建立粗铅熔融精炼的实体模型,对熔铅生产时铅蒸气收集情况进行三维数值模拟.研究熔铅锅及负压板周围的流动特性,结果表明,计算结果与测试数据较为吻合,侧边吸风罩收集铅蒸气的体积分数小,进入其中的气体大部分为空气,铅蒸气密度过大容易下沉而无法被收集进入吸风管道,总管处铅蒸气的收集效率只有1.1％,收集效果不理想.

The experiment of air flowing high-temperature steel slag particles was done and the experimental correlation of non-di-mensional average Nusselt number was fitted. A three-dimensional numerical simulation of air-cooled high-temperature steel slag parti-cles was performed to study the criterion equations in different conditions and to analyze the influencing factors of air sweeping solid steel slag particles. The experimental correlation and numerical calculation of air-cooled solid steel slag particles were gained, and the error between the experimental and numerical calculation is very small, which verifies the reliability of the SST k-ωmodel. The results show that the average Nusselt number of slag particles increases with the increase of streaming Reynolds number, particle diameter, and air velocity. The particle diameter effect on the average Nusselt number is larger than the air velocity under the same conditions. The influence of the steel slag particle diameter on the solidification time is the largest, the thermal conductivity is the second, and the air stream temperature is the smallest.

通过反应塔内颗粒高温急冷取样,采用正交设计方法,研究工艺风速、中央氧量、风动溜槽风量、分散风量对反应塔内颗粒的影响.结果表明,反应塔中颗粒分布极不均匀,在反应塔中央区域较为集中,且颗粒氧化程度极不均匀.工艺风对颗粒的分散作用最好,中央氧量越小分散作用越明显.反应颗粒的四氧化三铁含量很高,其生成量在反应塔半径方向呈抛物线分布,颗粒在反应过程中发生明显的脱硫反应.

The feed mixture of concentrate particles from the concentrate burner of flash smelting furnace was investigated by numerical simulation and experimental verification. Based on the analysis of the maldistribution of feed mixture, a concentrate burner with new pre?distribution system has been developed, where the particle motion was simulated and analyzed. Then, the advanced pre?distribution system in the concentrate burner resulting in well?distribution of feed mixture was verified through experiment. It is concluded that feeding through the traditional Outokumpu concentrate burner will inevitably bring in feed maldistribution, in which the radial maldistribution is more than circumferential maldistribution followed by local maldistribution. The new concentrate burner with pre?distribution system can solve such problem, resulting in the uniformity in particle size distribution through the outlet of feeding duct, without any maldistribution. The application of such new concentrate burner with pre?distribution system into the smelter showed an excellent effect, which not only controlled the maldistribution, but also reduced the yielding of the ash and slag?containing copper.

基于某厂实际铜闪速熔炼工艺和控制过程,对神经网络模型在铜闪速熔炼过程在线控制进行了研究.在分析影响溶剂率、熔炼氧单耗、反应塔总风量操作参数因素的基础上,提出一种基于BP神经网络的操作参数的预测方法,分别建立了输入向量只包含主要元素和考虑杂质元素的BP神经网络模型.网络的训练和测试结果表明,两种神经网络的输出值与实际值的最大相对误差均小于1.0％,输出值与实际样本值吻合得较好,模型输入参数中包括杂质元素时具有更高的计算精度.

Unsteady flowing about the flow around high temperature metallurgical slag particle of the three –dimensional was simulated, and the heat transfer and resistance characteristics of slag particles in different Streaming Reynolds number were studied. The results show that the heat transfer of slag particles is nonuniform when the slag particles are cooled in air, windward of the slag exchanges heat quickly, circumfluence of leeward enhances heat transfer, and the temperature is higher. The average Nusselt number (Nu) of slag particles increases with increasing of streaming Reynolds number (Re), reduces with decreasing of the particle diameter, and increases with increasing of air velocity. Under the same conditions, the effect of the diameter on average Nusselt number is strongen than that of air velocity. Streaming Reynolds numberis fitted as the nonlinear power function by the average Nusselt number (Nu), and the three dimensionless correlations can be gotten. The drag coefficient of slag particles increases with increasing of Streaming Reynolds number, andultimately tends to constant. Air velocity should be controlled well. The Streaming Reynolds number is fitted as the nonlinear power function by the drag coefficient, and the correlations of the drag coefficient are gotten.

针对非计算机专业“C++程序设计”这门课程的特点,介绍了一些教学方法和体会.通过多年的教学实践,证明这些方法收到了良好的教学效果.

由于合成炉余热锅炉的烟气处理能力是合成炉提产的主要限制因素之一,通过对合成炉余热锅炉进行热平衡测试与分析,提出一种热平衡迭代算法计算余热锅炉的热平衡特性.计算结果表明:在合成炉处于正常连续生产的稳定工况下,余热锅炉有效热利用系数和综合换热系数可以视为常数;对数平均温差与出口烟气温度关系可回归为线性关系;通过热平衡迭代算法,得出满足工艺要求时合成炉最大烟气量与余热锅炉出口烟气温度的关系,计算结果显示采用该算法能预测余热锅炉热力性能,有利于铜合成炉稳定生产,提产增效.

The flue gas treatment capacity of a copper synthesizer waste heat recovery boiler is regarded as one of the main factors limiting the enhancement of the yield of the synthesizer. Through a heat balance testing and analysis of a synthesizer waste heat recovery boiler, proposed was a heat balance iterative algorithm for calculating the heat balance characteristics of a waste heat recovery boiler. The research results show that when the synthesizer is under the continuous and stable operating condition, the effective heat utilization coefficient and comprehensive heat exchange coefficient of the waste heat recovery boiler can be regarded as constants and the logarithmic mean temperature difference can be regressed to a linear relationship with the flue gas temperature at the outlet. The heat balance iterative algorithm was adopted to obtain the relationship between the maximum flue gas flow rate of the synthesizer and the flue gas temperature at the outlet of the waste heat recovery boiler when the requirements for the process were met. The calculation results show that the algorithm in question can be used to predict the thermal performance of the waste heat recovery boiler, thus contributing to a stable production, yield and efficiency enhancement of the copper synthesizer.

Contraposing the temperature jump problem in the temperature measurement of thermocouple,the paper makes analysis and research,and checks the possible breakdown reasons one by one and to propose solutions,The reason for the temperature jump problem after inserting additional ground potential in the measurement of thermocouple is mainly analyzed.The research of this paper has certain guidance functions to the actual engineering measurement with thermocouples,and has meaning to the theoretical research of this question for reference.

Air dehumidifying technology is of great significance to smelting production.Shao Guan smelter increased a dehumidifying system for the ISP furnace,however,during the operation,it is found that the cool capacity of the system is insufficient,which affect the dehumidifying effect.As a result,we considered the conditions of the smelter,using afterheat resource to solution the problem.

Through strengthening the analysis of chemical phase and ore microscopy of flash smelting slag and electric furnace slag,we can find that 60% of the copper loss in slag is with sulfide type and the 40% is with oxide.The sulfide type copper is usually in very fine grain,the oxide type copper is in band shape or shapeless.The Fe3O4 in slag is mainly in dissolved form and slightly in slice or block shape.To lower copper loss in slag,we need to strengthen reduction dilution,to decrease oxide type copper loss,and to enhance the function of multi-phase separation in the settler.The problem of Fe3O4 is most critical to be solved.

A tower-type zinc distillation furnace and a copper flash smelting furnace are taken as the typical examples of single-phase combustion and two-phase combustion, respectively. The applications of the coupling multi-field numerical simulation are also described.

Based on analysis on periodic rules of copper price in hundred years,the article illustrates that in order to realize a harmonious development,Jiangxi Copper should actively adapt to world economic changes instead of passive actions so as to realize maximun pofit and stable revenue.According to the scientific development view,Jiangxi Copper needs to rationalize industrial structure,by strengthening management,technical innovation and optimization of resource distribution,to reduce operating costs.To own the independent innovation technology and to boost up development potential,it is the key of achieving prosperity and harmony.

通过数值仿真的方法,分析闪速熔炼反应塔内Fe3O4含量的分布与变化规律,提出降低渣含铜的途径和措施。计算表明,精矿喷嘴操作参数的优化匹配,可以减少反应塔底部Fe3O4的生成量。氧浓或氧量分布为调控的主要参数;工艺风氧浓高,工艺风速低,有利于减少Fe3O4生成量;增加SiO2含量,颗粒中的Fe3O4含量明显降低,但需综合考虑此因素对渣含铜的影响。调整反应塔精矿喷嘴的工艺风氧量和氧浓,使反应塔内的氧势呈合理的梯度分布,将有助于渣含铜的降低。

Flash smelting is the main method of copper pyrometallurgy.The reformation of modem copper flash smelters depend on the developments of the basic theory of flash smelting whose lucubrating is based on the right establishment of the smelting model in reaction shafts.In the dissertation,a new flash smelting theory-Particle Pulsation Collision Model was presented with overall analysis on the reacting particles in the shaft of the flash smelter,with conclusions of the former research results,and with the proving from mi- cro-particle kinematics,two-phase fluid dynamics,statistic analysis and conclusion.The specific statements on the Particle Pulsa- tion Collision Model are as follows:The particle splitting and collision co-exist at different height of reacting shaft.It is presented that the concentrate particle pulsation is the main reason for particle collision and gathering with the analysis on pulsation and collision of the high intensive turbulent jet of particle group.With the oxidation continuance,melted sulphide and SO2 bubbles are formed at the parti- cle center.The out-surface of the particle is porous ferric oxide shell.The gas formation in melting core impels the particle splitting and collision.The higher the oxygen concentration and the particle temperature are,the intenser the process is.Because of the differ- ence of the sizes,components,surrounding oxygen concentration and temperature of the particles,particles'oxidation have much differ- ence.Dropping in the shaft,the over-oxidized particles collide each other or with the under-oxidized particles and gather to become bigger.At the same time,the over-oxidized particles are deoxidized by the under-oxidized particles.

Flash smelting is a major process for copper pyrometallurgy,most of its reactions are completed in the reaction shaft.To study the flash smelting mechanism,is mainly focused on the suspensions smelting reaction process in the shaft.This article describes in details the experiment of sampling the high temperature reaction particles with the quick cooling method,particles are examined and analyzed allsidedly for the purpose of analyzing the suspensions smelting reaction process mechanism.Conclusions are made as follows:(1) To study the reaction process in the shaft,the quick cooling sampling method is feasible.(2) The particle distribution in the reaction shaft is uneven and the particles are relatively concentrated at the center of the shaft.(3) Oxidation of particles are quite uneven.(4) A great deal of free quartz flux are not consumed in the slagging reaction.(5) Strawberry or honeycomb-shaped particles,particles with holes and some laminar oxidation particles found under reflected light microscope,which are the potent evidences of the existence of the particle splitting.At the same time,the average diameter of the particles in the shaft is 7 times as that of the concentrate particles,which proves the existence of the particle collision and gathering.

在总结前人闪速熔炼反应模型——粒子分裂模型和两粒子碰撞模型的基础上，根据对金隆闪速炉反应塔工艺物料颗粒高温急冷试样的分析结果，通过从微粒运动学、两相流体力学以及统计分析和归纳等方面的论证，提出了闪速熔炼过程反应模型——粒子脉动碰撞模型（简称PPC Model），认为：在闪速炉反应塔不同高度上，精矿粒子的分裂和颗粒群内粒子脉动碰撞过程同时存在；精矿粒子脉动是粒子碰撞聚合主要原因；随着氧化反应的进行，在颗粒中心形成熔融硫化物和SO2气泡，颗粒外表面是多孔的氧化铁壳；熔融核中气相的生成促使粒子分裂和脉动，当地氧气浓度和温度越高，这一过程越强烈；反应塔中由于粒子的大小、粒子的成分、粒子的周围的氧气浓度和粒子温度的不同，导致各粒子之间的氧化程度差别极大；过氧化粒子在反应塔中下降时，它们彼此之间、或者与反应慢的欠氧化粒子相碰撞，聚合长大，同时过氧化颗粒被欠氧化粒子还原。

In order to investigate flux distribution of coal gas spout and air spout in combustion chamber in the lead column in the process of zinc refining, a flux distribution mathematical model of mixed and joint pipeline is established based on flux equation and energy equation and a computer program is compiled. The calculation result reveals that flux distribution of coal gas and air is not reasonable in combustion chamber in the lead column, and flux difference between four spouts in the same layer is quite big and flux of coal gas spout and air spout does not match. And coal gas flux is bigger than air flux in upper triangle region and air flux is bigger than coal gas flux in lower triangle region. The results from the measurement of combustion chamber in the lead column reveal that there are high temperature combustion in upper triangle region and low temperature combustion in lower triangle region and there is different content combustible CO in high temperature smoke. The calculation and measurement results indicate that dimension distribution of coal gas spout and air spout is not reasonable and needs to be adjusted and reconstructed.

针对锌精馏炉炉膛各检测点反映出的其上部温度偏高,下部温度偏低,上下温度偏差过大的实际问题,采用现场多点温度测试,结合炉膛内流场、浓度场、释热场和温度场数值仿真的方法对韶关冶炼厂二精馏系统进行研究;利用仿真结果中的流场和浓度场数据,统计出实测中无法得到的各次空气和煤气在南1号至南4号各喷口的流量.研究结果表明:仿真温度场结果和测试温度值与温度变化趋势较吻合,说明仿真模型合理,仿真手段可行;炉膛南侧空气严重过剩,炉膛北侧煤气相对过剩,这种空间空气和煤气流量不均衡是造成炉膛内温度上高下低的主要原因;要改良精馏炉工作环境,需要优化空气和煤气配比,实现温度场均匀化.