The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and oxidation markers of walnut oils from different varieties have rarely been investigated. In this study, changes in peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (P-AV), and VOCs were analyzed in three varieties of walnut oils (Xiangling, Luguang, and Hickory) during accelerated oxidation. PV and P-AV showed positive correlations in all three oils. Headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME–GC–MS) analysis identified 50, 59, and 61 VOCs in Xiangling, Luguang, and Hickory walnut oils, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) differentiated the VOCs of the three walnut oil varieties across all oxidation stages. Cluster heatmap and correlation coefficient analyses revealed that 1-octen-3-ol and (E)-2-heptenal were common oxidation markers. Additional variety-specific oxidation markers were also identified. Kinetic modeling demonstrated that all oxidation markers followed first-order reaction kinetics. This study provides a theoretical basis for the quality control and shelf-life prediction of walnut oil.

Large-scale protein phosphorylation analysis has become a mainstream approach for investigating tumor biomarkers and drug targets. However, the cumbersome processing procedures associated with hundreds of clinical samples and intrinsic batch-to-batch variations render this work highly challenging. Herein, we designed an anisotropic porous monolith, CS-ZrPC@PLP, based on directional freeze-casting and constructed an enrichment array to establish a high-throughput analytical method for complex biosamples. The fabricated monolith forms highly parallel capillary channels along the ice crystal growth direction, enabling low mass transfer resistance and excellent mechanical stability to abundantly expose active sites and ensure pressure tolerance during high-throughput enrichment operations. Benefiting from these features, a multichannel synchronous rapid enrichment (MCSR) strategy was proposed without the frequent centrifugation steps required in traditional enrichment methods. Simultaneous phosphopeptide enrichment of eight sample sets, including tryptic digests of standard protein mixtures and complex biological samples such as cell lysates, was accomplished within 5 min using only aspiration-dispersion cycles in the MCSR strategy, whereas traditional methods typically require tens of minutes to hours for one sample. Enrichment results demonstrated that the MCSR strategy exhibited significant selectivity for phosphopeptides even in the presence of 1000-fold BSA interference (molar ratio of BSA/β-Casein, 1000/1). Notably, despite using microflow LC-MS/MS analysis rather than nano-LC-MS/MS, 41,626 phosphopeptides and 7,168 phosphoproteins were successfully identified from Hep G2 cell digests after 5 min of enrichment. Furthermore, the MCSR strategy demonstrates excellent compatibility with commercial robotic pipetting platforms, highlighting the great potential for rapid, high-throughput phosphopeptide enrichment in clinical proteomics research.

Sustainable biomass resources are promising precursors for carbon electrodes in supercapacitors because of their wide availability, affordability, and environmental compatibility. Nevertheless, the commonly used KOH activation method has strong corrosiveness and processing risks, which is detrimental to green and sustainable development. To address this issue, potassium oxalate (K2C2O4), a relatively low-corrosive potassium-salt activating reagent, was selected to activate coconut shell through a one-step thermal treatment, thereby producing carbon materials with abundant porous structures. At the optimized heating rate of 7.5 °C min−1, CSAC-7.5 delivered 366.3 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, with 93% of its initial capacitance preserved over 20,000 cycles. A symmetric device assembled from CSAC-7.5 achieved 13.15 Wh kg−1 when operated at 300 W kg−1. These findings indicate that heating-rate regulation can improve K2C2O4-assisted biomass carbon activation and guide the design of sustainable carbon electrodes.

With the growing emphasis on environmental consciousness and personal safety awareness, fiber electrodes featuring excellent environmental friendliness and safety performance are crucial for developing high-performance close-fitting wearable electronics. Herein, a flexible, degradable, and flame-retardant calcium alginate (CaAlg)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/polypyrrole (PPy) composite fiber electrode is developed for advanced fiber-shaped supercapacitors (FSSs). Benefiting from the intrinsic biodegradable and flame-retardant properties of CaAlg matrix, the composite fiber electrode exhibits controllable degradability and superior flame retardancy. Moreover, owing to the unique wrinkled PPy layer that synergistically improves both electrochemical and mechanical properties, the ternary CaAlg/CNT/PPy composite fiber electrode shows a remarkable areal capacitance of 1308 mF cm-2 at 2 mA cm-2 and an outstanding mechanical strength of 45 MPa. The as-fabricated FSS device delivers a high energy density of 10.9 μWh cm-2, outperforming most state-of-the-art flexible FSSs, especially those based on biomass-derived fibers. These flexible composite fiber electrodes hold great promise for the development of high-performance, high-safety energy storage devices toward sustainable portable and wearable electronics.

Hypertension, closely linked to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), is a globally concerned condition. In this study, three novel ACE-inhibitory peptides (KFPLW, FRWPQ, and FPWLQ) were identified from apricot kernel protein hydrolysates, with IC₅₀ values of 5.88 μg/mL, 0.25 mg/mL, 0.29 mg/mL, respectively. The synergism between these peptides and four polyphenols (chlorogenic acid, tannic acid, quercetin, apigenin) were evaluated by combination index (CI). Only FPWLQ showed significant synergism with all four polyphenols (CI < 1). Lineweaver-Burk analysis confirmed the FPWLQ-chlorogenic acid complex exerted mixed-type inhibition on ACE, with Kₘ increasing and Vₘₐₓ decreasing. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations revealed FPWLQ occupied ACE’s active center to hinder substrate binding, while chlorogenic acid at inactive sites altered conformation. Isothermal titration calorimetry results showed the FPWLQ-chlorogenic acid-ACE binding was a spontaneous exothermic process (ΔG < 0, ΔH < 0) driven by entropy (ΔS > 0). These findings guide the development of blood pressure-lowering nutritional formulas.

The global increase in the elderly population has led to a rising incidence of dysphagia, posing serious risks to nutritional intake and quality of life. This study developed a novel bigel system for dysphagic elderly individuals, composed of a guar gum hydrogel and a glycerol monostearate/β-sitosterol oleogel. The bigel exhibits a swallowing-friendly texture and effectively encapsulates lipophilic bioactives such as curcumin. Results showed that the hydrogel-to-oleogel ratio strongly influenced the bigel's microstructure and physicochemical properties. By adjusting this ratio, the bigel could be tailored to meet Level 4 or Level 5 texture requirements of the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI). Moreover, the optimized formulation significantly improved the bioaccessibility of curcumin, highlighting its potential as a delivery system for hydrophobic compounds. Overall, this work provides a promising strategy for designing functional foods aimed at improving nutrition and swallowing safety in elderly individuals with dysphagia.

Oleogels have emerged as promising systems for the encapsulation and sustained release of bioactive compounds. In this study, we developed a highly stable oleogel formulation by integrating two conventional techniques: the solvent evaporation method and the use of ethanol as a co-solvent. This approach enabled the successful encapsulation of bioactive compounds with poor lipophilicity and low water solubility, such as quercetin. Characterization by polarized light microscopy and X-ray diffraction revealed that ethanol played a dual role: it not only optimized the crystalline structure of the oleogel but also facilitated the formation of an amorphous solid dispersion of quercetin. This structural transformation significantly enhanced the oleogel's loading capacity and improved the bioaccessibility of compounds with low water and lipid solubility like quercetin. Furthermore, the three-dimensional network of the oleogel provided a protective matrix that reduced molecular aggregation and recrystallization, thereby enhancing the chemical stability of quercetin. In vitro simulated digestion studies demonstrated that the oleogel effectively delayed the digestion of sea buckthorn fruit oil in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to a sustained release of quercetin. This stable oleogel system presents a promising strategy for the efficient delivery of poorly soluble bioactive compounds and holds great potential for applications in the fields of nutraceuticals and functional foods.

Achieving efficient faradaic charge storage and strong electrochemical stability is crucial for developing highperformance multifunctional energy devices. In this study, a molybdenum-doped copper oxide/pine-derived carbon composite (Mo-Cu2O/PC) is presented as a bifunctional electrode material for supercapacitors and electrocatalysis. The Mo-Cu2O/PC material forms asymmetric Cu-O-Mo sites, featuring strong charge rearrangement due to the high-valence Mo introduction, significantly enhancing the intrinsic activity and forming strong interface interactions within the Mo-Cu2O/PC. As a supercapacitor electrode, Mo-Cu2O/PC delivers a specific capacitance of 629 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1, coupled with excellent rate capability. A symmetric supercapacitor achieves a high specific capacitance of 96.4 F g-1 and an energy density of 13.39 Wh kg-1. As an electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction, it exhibits outstanding performance with low overpotentials of 40 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and 198 mV at 100 mA cm-2, outperforming most metal oxide and carbon-based catalysts. This work presents a novel design strategy for integrating biomass-derived carbon and metal oxide materials in efficient multifunctional energy storage and conversion systems.

ABSTRACT Electric double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs), which store energy via reversible ion adsorption and desorption at the electrode‐electrolyte interface, hold considerable promise for energy storage under extreme temperature conditions. However, their practical application faces significant limitations associated with temperature‐dependent limitations: at high‐temperature, electrolyte decomposition can reduce Coulombic efficiency or triggers device failure, whereas at low‐temperature, diminished ionic conductivity or electrolyte crystallization leads to performance deterioration or functional breakdown. A comprehensive understanding of these constraints is therefore essential for designing EDLCs capable of operating reliably in extreme environments. This review begins with a systematic overview of the working principles and practical applications of EDLCs, followed by a comparative analysis of various electrolytes, highlighting their respective advantages and shortcomings. Subsequently, we outline specific design principles for both electrolytes and electrodes based on key physicochemical properties and summarize recent advances in high‐temperature, low‐temperature, and wide‐temperature EDLCs. Finally, forward‐looking perspectives and strategic directions are proposed to guide the development of next‐generation EDLCs capable of delivering stable performance under extreme temperatures. This review aims to provide critical insights and rational design guidelines to advance EDLC technology for demanding, extreme‐environment applications.

Biomass has become an ideal choice for preparing high-performance carbon materials due to its unique morphological and composition advantages. The vascular bundle system of Celosia cristata L. and rich content of non-metallic elements provide an ideal template for preparing carbon materials with a unique hollow rod-like structure and enhanced electrochemical performance. Using Celosia cristata L. as a precursor, nitrogen and oxygen self-doped carbon materials were successfully prepared through activation process. The effects of activation temperature on the morphology, pore structure, specific surface area, and surface chemical properties of Celosia cristata L.-derived carbon materials were systematically studied. The carbon materials prepared at an appropriate activation temperature exhibited superior microstructure and electrochemical performance, displaying unique vascular bundle morphology and a rich porous structure with abundant oxygen and nitrogen elements. Based on this unique hierarchical pore structure and composition advantage of nitrogen-oxygen co-doping, in a three-electrode system, the specific capacitance of the carbon material was 337 F g-1 (0.5 A g-1), and the capacitance retention rate reached 110% after 50,000 cycles at a current density of 10 A g-1, demonstrating excellent cycling stability. The assembled symmetric supercapacitor achieved a high energy density of 19.5 Wh kg-1. Biomass materials with special intrinsic structures and compositions are of great significance in the development of high-performance energy storage materials and devices.

The development of high-power electronics demands polymer dielectrics with high thermal stability and dielectric performance. However, most materials suffer performance degradation in harsh environments due to increased electrical conductivity. Herein, a physics-informed data-driven topology-supported precursor screening strategy was proposed to design quasi-branched polyimides (QbPIs) with enhanced energy density (Ue) and charge-discharge efficiency (η) at elevated temperatures. By constructing automated screening workflow, key descriptors involving HOMO-LUMO gap (Gap) and dielectric constant (εr) were sufficiently evaluated to form multi-parameter ranking framework, in which melamine was identified as the optimal topological center for constructing QbPIs with tunable topological ratios (0–2.5%). Notably, the resulting star-shaped topological structure effectively regulates charge transport and dielectric behavior through a cooperative mechanism. It increases the Gap, introduces deep-level traps, and stabilizes the Ag/dielectric interface, which together suppress conduction loss and charge injection, effectively disrupting long-range charge-transport pathways. The optimized QbPI-1.75 exhibited outstanding capacitive performance, delivering 5.39 J cm−3 (Ue) with 94% (η) at 25 °C, and retaining 3.29 J cm−3 with 78.41% at 200 °C, far exceeding that of pure PI (1.35 J cm−3, 87.6% η at 25 °C). This work establishes a fundamental structure-property relationship for topological PIs and provides a facile design strategy applicable to other high-temperature polymer dielectrics.

Pore structure regulation and heteroatom doping for porous carbon materials are key to boosting the energy storage capability of carbon-based supercapacitors. However, optimizing the pore structure and heteroatom content of porous carbon remains challenging. Herein, three-dimensional (3D) hierarchically porous carbons (CPCAs) are prepared using polyacrylamide/lignocellulose composite aerogel as precursors, which realize nitrogen-doping while uniformly activating porous carbon. The resulting CPCAs display abundant mesoporous, enriched micropore, and a high specific surface area of up to 2063 m2 g- 1. Consequently, CPCAs exhibit a high specific capacitance of 312 F g- 1 at 0.5 A g-1 and impressive capacitance retention of 98.16 % after 10,000 cycles, demonstrating excellent cyclability. Furthermore, the optimal CPCAs-based symmetric supercapacitors exhibit a high energy density of 11.8 Wh kg- 1 at a power density 230 W kg-1 and remarkable cyclability, possessing a capacitance retention of 86.67 % after 10,000 cycles. This work presents a novel approach for preparing high-performance porous carbon materials for supercapacitors from renewable biomass materials.

Cognitive impairment (CI) poses a significant public health challenge, where oxidative stress plays a crucial role in its initiation and advancement. Previous research has emphasized that walnut oil (WO) and nervonic acid (NA) are potential therapeutic foods for CI. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of WO and NA on antioxidant activity and CI improvement. Compared to WO (1.63 g/kg) and NA (1.59 mg/kg) individually, the co-administration of WO and NA (WONA) exhibited superior 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, significantly enhanced cell viability, decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in H2O2-induced PC12 cells. Furthermore, WONA (1.63 g/kg) outperformed WO and NA in alleviating brain injury in CI mice. CI mice are those in which a cognitive impairment model is established by subcutaneously injecting D-galactose (900 mg/kg) daily for eight weeks, which induces neuronal damage, enhances oxidative stress, disrupts neurotransmitters balance, and elevates inflammatory factors. The results demonstrated that WONA CI and can be utilized as an innovative functional food ingredient or dietary supplement to effectively improve cognitive impairment.

N-doped porous carbons with remarkable characteristics of well-developed pore structure and plentiful surface active sites exhibit significant potential for both CO2 adsorption and supercapacitors. In this study, a series of dual-functional N-doped porous carbon (DNPC) were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of the composite of liquidambaris fructus (LF) and melamine-formaldehyde resin (MF), followed by a one-step C8H5O4K/NaOH activation process. The textural and surface properties of DNPC samples were systematically analyzed by altering the activation conditions. Among the samples, DNPC-90 possessed large specific surface area of 1012 m2/g, high microporosity of 87.5 %, and plentiful N-5/N-6 functional groups. demonstrating excellent CO2 adsorption capacities of 7.35 (0 degrees C), 4.92 (25 degrees C), and 3.29 mmol/g (40 degrees C) at 1 bar, along with good CO2/N2 selectivity, moderate heat of adsorption, and outstanding recyclability (maintained 96 % after 10 cycles at 25 degrees C). Meanwhile, the penetration time of N2 (32.5 s) was much shorter than that of CO2 (1,165.3 s) in the two-component competitive adsorption process (CO2/N2 = 15 V/85 V), The CO2/N2 separation coefficient S achieved 78.89, predicting the practical application potential of DNPC-90. Furthermore, DNPC-30 exhibited specific capacitance of 505.5 F/g at 0.5 A/g and capacitance retention of 112 % after 18,000 charge-discharge cycles at 10 A/g within a three-electrode system. This work is expected to provide not only high-efficiency adsorbents and electrodes for CO2 adsorption and supercapacitors, respectively, but also useful references for the preparation of novel porous carbon materials.

In this work, a novel humidity-sensitive fluorescent covalent organic framework (TpBao) containing oxadiazole structure was developed for the first time. The TpBao COFs based on building blocks 2,4,6-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) and 2,5-bis-(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (Bao) could be successfully constructed via solvothermal reactions in six different solvent systems. All obtained COFs with unique dual-micropores exhibit high specific surface area, excellent thermal stability, and remarkable photoluminescence properties. The emission intensity of TpBao-II and TpBao-VI in suspension decreases with increasing solvent polarity and water content. The TpBao-based mixed matrix membranes exhibit significant fluorescence turn-off in high humidity air. The TpBao COFs can serve as moisture sensing platform in both liquid and gas streams due to fluorescence quenching of COFs exposed to water.

Preferential enrichment of phosphopeptides with different numbers of phosphorylation sites is crucial to investigate the modulation of signal transduction pathways of a graded protein kinase or phosphatase signal. Here, zirconium phosphonates chitosan monoliths (ZrPCMs) with varying compositions were constructed through a salt-forming reaction and bidirectional freezing strategy. These composite monoliths exhibited differential coordination abilities for mono- and multi-phosphopeptides without the need for centrifugation or a magnetic field during enrichment process. By the utilization of different ZrPCMs and control of loading amount of sample, selective enrichment of mono- or multi-phosphopeptides was realized. At high loading amounts, excess phosphate groups on ZrPCM-1 inhibited mono-phosphopeptides with chelating with Zr (IV), resulting in the preferential enrichment of multi-phosphopeptides. In contrast, ZrPCM-2 enabled the enrichment of global phosphopeptides due to its balanced phosphate group and Zr(IV) loading, avoiding selective preferences under extreme conditions. At low loading amounts, the availability of sufficient Zr (IV) on ZrPCM-3 facilitated the preferential enrichment of mono-phosphopeptides due to their lower steric hindrance and more stable binding, while the adsorption ability for multi-phosphopeptides was reduced owing to local charge accumulation effects and electrostatic repulsion. These results were verified not only in standard protein but also in complex biological samples involving nonfat milk and mouse liver. Consequently, this present work developed promising ZrPCMs materials and isolation strategy of mono-, multi-, or global phosphopeptides for phosphoproteome research.

The easily accessible porous structure and appetency to the electrolyte directly affect the electrochemical properties of carbon electrode materials. Here, a bidirectional pore-creating/regulation and surface modification strategy is proposed to construct functional nitrogen/sulfur-doped lignin-based porous carbon aerogels with hierarchical interconnected porous structure. Firstly, nitrogen and sulfur-rich aerogels containing K2CO3 with an interconnected network structure was prepared by a simple one-pot method. In the pyrolysis process, activated mediates for KOH, thiourea and K2CO3 with different pore-forming functions decomposed, and then hierarchical pore creation and in situ heteroatom doping were accomplished simultaneously in this process. The N, S codoped porous carbon aerogels showed a high specific surface area (2933 m2 g- 1) and a large pore volume (1.87 cm3 g- 1). The hierarchical porous structure of the micro-mesoporous interconnects enabled fast ion/ electron transport and the ultra-micropores further increased the specific capacitance, N, S-doped (nitrogen content of 1.0 %, sulfur content of 2.4 %) improved hydrophily of carbon materials and enhanced the adsorption capacity of electrolyte ions, resulting in carbon aerogels displayed a high specific capacitance of 330 F g- 1 at 0.5 A g- 1. The assembled supercapacitor device showed excellent capacitance retention (81 %) and a high energy density of 10.1 Wh kg- 1. This work provides guidance for rationally designing the pore structure and active surface for supercapacitors carbon electrodes.

The functional exploration of natural foods, coupled with the increasing prevalence of gastrointestinal motility disorders and the associated therapeutic challenges, has generated significant interest in this field. This study aims to investigate the ameliorative effects of the extract from Pugionium cornutum (L.) Gaertn (EAEPC), a traditional edible vegetable in northwest China’s desert region, on atropine-induced gastroparesis in mice, as well as to elucidate its mechanism in terms of the gut microbiota and major metabolites. The findings indicate that EAEPC effectively reduces the rate of pigment residual in the stomach while shortening the gastrointestinal transit time and alleviating other symptoms associated with atropine-induced gastroparesis. These effects may be mediated through modulation of the expression levels of major intestinal metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), and L-tryptophan, alongside remodeling of both the diversity and relative abundance of the gut microbiota. Furthermore, correlation analyses were conducted on significantly altered strains and metabolites to clarify their interactions. Moreover, the chemical constituents of EAEPC were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS, and the key active components responsible for improving gastroparesis were predicted through network pharmacology approaches and validated experimentally. These results provide a foundation for further research into the functions of Pugionium and offer scientific support for developing natural plant-based strategies aimed at treating gastrointestinal motility disorders.