肠道菌群对宿主健康的作用已被广泛证实,而饮食习惯对肠道菌群产生深远的影响.近年来,通过调整饮食结构实现对肠道菌群的靶向调节,从而改善宿主代谢,促进宿主健康已取得显著成效.Gor-don等对微生物群导向性食物的一系列研究,与赵立平团队对由全谷物、中药和益生元组成的配方食物的一系列研究均发现,补充特定的食物成分可以有效增加特定的菌种、菌株以及"功能群"的丰度,从而有效改善宿主表型.本文拟对这两个系列的研究结果进行分析和总结,以期为今后探寻更好的以优化肠道微生物群为导向的饮食干预方案提供参考.

肠道菌群结构失衡随年龄增加逐渐加剧,已被证实是导致老年人生理机能退行性改变及老年性疾病发生的主要诱因.其机制在于肠道微生态紊乱会导致身体不同部位炎症反应加剧.如能通过调节肠道菌群来抑制炎症反应,可有效提高老年人的健康水平.有氧运动具有显著的抗炎效应,并可有效调节受试者肠道菌群结构;补充益生菌可有效提升受试者肠道菌群中有益菌群比例及其多样性;补充高纤维膳食既可促进受试者肠道有效蠕动,又可增加肠道菌群有益代谢产物的产生,改善肠道微生态.本文就上述3种可有效调节老年人肠道菌群的干预措施的研究进展进行综述.

嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌(Akkermansia muciniphila)是近年来受到广泛关注的"明星菌株".A.muciniphila通过分解宿主肠腔内壁黏液层中的黏蛋白作为其能量来源,这种可降解黏蛋白的特性,使其成为肠腔中介于宿主肠道上皮细胞之间黏膜界面上的关键菌株之一.A.muciniphila可以有效调节宿主代谢,显著影响宿主免疫机能,在平衡宿主健康和疾病过程中发挥着重要作用.该文对近年来A.muciniphila丰度改变对宿主炎性疾病影响的研究进展进行综述,并对目前可能有效提升宿主体内A.muciniphila丰度的干预措施进行总结.

目的:观察自由饮用富氢水8周,中等强度耐力训练大鼠氧化应激损伤指标、抗氧化指标的变化,分析富氢水对运动性氧化应激损伤的保护作用.方法:将40只1 10-140g SD雄性大鼠随机分为4组:安静对照组(N=8,C组);运动对照组(N=12,CS组);补充富氢水组(N=8,H组);补充富氢水运动组(N=12,HS组).C组、CS组大鼠自由进食,饮水.H组、HS组大鼠自由进食,饮用富氢水,实验共持续8周.自第5周开始,CS组、HS组大鼠进行中等强度耐力跑台训练,训练4周.训练结束后次日,全部大鼠在24h内心尖取血,分离血清.测定血清氧化应激指标(MDA、8-OHdG、3-NT);抗氧化指标(T-AOC、T-SOD、CAT、GSH-Px).结果:①大鼠血清8-OHdG、3-NT指标无组间差异;运动对照组大鼠血清MDA含量显著高于安静对照组(P＜0.05);补充富氢水运动组大鼠血清MDA含量显著低于运动对照组(P＜0.05).②大鼠血清T-SOD活性水平无组间差异;运动对照组大鼠血清CAT活性极显著高于安静对照组(P＜0.01);补充富氢水运动组大鼠血清CAT活性、GSH-Px活性、T-AOC水平均显著高于运动对照组(P＜0.05).结论:4周中等强度耐力训练引起大鼠脂质过氧化损伤,8周自由饮用富氢水显著降低运动性氧化应激引起的脂质过氧化损伤并显著提高大鼠的抗氧化能力.

Expending a considerable amount of physical energy inevitably leads to fatigue during both training and competition in football. An increasing number of experimental findings have confirmed the relationship between the generation and clearance of free radicals, fatigue, and exercise injury. Recently, hydrogen was identified as a new selective antioxidant with potential beneficial applications in sports. The present study evaluated the effect of 2-month consumption of hydrogen-rich water on the gut flora in juvenile female soccer players from Suzhou. As demonstrated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and 16S rDNA sequence analysis of stool samples, the consumption of hydrogen-rich water for two months significantly reduced serum malondialdehyde, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α levels; then significantly increased serum superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity levels and haemoglobin levels of whole blood. Furthermore, the consumption of hydrogen-rich water improved the diversity and abundance of the gut flora in athletes. All examined indices, including the shannon, sobs, ace, and chao indices, were higher in the control group than those proposed to result from hydrogen-rich water consumption prior to the trial, but these indices were all reversed and were higher than those in the controls after the 2-month intervention. Nevertheless, there were some differences in the gut flora components of these two groups before the trial, whereas there were no significant changes in the gut flora composition during the trial period. Thus, the consumption of hydrogen-rich water for two months might play a role modulating in the gut flora of athletes based on its selective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the Suzhou Sports School (approved number: SSS-EC150903).

Objective To analyze and verify the effects of different intervention on the gut microbiota of high fat diet(HFD) induced obese rats.Methods Totally 70 male Sprague-Dawley rats were enrolled in this test.After 4 weeks of HFD feeding,40 HFD induced obese rats were randomly divided into an obese control group (n=10),an aerobic exercise group(n=10),a polysaccharide lavage group(n=10),and an aerobic exercise combined with polysaccharide lavage group (n=10).The moderate intensity treadmill training,polysaccharide lavage and their combinations were conducted as their group names indicated.The gut microbiota was analyzed using the 16S rDNA sequencing before and after the intervention.Results Compared with the control group,the ratio of ruminococcacea and ruminococcaceae bromii increased significantly,while that of turicibacteraceae,bifidobacterium and turicibacter reduced significantly in HFD induced obese rats.Compared with the obese control group,aerobic exercise increased the ratio of bifidobacteriaceae,akkemansia,bifidobacterium,akkermansia mucinphila and prevetella copri significantly,but reduced that of helicobacteraceae and ruminococcaceae significantly.Compared with the obese control group,the polysaccharide lavage increased the ratio of bifidobacteriaceae and turicibacteraceae,bifidobacterium,together with allobaculum and turicibacter significantly,but reduces that of desulforibrionaceae,helicobacteraceae and ruminococcaceae,as well as ruminococcaceae bromii significantly.Compared with the obese control group,significant increase was observed in the ratio of bifidobacteriaceae,allobaculum and blautia in the aerobic exercise combined with polysaccharide lavage group.Conclusions The ratio of obesity related bacteria such as ruminococcus bromii increases significantly in the HFD induced obese rats.All of the three different interventions can optimize the gut microbiota composition of the HFD induce obese rats effectively by increasing the ratio of beneficial bacteria.However,they have significant differences on the ratio of different bateria.

Objective To examine the effect of voluntary wheel-running exercise on cartilage morphology of knee osteoarthritis(KOA) in obese mice induced by high-fat diet,and explore the protective role of 4 weeks voluntary wheel-running exercise on KOA,finally providing effective experimental evidence for clinical treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Methods C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to the C-Sed group,C-Ex group,HF-Sed group and HF-Ex group.The control groups were fed a control diet(13.5% kcal from fat),and the high-fat groups were fed a high-fat diet(60% kcal from fat).After feeding 8 weeks different diets,the exercise groups were starting running.In order to examine the effect of voluntary wheel-running exercise on cartilage morphology of KOA,the joint of knee were harvested to be fixed,decalcified and embedded in paraffin,and the four-micrometer-thick sections were stained with both HE and toluidine blue . Results After feeding twelve weeks different diets,the body mass of the high-fat diet group mice has a significant increase,which demonstrates that high-fat diet could successfully induce the mice obese.From the results of HE and toluidine blue,in comparison to the C-Sed group,the surface of the knee articular cartilage in the HF-Sed group was not intact and smooth,and the thickness of articular cartilage has a significant decrease（p<0.001）;contrary to the HF-Sed group,the surface of the knee articular cartilage in HF-Ex group was slightly smooth,and there was significant increase in cartilage thickness. Conclusions Four weeks voluntary wheel-running exercise can increase cartilage thickness ,decrease the Mankin’s score and delay the degeneration of knee cartilage in obese mice.To conclude,the short-term wheel-running exercise protects against obesity-induced KOA.

Objective The mean body mass index (BMI) and the prevalence of obese and overweight individuals increasing substantially worldwide during the previous three decades. Variation in gut microorganisms might play an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity, but the mechanisms by which gut microbiota promote metabolic disturbances are not well understood. Exercise is associated with altered gut microbial composition, but few studies have investigated whether the gut microbiota and associated metabolites are modulated by exercise training in humans. We explored the impact of 8 weeks aerobic exercise on serum oxidant and anti-oxidant indexes and gut microbiota. Methods All 40 young male volunteers are enrolled in the study, the lean ones (n=11), which BMI≤22 are as control group. And the obese ones (n=29), which BMI > 28 participated in the 8 weeks aerobic exercise. The body weight and BMI of each volunteers were recorded. The serum malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) were measured by ELISA. The composition and diversity of gut microbiota were analyzed with 16S rDNA sequencing. Results ① Compared with the control, the level of serum GPx, SOD and TAOC decreased significantly (P < 0.001), and the MDA increased significantly (P < 0.001) in the obese group. After the 8 weeks aerobic exercise intervention, the MDA level decreased significantly (P＜0.01), the TAOC level increased significantly (P < 0.01), and there were no significant changes in the level of GPX and SOD. ② Compared with the control, the ratio of Bifidobacteriaceae, Alcaligenaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, and Verrucomicrobiaceae decreased significantly(p＜0.05) in the obese group, and the ratio of Ruminococcaceae, Helicobacteraceae increased significantly (P＜0.05). After the 8 weeks aerobic exercise intervention, the ratio of Bifidobacteriaceae, Alcaligenaceae increased significantly (P＜0.05)，and the ratio of Ruminococcaceae reduced remarkably (p＜0.05). The ACE index was significantly increased after the intervention (P < 0.05). ③ Through the correlation analysis of the data above, there was a certain correlation between the serum oxidant/anti-oxidant indexes and gut microbiota composition. After the aerobic exercise, there was a positive correlation between MDA and Ruminococcaceae、TAOC and Bifdobacteriace (P＜0.05)；a negative correlation between MDA and Bifdobacteriace、TAOC and Ruminococcaceae (P＜0.05). After 8 weeks of aerobic exercise, MDA level was negatively correlated with ACE index (r=-0.466，P＜0.05). Conclusions ① Compared with the control, there was a significant increase of serum oxidation index and the serum anti-oxidation index dropped significantly among the obese subjects, which indicated that the accumulation of serum free radicals might be one of the causes of obesity. The 8 weeks aerobic exercise intervention can enhance the antioxidant capacity effectively. ② Compared with the control, the proportion of Bifidobacteriaceae in the obese group was significantly decreased, and the proportion of the bacteria with direct correlation to obesity, such as Ruminococcaceae increased significantly. 8 weeks aerobic exercise could inverse these changes among the obese subjects, suggested that the improvement of body phenotype of obese subjects was closely related to the effective regulation of their gut microbiota structure.The change of ACE index indicated that aerobic exercise could increase the diversity of gut microbiota. ③ Combined the correlation analysis of gut microbiota diversity index showed that there were tight correlation between the serum oxidant/anti-oxidant indexes and the gut microbiota composition and structure. It might caused metabolic disorders and eventually increased fat accumulation and changed the host body phenotype.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most significant long‑term complications in terms of morbidity and mortality for diabetic patients; however, the exact cause remains unknown. To address this, the DN model was established, and oxidative stress indexes, including malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‑Px), and inflammatory cytokines, includinginterleukin‑6 (IL‑6), tumor necrosis factor‑alpha (TNF‑α) and transforming growth factor‑beta (TGF‑β), were examined by ELISA. Renal pathological alterations and cell apoptosis was examined by hematoxylin and eosin and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick‑end labeling staining, respectively. The expression levels of B‑cell lymphoma‑2 (Bcl‑2), Bcl‑2 associated X (Bax) and caspase‑3 wereexamined by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The DN model was correctly established, with lower body weight and the higher blood glucose in the diabetes model group. The expression levels of SOD and GSH‑Px were significantly decreased in the diabetes model group; however, MDA, IL‑6, TNF‑α and TGF‑β were significantly increased. The kidney was severely damaged in the diabetes model group, with inflammatory cell invasion, increasing amount of interstitial matrix and hypertrophy with vacuolar degeneration of renal tubular cells. Cell apoptosis levels were significantly increased, and Bcl‑2 was significantly decreased in the diabetes model group in contrast with that of the sham group; however, Bax and caspase‑3 were significantly increased. It suggested that increased oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines may enhance the apoptosis levels in DN, and may provide a significant diagnostic reference for DN in diabetes patients.

Objective To compare the different effects of endurance and exhaustive exercises on hepcidin in the blood and liver,and determine the changes of related indexes about iron metabolism and hypoxia response,and of inflammatory and antimicrobial activity factors.Methods Thiry female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group (n=10),an endurance exercise group (n=10) and an exhaustive exercise group (n=10).Then 4 weeks of endurance and exhaustive treadmill training were given to different exercise groups respectively.Blood samples were collected,the routine indexes of the whole blood,and the serum indexes about iron metabolism,hypoxia response,inflammatory and antimicrobial activity factors were measured.Meanwhile,liver samples were fixed,embedded and sliced,and the expression of hepcidin,hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and nuclear factor of kappa b (NF-κB) of different groups were measured using the immunochemistry staining.Results Compared with the control group,after 4-week endurance exercises,there was significant increase in the concentration of erythropoietin (EPO),but significant differences in the level of serum hepcidin and interleukin 6 (IL-6).However,after 4 weeks of exhaustive exercise,significant increase was observed in the level of hepcidin and the expression of HIF-1α in the serum and liver,as well as the serum interleukin 1 (IL-1),IL-6,tumor necrosis factor-α and C reactive protein,but significant decrease was found in the concentration of serum EPO and the level of serum TF and sTFR compared to the control group.Moreover,there was significant increase in the level of toll-like receptor 4 and NF-κB,which is correlated with the antimicrobial peptide activity of hepcidin compared between the exhaustive and control group.Conclusions Four-week endurance exercise down-regulates the level of serum hepcidin,while 4-week exhaustive exercise increases the hepcidin level in the serum and liver significantly.Therefore,different exercises can result in totally different effect on the hepcidin level.

Life-satisfaction and loneliness are two key indicators of individual mental state, and their detailed analysis could help improve the resettlement policy of retired athletes. This paper proposes a tree-based frequent itemsets mining method to estimate the influence factors of the life-satisfaction and the loneliness of retired athletes. The basic situations of the retired athletes are collected by the questionnaires and transformed into the binary attributes. Then, an extend prefix tree is built for mining the frequent itemsets. The lift measure is employed to generate the association rules based on the obtained frequent itemsets and realize the rules prune. The actual survey data of 750 Chinese retired athletes are adopted for comparing the proposed method and the Apriori algorithm. Experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method is higher. Moreover, the obtained rules show that the health condition, the education, the social insurance participation affect both the life-satisfaction and the loneliness of retired athletes, and the income only affect the life-satisfaction of retired athletes.

The paper aims to explore the development trend and pattern of teaching reform of basic courses of human movement science,improve teaching effect and make it better serve students’sports practice and future development.The paper conducts sampling survey on scores of students who took the two basic courses of human movement science,namely sports anatomy and sports physiology from the academic year of 2010 to 2014 in some college sports departments in Shandong.Results discover that the number of students getting excellent results is small,while that of failed is large.This has caused some students to form the feeling of ‘fear’and ‘weariness’ toward the two courses.In face of such problem,the paper analyzes possible reasons that leads to such situation and discusses suggestions and measures to conduct teaching reform on such basis.

Objective To verify the antibacterial activity of the conserved domain derived from the novel human antimicrobial peptide-hGlyrichin .Methods Bioinformative analysis was performed and two peptides derived from hGlyrichin were synthesized which contained the conserved domain .Results Analysis of antimicrobial activities showed that these two peptides exhibited strong antibacterial activity which was inversely proportional to the length of the peptide within an eligible range.Despite the effective inhibition and killing of bacteria , the synthetic peptide segments had no hemolytic effect on human red blood cells .Conclusion These results indicate that a conserved domain exists in hGlyrichin , and that the peptides which contain this domain have strong antibacterial activity but are not toxic to human somatic cells .

目的:拟验证有氧运动与多糖干预对高脂膳食诱导肥胖大鼠的血脂调节作用及抗炎效应.方法:①分别采用跑台训练及多糖灌胃作为干预手段;②形态学指标测定;③利用ELISA法测定血清脂质及炎症因子改变.结果:①高脂膳食诱导肥胖大鼠体重、Lee指数及脂肪系数均有明显上升;有氧运动及多糖干预可使上述形态学指标下降.②高脂膳食诱导肥胖大鼠血清脂质及炎性因子水平显著升高,而HDL水平显著降低.③有氧运动及多糖干预均可使大鼠血清脂质与炎性因子水平显著降低,HDL水平显著升高.结论:高脂膳食诱导大鼠肥胖过程中同步伴有血脂升高,炎症反应加剧.有氧运动及多糖干预均可通过有效抗炎改善血脂,其中多糖的血脂调节作用更为显著.

Objective To verify the efficiency and stability of hydrogen-rich water preparation with hydrogen-rich rods. Methods ①Seven firenew hydrogen-rich rods were separately placed in seven plastic bottles, each filled with distilled water and soaked for 6 h, before the hydrogen concentration of the water was measured.This process was repeated 10 times.②After the hydrogen-rich rods with the strongest and weakest hydrogen product capacity were removed, the remaining 5 hydrogen-rich rods were placed separately into 5 plastic bottles filled with distilled water,put in a water bath pot at 20,40 and 60℃, respectively, and kept for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h, respectively.Then, the hydrogen concentration, oxidation-reduction potential(ORP),and dissolved oxygen concentration(DO) were measured at various time points.③In order to determine the hydrogen emission rate from the hydrogen-rich water, the hydrogen-rich rods were constantly kept in some samples and the others were removed.All the sample bottle caps were kept open during the experimental process, and the hydrogen concentration was measured at such time points as 0, 10 and 30 min, 1, 2, 5, 12, 24, 30, 48 and 72 h, respectively.Results ①The hydrogen-rich rods used in this study could well meet the requirements.②When the environment temperature was kept constant, the hydrogen concentration of the water was increased with the soaking time of the hydrogen-rich rods, and the ORP of the water was reduced.However, the DO of the water was decreased with the rise of the environment temperature.③When the hydrogen-rich water was kept in opened plastic bottles with a 25 mm oral diameter, the hydrogen concentration of the samples with the hydrogen-rich rods reserved was almost about 0.50 ppm until 72 h, and that of the others was reduced to almost 0 ppm.Conclusion Our results demonstrate that the hydrogen-rich rods test is a simple and effective method for preparing hydrogen-rich water, which will be an valuable and useful method for using hydrogen-rich water in health promotion and prevention of chronic diseases.

Background hGlyrichin is a novel human antimicrobial peptide rich in glycine. The previous study of known human antimicrobial peptides indicated that in an eligible range, the greater corresponding antibacterial activity was consisted with the shorter peptide sequence. Findings Two peptides named pCM19 and pCM12 were synthesized and the antibacterial activity assay results showed that these peptides exhibited strong antibacterial activity that was inversely proportional to the length of the peptide. Despite the effective inhibition of bacterial growth, the synthetic peptides showed no hemolytic effect on human red blood cells. Conclusions Taken together, these two peptides derived from hGlyrichin both have strong antibacterial activity and are not toxic to human somatic cells.

Objective:To evaluate whether the"flexible fasting"be an emergency program to stop hungry in short-term (7~14 days) food shortage after disaster by analyzing the effects of"flexible fasting scheme on body condition、physiological and bio-chemical indexes of volunteers. Me thods:Volunteers were tested for 7~14 days flexible fasting, and the instead meal was special prebiotics. Blood biochemical indexes (blood glucose, liver function and renal function) were checked and recorded before and after the test respectively, and the volunteers physical condition were recorded before and during the test every day by the way of self-con-trol and statistical analysis. Results:The result showed that all volunteers in flexible fasting test process had good physical condition and the body weight were expected to decline, as well as overall good spirit, gastrointestinal with no discomfort reaction, high quali-ty sleep, no obvious fatigue response, heart rate and blood pressure with no obvious change, the function of liver and kidney with no statistical difference before and after the test.Conclusions:Flexible fasting could become an emergency program to stop hungry in short-term (7~14 days) food shortage after disaster, and also significantly improve efficiency of emergency rescue.

Objective:In order to provide a new insight upon the interactions between hypoxia and in-nate immunity responses,we analyzed the impact of on hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and a novel hu-man origined antimicrobial peptides hGlyrichin′s expression in rat′s myeloid-derived polymorphonu-clear leukocytes during different intermittent hypoxia exposure time course. Methods:60 Wistar male rats were randomly divided into 6 grounps as control and intermittent hypoxia for 12 ,24 ,36 ,48,72 hours,intermittent hypoxic was taken with hypoxico system which mimic the 2500 meters al-titude. Vein blood samples were collected and then polymorphonuclear leukocyte were separated by lymphocyte separation medium . RNA was extracted with Trizol for RT-PCR,while protein sample was prepared by RIPA lysis buffer for western blot to detect the expression of HIF-1α. Protein dif-ferential express pattern was determined by two -dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrum. Results:HIF-1α mRNA level was significantly increased at intermittent hypoxia accumulated for 36 hours,and the expression level further increased significantly with time prolonged;HIF-1αprotein levels increased significant at intermittent hypoxia totaled for 24 hours and with a further increasing trend during time prolonged. Protein differentially expression only identified a protein tropomyosin 4,it showed no direct relationship with the hypoxia-inducible pathway. hGlyrichin expression only had an upward trend even after intermittent hypoxic for 72 hours,no significant difference was found consistent with HIF-1α expression changed. Conclusions:We found a significant increase in both the HIF-1αmRNA level and protein expression level during the time course by intermittent hypoxia stress,but failed to confirm the possible assume that the antimicrobial peptide expression level would be upregulated by the increased HIF-1α level in myeloid-derived cells.

Recent studies showed that there may be a hardwire or softwire link between these two ancient and conservative process,hypoxia and innate immunity.The relationship between the core hypoxia response element HIF1(hypoxia inducible factor 1) and NF-κB(Nuclear Transcription factor) was focused.They regulate each other's function concomitant with downstream effects.It might provide a new insight for exercise-induced immunosuppression.

In this work, we propose a signal selection procedure for determination of hemoglobin (Hb) concentration in whole blood using near infrared (NIR) transmission spectral signals. A dataset of 190 whole blood NIR transmission spectra with reference Hb concentrations was used to evaluate the method. Spectral signals were selected based on the squared correlation coefficient (R(2)) between the signal and the Hb concentration. An improved uninformative variable elimination (UVE) procedure was performed to remove redundant signals from the primary selected signal set. A partial least squares (PLS) regression model was built with the final selected signals and the corresponding Hb concentrations. The results indicate that the proposed method is effective at increasing the predictive power of the NIR-PLS spectral model for determining Hb concentration in whole blood samples.