N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification plays important regulatory roles in plant development and adaptation to the environment. However, there has been no research regarding m6A RNA methyltransferases (MT-A70) in Przewalskia tangutica Maxim. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the MT-A70 family in Przewalskia tangutica (PtMTs), including gene structures, phylogenetic relationships, conserved motifs, gene location, promoter analysis, GO enrichment analysis, and expression profiles. We identified seven PtMT genes. Phylogeny analysis indicated that the seven PtMT genes could be divided into three groups; two MTA genes, three MTB genes, and two MTC genes, and domains and motifs exhibited similar patterns within the same group. These PtMT genes were found to contain a large number of cis-acting elements associated with plant hormones, light response, and stress response, suggesting their widespread regulatory function. Furthermore, the expression profiling of different tissues was investigated using RNA-seq data, and the expression of seven genes was further validated by qPCR analysis. These results provided valuable information to further elucidate the function of m6A regulatory genes and their epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in Przewalskia tangutica.

Przewalskia tangutica is an endangered alpine plant,found in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,contains tropane alkaloids as its main active ingredients.The roots,seeds and whole herb of P.tangutica are used in medicine and have significant medicinal value.The study was conducted to analyze the changes in the root exudates of P.tangutica induced by methyl jasmonate.The plants were treated with 0,150 μmol·L-1 methyl jasmonate for 3 d and 7 d,and the root exudates were analyzed using the non-targeted metabolomics technique of LC-MS/MS.The results were as follows:(1)There was a significant difference in the content of root exudates from P.tangutica after 3 d and 7 d treatments with 0,150 µmol·L-1 methyl jasmonate.(2)The amount of root exudate increased significantly with the 150 µmol·L-1 methyl jasmonate treatment compared to the control.(3)The KEGG pathways mainly involved in the root exudates of P.tangutica were α-linolenic acid metabolism pathway,plant hormone signal transduction pathway and lysine biosynthesis pathway.In summary,it was concluded that the induction of methyl jasmonate affected the metabolism and changed the content and quantity of induced exudates in the root system of P.tangutica.Through non-targeted metabolomics analysis,the study preliminarily reveals the key metabolites involved in the root exudate response to methyl jasmonate of P.tangutica,which provides a theoretical reference for further understanding of the changes in root exudate and metabolism mechanism of this alpine plant under methyl jasmonate.In addition,the results also offer a new way of thinking on the continuation of the resources.

Gentiana straminea Maxim. (Gentianaceae) is an important traditional Tibetan herb that is mainly distributed on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Despite its agricultural and pharmacological importance, there remains a paucity of microsatellite markers, particularly expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers, available for this local endemic species. In this study, based on previous Illumina transcriptome data of G. straminea, a total of 96 EST-SSR markers were initially designed and tested. Thirty-two of 96 loci (33.33%) were successfully amplified and verified for validation. Among them, 10 were polymorphic and had clear bands. The polymorphism information content values were 0.09-0.799, the number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 14, and the levels of observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.078-0.722 and 0.238-0.884, respectively, which suggested a high level of information. Moreover, cross-amplification was successful for 10 loci in two other related species, Gentiana macrophylla Pallas and Gentiana dahurica Fischer. These EST-SSR markers provide a valuable tool for investigating the genetic diversity related to quantitative traits and population genetic studies on G. straminea and related species in sect. Cruciata Gaudin.

Habenaria, a member of Orchidaceae family is the cosmopolitan distributions, which has significant medicinal and ornamental values. Regardless of morphology and molecular data that have been studied in recent times, the phylogenetic relationship is still under debate. Here, we sequenced, assembled, and annotated the whole chloroplast (cp) genome of two species (Habenaria aitchisonii Rchb.f. and Habenaria tibetica Schltr.ex Limpricht) of Habenaria grown on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), and combined with seven already published cp genomes which may assist to uncover their genomic profiling. The two genomes ranged from 155259-155269 bp in length and both encoded 132 genes, including 86 protein, 38 tRNA and 8 rRNA. In the cp genomes, the tandem repeats (797), SSRs (2195) and diverse loci (3214) were identified. Comparative analyses of codon usage, amino frequency, microsatellite, oligo repeats and transition and transversion substitutions showed similarities among the species. Moreover, we identified 16 highly polymorphic regions with nucleotide diversity above 0.02, which may be suitable for robust authentic barcoding and inferring in the phylogeny of Habenaria species. Among the polymorphic regions, positive selection was significantly exerted on the several genes such as cemA, petA, and ycf1. This may suggest that the important adaptation stratagem for two Habenaria species on the QTP. The phylogenetic relationship displayed that H.aitchisonii and H. tibetica have closer relationship than others and the rest seven species clustered in the other three groups. Our findings also supported the idea that Habenaria could be divided into different sections. This study enriched the genomics resources of Habenaria, which may be helpful for the conservation efforts of these endangered species.

Endophytic fungi are a crucial microbial resource that can influence plant growth and development through their interactions with host plants. Gentiana straminea Maxim. is an important traditional Tibetan herb used to treat a range of diseases in the Qinghai-Tibetan region. However, the diversity and community structure of endophytic fungi in the species remain poorly understood. In this study, a total of 944 strains of endophytic fungi were isolated from the roots, stems, and leaves of G. straminea from four different altitudes. A total of 87 OTUs were identified through sequence alignment, comprising 6 classes, 15 orders, 25 families, and 44 genera. The colonization rate and diversity of endophytic fungi were affected by tissue type and altitude. With the exception of Xining, the endophytic fungi colonization rate of tissues was roots>leaves>stems. Moreover, the α-diversity of endophytic fungi among different tissues was leaves>stems>roots. Notably, the phylogenetic diversity index in leaves was significantly higher than that in roots. In addition, the colonization rate and diversity of endophytic fungi in leaves and stems demonstrated a decline with the increasing altitude. The β-diversity analysis revealed significant differences in the endophytic fungi of G. straminea at varying altitudes. In roots, geographical factors, such as latitude and longitude, were the primary drivers of variation, whereas environmental factors, including temperature and precipitation, had a greater influence on endophytes in leaves and stems. In addition, the results of the endophytic fungi association preference, linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe), and co-network analysis indicated that these differential endophytic fungi may play a significant role in the authenticity and stress resistance of G. straminea.

Habenaria, a genus in the family Orchidaceae, are the nearly cosmopolitan orchids, and most species have significant medicinal and ornamental values. Despite the morphological and molecular data that have been studied in recent years, the phylogenetic relationship is still unclear. We sequenced, assembled, and annotated the chloroplast (cp) genomes of two species (Habenaria aitchisonii Rchb.f. and Habenaria tibetica Schltr.ex Limpricht) of Habenaria grown on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), and compared them with seven previously published cp genomes which may aid in the genomic profiling of these species. The two genomes ranged from 155,259–155,269 bp in length and both included 132 genes, encoding 86 proteins, 38 tRNAs and 8 rRNAs. In the cp genomes, the tandem repeats (797), SSRs (2195) and diverse loci (3214) were identified. Comparative analyses of codon usage, amino frequency, microsatellite, oligo repeats and transition and transversion substitutions revealed similarities between the species. Moreover, we identified 16 highly polymorphic regions with a nucleotide diversity above 0.02, which may be suitable for robust authentic barcoding and inferring in the phylogeny of Habenaria species. Among the polymorphic regions, positive selection was significantly exerted on several genes, such as cemA, petA, and ycf1. This finding may suggest an important adaptation strategy for the two Habenaria species on the QTP. The phylogenetic relationship revealed that H. aitchisonii and H. tibetica were more closely related to each other than to the other species, and the other seven species were clustered in three groups. In addition, the estimated divergence time suggested that the two species separated from the others approximately 0.39 Mya in the Neogene period. Our findings also suggest that Habenaria can be divided into different sections. The results of this study enriched the genomics resources of Habenaria, and SSR marker may aid in the conservation management of two endangered species.

Aims Kobresia pygmaea is a perennial cushion herb from the Cyperaceae family with a height of 1–3 cm and small linear leaves about 1 mm wide. It is mainly distributed on the low slopes of the high mountains ranging from 3 000 m to 5 960 m on the Qingzang Plateau, China. Its habitat is harsh, and extreme climate conditions such as low temperature, strong wind, and high sunlight intensity are the main abiotic stresses during plants growing season. The objectives of this study were to analyze the photochemical and non-photochemical energy distribution of the photosystem II（PSII） reaction center in K. pygmaea leaves, and their quenching protection mechanism after nocturnal low-temperature（NLT） treatment. Methods Kobresia pygmaea meadow turfs（30 cm × 15 cm） were collected from the Alpine Grassland Ecosystem Research Station of the Resource of Three Rivers. The turf blocks were separated into two groups, one group was kept in a culture room with a temperature of 24/18 °C（day/night） as a control treatment, and another was kept in an artificial climate chamber with 0 °C in the evening as an NLT treatment. During the daytime, the NLT group was moved back to the culture room and irradiated together with the control group. On day 0, day 1,day 3, and day 5 after NLT treatment, the chlorophyll fluorescence of K. pygmaea leaves including, the light-response curve, PSII photochemical efficiency at 400 and 1 500 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 steady-state light intensities, and dark relaxation were monitored using CF imager. Then, based on the “Lake Model”, the variation of the PSII actual photochemical efficiency(Φ PSII ), the quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation(Φ NO ) and regulated energy dissipation(Φ NPQ ) were explored. Additionally, the fast and slow relaxation components of PSII non-photochemical quenching were determined. Important findings Nocturnal low temperature had limited effects on the rapid light-response curves of PSII relative electron transfer rate through PSII（rETR）, the fraction of open PSII centers（q L ）, and PSII non-photochemical quenching coefficient(q NP ). The comparison of chlorophyll fluorescence between 400 and 1 500 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 steady-state light intensities confirmed that NLT treatment did not affect the activity of the PSII reaction center and the process of non-photochemical quenching of K. pygmaea. On the third day after NLT treatment, under high light intensity, the ratios of Φ PSII :Φ NO :Φ NPQ were 36:19:45 and 38:19:43 in the control and NLT groups, respectively; while under lower light intensity, they were 66:22:12 and 66:23:11, respectively. The fast relaxation component（NPQ f ） was the main component in non-photochemical quenching（NPQ）; the proportion of the slow relaxation component in non-photochemical quenching was 11% and 10% on day 1 and day 3 in control group, and 13% and 12% in NLT group, respectively. Our results indicated that the probability of photoinhibition of the PSII reaction center in K. pygmaea was increased after NLT treatment; low light intensity and NLT led to the prolongation of photosynthetic induction time. Overall, the NLT treatment did not increase the tendency of excess excitation energy to be difficult to regulate and dissipate in K. pygmaea leaves, since PSII photochemical energy dissipation and protective regulation mechanism still effectively distributed the absorbed light energy.

Aims Kobresia pygmaea is a typical low temperature-tolerant arid mesophyte,and mainly distributes at low slope and high mountains ranging from 3 000 to 5 960 m on the Qingzang Plateau.Low temperature is a frequently occurring abiotic stress factor during the plants growing season on the Qingzang Plateau.The objectives of this study were to analyze the photochemical and non-photochemical energy distribution characteristics of the photosystem Ⅱ(PSⅡ)reaction center of K.pygmaea leaves,and explore their quenching protection mechanism in response to low temperature stress. Methods Turf blocks(30 cm × 30 cm)of K.pygmaea meadow were collected from the Alpine Grassland Ecosystem Research Station of the Resource of Three Rivers,moved and kept in a culture room with air temperature of 24 ℃/18 ℃(day/night)at a diurnal photoperiod of 12 h and relative humidity of 45％;being irradiated with artificial LED light source of 500 μmol·m-2·s-1light intensity.When the turf black had been kept in culture room for one day,the measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence were performed immediately using chlorophyll fluorescence imager with built-in protocol.The trial of light response curves at different leaf temperatures,temperature response at a steady-state light intensity and light-temperature interaction effects were performed at controlled temperature using thermostatic control instruments.Based on the"Lake Model",the relative variation of the PSⅡ actual photochemical efficiency(ΦPSⅡ),the quantum yield of regulated energy dissipation(ΦNPQ)and non-regulated energy dissipation(ΦNO)were investigated.Furthermore,the interaction effects of low temperature and high light intensity was analyzed by two-way ANOVA of the general linear model(GLM). Important findings The maximum quantum efficiency of PSⅡ photochemistry(Fv/Fm and 1/Fo-1/Fm)were higher at 10 ℃ and their coefficient of variation(CV)was smaller relative to other temperatures.The rapid light-response curves of the PSⅡ relative electron transfer rate(rETR)showed a downward as a whole with the decreasing of temperature,and their initial slope(a)also decreased accordingly.Low temperature caused a decrease in ΦPSⅡ and ΦNO,and an increase in ΦNPQ,accompanied with enhancement of CV values.Under 1 000μmol·m-2 s-1 steady-state light intensity,the relative ratios of ΦPSⅡ∶ΦNPQ∶ΦNO at the temperature of 20,10,5,0,and-5 ℃were in turn 23:57:20,18∶63∶19,15∶68∶17,11∶75∶14,and 8∶80∶12,showing remarkable decrease inΦPSⅡ and increase in ΦNPQ The relative limitation of PSⅡ photochemical efficiency(LPPFD)increased gradually with the increase of light intensity,and also with the decrease of temperature.The two-way ANOVA of GLM showed that there were no interaction effects of low temperature and high light intensity in both PSⅡphotochemical and non-photochemical energy dissipation processes.Therefore,the excited energy absorbed by PSⅡ antenna pigments can be transferred and dissipated effectively by the photochemical energy conversion ofΦPsn and protective regulatory mechanisms of ΦNPQ avoiding the exacerbation of ΦNO,which exhibited a strong tolerance and adaptation to alpine habitats.However,the increased instability of photosynthetic activities at low temperatures indicated that the photosynthetic apparatus of K.pygmaea still suffer the stress while maintaining normal operation.It can be inferred that the low temperature is an important factor affecting the photosynthetic physiological process and limiting growth and development and its distribution.

[目的]探究低温逆境对高山植物叶片PSⅡ反应中心光化学效率的影响,明确光合机构的适宜运行温度.[方法]应用叶绿素荧光图像分析手段,以青藏高原典型寒冷中生植物小嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)为材料,研究低温对叶片PSII光化学效率和非光化学猝灭的影响.[结果]PSⅡ最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)在5℃至15℃时较高(P<0.05).低温可影响PSⅡ光化学效率和非光化学猝灭的光响应过程,引起稳态作用光强下PSⅡ运行效率(Fq′/Fm′)和PSⅡ效率因子(Fq′/Fv′)的降低,以及非光化学猝灭(NPQ)的增高,并导致PSⅡ反应中心光化学效率的变异系数(CV)升高.低温对PSⅡ最大效率(Fv′/Fm′)和NPQ总变异的贡献较强光明显,但Fq'/Fm'、Fv′/Fm′、Fq′/Fv′和NPQ均没有呈现低温和强光的交互效应,即使模拟-5℃的低温也未能完全抑制光合机构的活性.[结论]低温可导致小嵩草叶片PSⅡ光化学效率的不稳定性增高,植株在承受逆境胁迫的同时,又表现出对高寒生境的极强适应性和耐性,是形成高寒小嵩草草甸地带性分布的重要因素.

Haloxylon ammodendron is a preferred shrub species for buffering against wind and fixing sand in arid sandy areas of northwest China. To determine whether sandstorms cause damage to H. ammodendron seedlings, we investigated the effects of wind-blown sands on the photosynthetic function of H. ammodendron by simulating sand-carrying wind in the wind tunnel. The results showed that photosystem II (PSII) non-photochemical quenching ( NPQ ) was sensitive to wind erosion, and sustained blowing of sand-carrying winds enhanced NPQ reduction. The rapidly relaxing quenching NPQ f made up the majority component of NPQ ; the NPQ f / NPQ ratio was approximately 64.4% in the sand-free wind group and nearly 56.2% in the sand-carrying wind group. The distribution of the quantum efficiency of the excitation energy indicated that the relative proportions of the quantum yield of PSII photochemistry Φ PSII , the quantum yield of quenching due to light-induced Φ NPQ , and non-light-induced Φ NO were influenced by both wind erosion and light intensity; the sand-carrying wind resulted in a relative decrease in Φ NPQ and a corresponding increase in Φ NO . The maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry F v / F m was relatively stable in the sand-free wind group, with an average value of approximately 0.81. Compared to sand-free wind, sand-carrying winds caused remarkable decreases in F v / F m . Light intensity was the main factor affecting Φ PSII , Φ NPQ , and relative electron transport rate ( rETR ); there was no interaction effect between the duration of sand-carrying wind and light intensity. Taken together, wind-blown sands cause irreversible damage to the photosynthesis of H. ammodendron seedlings, which is the main factor restricting population regeneration in shelterbelts.

Kobresia pygmaea Clarke is mainly distributed in the alpine region from 3800 to 4500 m elevation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It is excellent in low-temperature tolerance and trampling resistance and plays an important role in maintaining the stability of regional ecological environments. Mainly based on the chlorophyll fluorescence imaging technique, using grass sods blocks with a size of 20 × 20 cm 2 collected from K. pygmaea forb meadow, simulated a low-temperature treatment in cultural room with 8 °C/4 °C (day/night) at diurnal photoperiod, we analyzed the effects of low temperature on PSII photochemical efficiency and non-photochemical quenching, as well as the interaction between low temperature and light intensity. The results showed that low temperature could significantly decrease the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry ( F v / F m ) and inhibit the leaf growth of K. pygmaea . The light response curve of PSII relative linear electron transport rate was reduced by low temperature, while it recovered to almost normal level after two days of removing adversity. Further experiments under steady-state actinic light confirmed that light intensity was the main factor affecting the PSII photochemical efficiency, and its reduction caused by the low temperature showed a certain degree of reversibility. The non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) was significantly affected by light intensity, and its fast and slow components (NPQ f and NPQ s ) in NPQ accounted for 36% and 64% of NPQ, respectively. The decrease in NPQ f and corresponding increase in NPQ s slowly recovered after relieving from low-temperature condition. The relative inhibition of photosynthesis ( P inh ) was significantly enhanced by low temperature and reduced after removal of adversity. Strong light intensity could intensify the adverse effect of low temperature on PSII operating efficiency F q ′/ F m ′ and efficiency factor F q ′/ F v ′, as well as NPQ. In conclusion, low temperature was one of the main reasons limiting the photosynthetic performance of K. pygmaea on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and could aggravate photosynthetic photoinhibition. The adversity of low temperature frequently occurring in the plant growing season on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was constituted of the main factor of the low productivity level in alpine meadow.

Objective To understand the identification methods of authentic and forged products of Fritillaria cirrhosa Bulbus.Methods By reviewing the relevant domestic and foreign literature in the past 10 years, the methods of authenticity identification of Fritillaria cirrhosa Bulbus were summarized.Results The identification methods of authentic and counterfeit Fritillaria cirrhosa Bulbus mainly include trait identification, microscopic identification, physicochemical identification, and molecular identification.Conclusion The research on the authenticity identification methods of Fritillaria cirrhosa Bulbus has made some progress, but there are still some limitations that need to be further studied.

Enhanced UV-B radiation resulting from stratospheric ozone depletion has been documented both globally and on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China. The response of Kobresia humilis, an important alpine meadow plant species, to enhanced UV-B radiation was experimentally investigated at the Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station (37°29′–37°45′ N, 101°12′–101°23′ E; alt. 3200 m). K. humilis was exposed to UV-B radiation including ambient UV-B and enhanced UV-B (simulating a 14% reduction in the ozone layer) in a randomized design with three replications of each treatment. Enhanced UV-B radiation resulted in a significant increase of both leaf area and fresh weight chlorophyll and carotenoid but had no effect on UV-B absorbing pigments. Similarly, enhanced UV-B radiation did not significantly change the photosynthetic O2 elevation rate while leaf thickness, width, and length significantly increased (p < 0.01). The enhanced UV-B radiation was associated with 2–3 days earlier flowering and a larger number of flowers per spikelet. The enhanced UV-B generally resulted in larger leaves and more flowers but earlier phenology. In summary, these findings suggest that alpine species of K. humilis have adapted to the strong solar UV-B radiation intensity presented on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, but the interspecies differences and their influence on trophic level should be more concerning.

Haloxylon ammodendron is an excellent windproof and sand-fixing species whose shrubs are widely cultivated in arid desert areas of northwest China but are now at risk of degradation and shrinkage. Using the chlorophyll fluorescence image analysis technique, the response of photosystem II (PSII) photochemical efficiency and non-photochemical quenching capacity to sediment-carrying wind and sand-free wind (both 12 m s−1) lasting for 10, 20, and 40 min were studied with seedlings in a wind tunnel. The results indicated that the sand-free wind had little influence on the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry, Fv/Fm, which was approximately 0.80 on average; however, the Fv/Fm decreased over exposure time in the sediment-carrying wind group, with values smaller than those in the wind-only group. The non-photochemical quenching was sensitive to wind erosion, and sediment-carrying wind could aggravate the reduction in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Except for the 10 min duration, the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry after dark recovery for 15 min, Fvr/Fmr, was lower in seedlings exposed to sediment-carrying wind than in those in the wind-only group. Compared to wind-only, wind-blown sand led to a water imbalance and withering in seedlings, causing the concentration of photosynthetic pigments (when based on the fresh mass of green branches) to not decrease. With a longer exposure time to sediment-carrying wind, both the probability and extent of lignified spots occurring increased in green assimilative branches. Our results demonstrated that sediment-carrying wind at 12 m s−1 lasting for 20 min or more could cause irreversible damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of H. ammodendron seedlings. Therefore, frequent and strong sandstorms are the main disturbance factors leading to shrinkage of shrubs and limiting their self-renewal.

Anisodus tanguticus Maxim. (Solanaceae), a traditional endangered Tibetan herb, is endemic to the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Here, we report the de novo assembled chloroplast (cp) genome sequences of A. tanguticus (155,765 bp). The cp contains a pair of inverted repeated (IRa and IRb) regions of 25,881 bp that are separated by a large single copy (LSC) region (86,516 bp) and a small single copy SSC (17,487 bp) region. A total of 132 functional genes were annotated in the cp genome, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Moreover, 199 simple sequence repeats (SSR) and 65 repeat structures were detected. Comparative plastome analyses revealed a conserved gene order and high similarity of protein-coding sequences. The A. tanguticus cp genome exhibits contraction and expansion, which differs from Przewalskia tangutica and other related Solanaceae species. We identified 30 highly polymorphic regions, mostly belonging to intergenic spacer regions (IGS), which may be suitable for the development of robust and cost-effective markers for inferring the phylogeny of the genus Anisodus and family Solanaceae. Analysis of the Ka/Ks ratios of the Hyoscyameae tribe revealed significant positive selection exerted on the cemA, rpoC2, and clpP genes, which suggests that protein metabolism may be an important strategy for A. tanguticus and other species in Hyoscyameae in adapting to the adverse environment on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that A. tanguticus clustered closer with Hyoscyamus niger than P. tangutica. Our results provide reliable genetic information for future exploration of the taxonomy and phylogenetic evolution of the Hyoscyameae tribe and related species.

Solanum japonense Nakai. (Solanaceae) is a traditional Chinese medicine and animal fodder in Asian continent. Here, the complete chloroplast genome sequence of S. japonense was determined by the Illumina Hiseq technology. The complete chloroplast genome of S. japonense was 155,415 bp and the GC content was 37.81%. The typical circular quadripartite structure was composed with two inverted repeat (IR) regions with 25,588 bp, a large single-copy (LSC) region (85,931 bp) and a small single-copy (SSC) region (18,344 bp). The chloroplast genome of S. japonense contained 132 unigenes, which contained 86 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA and 8 rRNA genes and one pseudo-gene. Moreover, 183 SSRs were identified and 65% (119)of them located at LSC region. A Maximum-Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis based on chloroplast genomes indicated that S. japonense was closely related to S.dulcamara, S.nigrum. Our results would provide a valuable resource for resource utilization and the phylogenetic studies of species of Dulcamara sect. in Solanaceae.

Ethnobotanical relevance: Gentiana straminea Maxim. is a well-known Tibetan traditional herb, which has been used to treat rheumatic arthritis, iceteric hepatitis, and other diseases for thousands years. However, there is still lack of comprehensive active constituents profiling of this species throughout the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). Aim of study: This study was designed to provide a comprehensive quality map of G.straminea germplasm based on twelve active constituents (loganic acid, gentiopicroside, swertiamarin, sweroside, 6-O-beta-D-glucosylgentio-picroside, oleanic acid, morroniside, trilobatin, isoorientin, isovite, Shanzhisidemethylester and quercetin) on the QTP. Materials and methods: G.straminea root samples collected throughout QTP in the flowering period were analyzed by the LC-MS/MS. Statistics analysis methods PCA, clustering and ecological regions analysis for G.straminea constituents differentiation was demonstrated. Results: The active constituents varied greatly across the QTP; the majority of constituents were secoiridoid derivatives, with gentiopicroside being the most abundant compound. Most constituents were significantly affected by the latitudes and altitudes other than longitudes. PCA and hierarchical clustering analysis showed that all samples could be separated into six distinct groups, and 15 populations showed the highest constituent abundances. Further, geographical region analysis showed that the highest quality populations mainly located near the source region of Yellow River, especially in the Qinghai and Sichuan areas. Additionally, correlation analysis showed that there were relationships among genetiopicroside, loganic acid, and other compounds, which might be related to the enzymatic pathways involved in the metabolism of these constituents. Conclusion: LC-MS/MS method allowed separation of quality profiling of G.straminea on the QTP, 15 populations showed the highest constituent abundances. In six geographical groups, the highest quality populations mainly located near the source region of Yellow River, especially in the Qinghai and Sichuan areas, which may be due to the climate caused by the westerlies and Indian Ocean monsoons in the QTP.

对麻花艽种子营养成分进行分析测定.结果 表明:麻花艽种子中水分、总黄酮、总糖、粗脂肪、粗蛋白、粗纤维含量分别为6.95％、0.22％、2.57％、17.50％、20.53％、23.57％,为高蛋白、高纤维植物种子;16种氨基酸总量为21.84 g/100 g,其中谷氨酸(5.46g/100 g)含量最高;常量元素中钾(4 300 mg/kg)含量最高,钙(803 mg/kg)含量最低,微量元素中铁(227 mg/kg)含量最高,铜(12.7mg/kg)含量最低;共检出17种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量占总脂肪酸的84.54％.研究表明,麻花艽种子具有较高的蛋白质含量,氨基酸组成全面,矿质元素丰富,油酸、亚油酸等不饱和脂肪酸含量高,因此极具开发利用价值.

Meconopsis integrifolia (Maxim.) Franch is a traditional Tibetan medicinal material. In this study, we sequenced and assembled the complete chloroplast genome of M. integrifolia. The chloroplast genome is 152,714 bp in length, containing a pair of inverted repeated (IR) region of 25,627 bp that are separated by a large single copy (LSC) region of 83,706 bp, and a small single copy (SSC) region of 17,754 bp. Moreover, a total of 126 functional genes were annotated, including 86 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. In the maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree, M. integrifolia clustered closely with three Papaver species.

以青海省海北站、德令哈、河北乡、下藏科和班玛县5个地理种源麻花艽种子为材料,检测干旱胁迫、盐胁迫和混合胁迫下麻花艽幼苗的生长和生理特性.结果显示,胁迫下麻花艽材料的生长受到明显抑制,但不同地区受胁迫的影响不同,干旱胁迫下德令哈地区幼苗的株高最高,为2.36 cm;盐胁迫和混合胁迫下河北乡地区幼苗的株高最高,分别为2.49 cm和2.28 cm.不同胁迫下不同地区的幼苗生理特性也存在一定的差异,与对照相比,仅干旱胁迫下德令哈地区幼苗的MDA含量降低了69.07％,其可溶性蛋白增加了46.52％;单纯干旱胁迫下,海北站地区幼苗的POD和CAT活性分别增加了234.39％和86.39％;单纯盐胁迫处理下,海北站地区幼苗的POD和CAT活性分别增加了340.53％和127.86％;混合胁迫下德令哈地区幼苗的SOD和CAT分别增加了6.44％和51.20％.通过隶属函数法进行综合分析发现,5个地理种源麻花艽的抗旱性综合评价顺序为:德令哈>海北站>下藏科>河北乡>班玛县,耐盐性顺序为:海北站>下藏科>德令哈>班玛县>河北乡,混合胁迫抗性顺序为:德令哈>下藏科>河北乡>海北站>班玛县.结果表明,不同地理种源麻花艽对胁迫的响应存在一定的差异,德令哈和海北站地区麻花艽对胁迫的耐受性更强,推测可能与长期生长的自然环境有关.