵工程课堂教学的补充与延伸,形成一种兼顾课堂教学和个性化教学的新模式,最大限度地促进学生的个性化学习.

[目的]研究我国芒果镰孢菌的遗传多样性.[方法]从云南、广西、海南等芒果主产区芒果花序上分离得到芒果镰孢菌,采用IGS、Histone 2个基因片段对芒果镰孢菌进行遗传多样性分析.[结果]我国芒果镰孢菌具有多个谱系,致病芒果镰孢菌为单系群.[结论]我国芒果镰孢菌具有较高的遗传多样性.

In the paper, the systemic research on the biological characteristics of downy mildew is conducted. The results show that the preference temperature range for its sporangium germina-tion is from 15 to 20℃ with the optimal temperature of 18℃. Sporangium germination needs higher humidity because humidity is below 95% sporangium fails to germinate. Soluble starch has a strong role in promoting the sporangium germination;after being treated with soluble solu-tion for 3h, the germination rate of sporangium increases from 37. 7% to 90. 9%. The treatment of sporangium under the condition of low temperature reduces the sporangia germination ability. the longer the processing time is, the lower the germination ability is. Under the condition of constant temperature, within the scope of 10 ℃ ~20 ℃, with the increase of temperature, downy mildew infection ability enhances. When the moisturizing time is less than 2h, downy mildew can' t infect Ambrosia trifida, which shows humidity condition is the important factor af-fecting the morbidity of Ambrosia trifida.

Objective] To discuss the optimum fermentation conditions for the production of cyclosporin from Tolypocladium inflatum.[ Meth-od] Through an orthogonal experiment, the effects of culture time, culture medium, bottling capacity, and inoculation amount ( in slice) of T.inflatum on the production of cyclosporin were analyzed.[ Result] The optimum fermentation conditions for the production of cyclosporin from T.inflatum were shown as follows:the culture time was 4 d;the fermentation culture medium was composed of potato 200.00 g, manni-tol 40.00 g, and peptone 6.00 g;bottling capacity was 100 mL;inoculation amount was 9 slices.[ Conclusion] The study can provide theo-retical foundation for the improvement of yield of cyclosporin produced from T.inflatum.

针对新形势下应用型本科教育培养目标，结合食用菌课程性质特点，通过对食用菌生产实习结构内容调整、开放实验室平台构建、师资队伍建设和多元化考核方式等方面的改革，提出符合现代应用型食用菌人才培养的实践教学模式，提高大学生的创新实践能力和社会竞争力。

α-淀粉酶广泛分布于动物、植物和微生物中,能水解淀粉产生糊精、麦芽糖、低聚糖和葡萄糖等,是食品工业中应用最为广泛的酶制剂之一.从东北三省传统的家庭自制豆酱上获得纯培养真菌389株,通过可溶性淀粉平板初筛获得具有α-淀粉酶活性的菌株34株,其中曲霉属的真菌14株、青霉12株、毛霉2株、镰孢菌2株、帚霉1株、犁头霉l株、木霉2株.米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)、橘灰青霉(Penicillium aurantiogriseum)和疣状青霉(Penicillium verrucosum)出现频率较高,是豆酱发酵过程中产生α-淀粉酶的优势种群.

In this paper, lignin deposition and the chloroplast structure were observed and initial-ly studied by means of light microscopy, Transmission electron microscope ( TEM) after Plas-mopara angustiterminalis Novotelnova infecting on the host giant ragweed. The result shows that P. angustiterminalis could cause the damage of chloroplast membrane and inclusion outflow of leaf, decline of photosynthesis and eventually inhibit the growth of the giant ragweed. Lignin deposition increases significantly due to infection of downy mildew.

[Objective]The research aimed to explore the population diversity and the distribution feature of low temperature fungi in Changbai Mountain. [Method] The quantity and structure of low temperature fungi groups were studied in Changbai Mountain by selective medium. [Result] The variation trend of the numbers of fungi were September July June August. Low temperature fungi showed no obvious distribution pattern with the decrease of the elevation. 106 strains were isolated from soil fungi,which belonged to 16 genera. Mortierella,Mucor,Penicillium and Tolypocladium were dominate genera. [Conclusion] Species structure of low temperature fungi exbibted diversities.

The 389 fungal strains were isolated from 254 home-made soybean paste samples collected in the Northeast of China. Using skim milk plate screening, 31 strains with protease activity were obtained, including 12 strains of Aspergillus sp., five strains of Penicillium sp., four strains of Mucor sp., three strains of Fusarium sp., one strain of Scopulariopsis sp., three strains of Cladosporium sp., one strain of Absidia sp., and two strains of Monascus sp. Through secondary screening of fermentation, the protease activity of crude enzyme fluid was determined by Folin-reagent method.Two Aspergillus oryzae strains with high protease activity were screened.

The characteristics of melanin,extracted from cell wall and fermented filtrate of Ascochyta anemones, were determined by diagnostic test and infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated that they have similar physical and chemical properties,and they are soluble in KOH,H2 O2 and NaClO,but not in water,ethanol and acetone. Infrared spectrum analysis showed that the wall-bound melanin and extracellular melanin belonged to the same type. Tricyclazole,a specific inhibitor of DHN melanin synthesis,could inhibit the fungal melanin’s biosynthesis of A.anemones. The homologous fragment of polyketide synthase gene (AaPKS)was amplified by PCR using A.anemones genomic DNA as a template. The results suggested that the melanin in A.anemones might be synthe-sized from DHN pathway.

生物技术专业是生物学领域一个新兴的本科专业。大连民族学院隶属于国家民族事务委员会,是国家唯一设在东北和沿海开放地区、以工科和应用学科为主要特色的综合性民族高等学校。为了尽快适应民族地区生物技术应用型人才培养的需要,对民族院校特色生物技术专业的建设进行探讨:完善专业培养方案和教学大纲;强化师资队伍建设和培训;加强实验室和实习实训基地建设;加强课程和教材建设;开展教学法研究和改革;鼓励考研和积极开展国际化办学;加强教学管理和完善教学质量评估体系;加强学生职业规划指导。以上措施为民族院校生物技术专业的探索起到重要借鉴意义。