目的 探讨形成性评价在生物化学课程中实施效果.方法 选取该校2014级临床课改班及2015～2017级临床"5+3"专业学生249人作为观察组,同时选取五年制临床医学专业同年级学生2812人作为对照组.对照组实施传统的期末考试评价方式,观察组实施形成性评价方式,比较2组中同一年级学生生物化学总成绩及不及格率.结果 观察组中2014～2017级学生生物化学总成绩及不及格率分别优于对照组中相应年级学生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 形成性评价考核方式能真实、客观地反映学生的学习水平及教师的教学效果.

Aim: Exsomes play a significant role in increasing pathophysiological processes by delivering their content. Recently, a variety of studies have showed exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in pulmonary hyper tension (PH) notably. In this study, we found that exosomal miR-211 was overexpressed in hypoxia-induced PH rats but its intrinsic regulation was unclear. Therefore, our aim was to reveal the underlying mechanism which overexpressed exosomal miR-211 targeted in the development of PH. Methods: 18 male SD rats were randomly divided into normoxia and hypoxia group, housed in normal or hypoxic chamber for 3 weeks respectively. Then, mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), pulmonary vascular resistance(PVR), right ventricular hypertrophy index(RV/(LV + S)), the percentage of medial wall area (WA%) and the percentage of medial wall thickness (WT%) were measured. Expression of miR-211 in exosomes was detected by qRT-PCR. Expression of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase1(CaMK1)and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma(PPAR-gamma)in lung tissue were detected by Western blot(WB); After miR-211 overexpressed exosomes were injected to rats through caudal vein, mPAP, PVR, RV/(LV + S), WA% and WT% were also measured. Sequentially, hypoxia rats were injected with lentivirus riched in miR-211 inhibitor via tail vein, and PH-related indicators were measured. In vitro, after miR-211 was positively or negatively regulated in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) by plasmid transfection, proliferation of PASMC was detected by CCK8, as well as the expression of CaMK1 and PPAR gamma. Further, the relationship between CaMK1 and miR-211 was verified by Dual-Luciferase assay. And the regulatory relationship of CaMK1/PPAR gamma aixs was demonstrated in PASMC. Results: Evident increases of mPAP, PVR, RVHI, WT% and WA% were observed with hypoxia administration. And the concentration of plasma exosomes in hypoxia rats was increased and positively correlated with the above indexes. miR-211 in exosomes of PH was upregulated while the expression of CaMK1 and PPAR-gamma decreased in lung tissues. Further, injection of exosomes overexpressed with miR-211 demonstrated that exosomal miR-211 aggravated PH while inhibition of miR-211 attenuated PH in rats. In vitro, overexpression of miR-211 promoted the proliferation of PASMC and inhibited expression of CaMK1 and PPAR-gamma in PASMC. And Dual-luciferase assay demonstrated that CaMK1 was a downstream gene of miR-211. Plasmid transfection experiments indicated that CaMK1 can promote PPAR-gamma expression. Conclusion: Exosomal miR-211 promoted PH via inhibiting CaMK1/PPAR-gamma axis, promoting PASMC proliferation in rats.

依托该校“考易网络题库与考试系统”平台,建立生物化学试题库,自2014年开始,在温州医科大学生物化学课程评价中试行“随堂章节考试十期末考”分阶段考核模式,对学生学习成绩进行综合评定.初步研究显示,这种基于形成性评价的考核方式能有力地提高学生平时学习的积极性,有效地提高学习质量和教学效果.

To identify special metabolites in synovial fluid of osteoarthritis (OA) via a metabolomics approach. Synovial fluid of 35 participants (25 OA patients and 10 controls) was detected by GC-TOF/MS and multivariate data analysis was applied to analyze correlation among the observations. Different metabolites were screened by VIP value (VIP>1), student t-test (p<0.05), and fold change (fold >1.5), and verified with the standard metabolites in the synovial fluid of 24 OA patients and 11 controls by LC/MS. The classification performance of different metabolites was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The results showed that six different metabolites (glutamine, 1,5-anhydroglucitol, gluconic lactone, tyramine, threonine, and 8-aminocaprylic acid) were strongly associated with OA in global metabolomics. Verified results of the first three metabolites were the same as the identified results using targeted metabolomics. ROC curve analysis demonstrated that their concentrations in synovial fluid were strongly correlated to OA. In addition, the concentrations of gluconic lactone were significantly different between OA and RA. Metabolites with altered levels may be contributors to OA pathogenesis and can be used as potential diagnosis criteria for OA. Gluconic lactone may prove to be a novel criterion for differential diagnosis of OA from RA. (C) 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The piercing fruit moth Oraesia emarginata is an economically significant pest; however, our understanding of its olfactory mechanisms in infestation is limited. The present study conducted antennal transcriptome analysis of olfactory genes using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis (RT-qPCR). We identified a total of 104 candidate chemosensory genes from several gene families, including 35 olfactory receptors (ORs), 41 odorant-binding proteins, 20 chemosensory proteins, 6 ionotropic receptors, and 2 sensory neuron membrane proteins. Seven candidate pheromone receptors (PRs) and 3 candidate pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) for sex pheromone recognition were found. OemaOR29 and OemaPBP1 had the highest fragments per kb per million fragments (FPKM) values in all ORs and OBPs, respectively. Eighteen olfactory genes were upregulated in females, including 5 candidate PRs, and 20 olfactory genes were upregulated in males, including 2 candidate PRs (OemaOR29 and 4) and 2 PBPs (OemaPBP1 and 3). These genes may have roles in mediating sex-specific behaviors. Most candidate olfactory genes of sex pheromone recognition (except OemaOR29 and OemaPBP3) in O. emarginata were not clustered with those of studied noctuid species (type I pheromone). In addition, OemaOR29 was belonged to cluster PRIII, which comprise proteins that recognize type II pheromones instead of type I pheromones. The structure and function of olfactory genes that encode sex pheromones in O. emarginata might thus differ from those of other studied noctuids. The findings of the present study may help explain the molecular mechanism underlying olfaction and the evolution of olfactory genes encoding sex pheromones in O. emarginata.

课程整合是现代课程改革的主要问题之一,更是目前我国基础教育课程改革方案的重点内容之一.《医学生物化学》是临床医学专业学生的一门重要基础课程,但是在教学中存在内容多、课时少等问题;上课仍然以讲授为主;对学生的评价主要通过期末考试,基本上是“一考定乾坤”等问题.因此,综合其他院校和其他科目课程整合的经验,教师重新构建了《医学生物化学》课程体系,首先在教学内容上进行调整,压缩一些内容,留出一些课时,引入讨论式教学模式,讨论过程中引入临床案例,使生物化学理论知识与临床实践相衔接,培养学生对知识的运用和分析问题能力.同时,改变目前单一依靠期末考试成绩作为考核的唯一标准,将理论课中讨论课表现、撰写小综述、期中考核、机动小测验等内容纳入考核体系,不但可以及时反馈学生每个阶段的学习效果,而且可以更全面客观地评价出学生的综合能力.

在《医学生物化学》教学评价体系中适当地引入形成性评价指标，建立形成性评价与期末终结性考核评价相结合的教学评价系统。首先在大课教学中期通过考易平台进行选择题测试，测试后教师给予及时反馈与讲解，另外在毕博网络教学平台出1~2道讨论题，教师与学生可以做线上线下讨论，教师最终做出点评和总结；其次实验课上根据学生课上听课情况、动手积极与否、操作有无错误、结果是否合理、实验报告的书写是否规范等方面进行形成性评价，教师对每次实验的过程及结果进行记录并总结，并在下一次实验课授课前进行统一反馈；再次在以案例为基础的学习讨论课上，就教师提出的问题，学生以小组为单位通过自行查阅资料、进行组内和组间交流讨论，最后教师根据学生的讨论结果和讨论中出现的问题进行总结和评价。在这三部分教学环节中都使用形成性评价，弥补传统的终结性评价的不足，以便更有效地提高教学质量。

Our previous proteomic study indicated that connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) may be a potential biomarker for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diagnosis. The aim was to assess the performance of CTGF as a biomarker of RA.

Cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) genes are involved in fundamental physiological functions, and might be also associated with the olfactory recognition of sex pheromones in beetles and moths. A P450 gene, Spodoptera litura CYP4L4 (SlituCYP4L4), was cloned for the first time from the antennae of S. litura. SlituCYP4L4 was almost exclusively expressed in the adult stage and predominantly expressed in the adult antennae. In situ hybridization showed that SlituCYP4L4 localized mainly at the base of the long sensilla trichoidea, which responds to sex pheromone components. Pretreatment with an S. litura sex pheromone significantly reduced the expression levels of SlituCYP4L4, consistent with other genes involved in sex pheromone recognition. The expression level of SlituCYP4L4 was different in moths collected with different ratios of sex pheromone lures and collected in different geographical locations. After gene knockdown of SlituCYP4L4 in the antennae, the electroantennogram (EAG) responses of male and female moths to (9Z, 11E)-tetradecadienyl acetate or (9Z, 12E)-tetradecadienyl acetate were significantly decreased. In contrast, EAG responses to plant volatiles and sex pheromones of other moth species were not significantly influenced in these moths. SlituCYP4L4 was also expressed in the gustatory tissues and sensilla, which suggests that SlituCYP4L4 may have other functions in the chemosensory system. Our results have shown for the first time the function of a CYP gene with appendage-specific expression in insect sex pheromone recognition, especially in adult moths.

记述采自浙江温州的薪甲科1中国新纪录属——长转薪甲属Eufallia Muttkowski,1910和1中国新纪录种——狭胸长转薪甲E.seminiveus（Motschulsky,1866）,描述了它们的外部形态特征,讨论了长转薪甲属的分类历史,狭胸长转薪甲的分布、食性及危害。狭胸长转薪甲可能成为重要的家居害虫。

Background The study of olfaction is key to understanding the interaction of insects with their environment and provides opportunities to develop novel tactics for control of pest species. Recent developments in transcriptomic approaches enable the molecular basis of olfaction to be studied even in species with limited genomic information. Here we use transcriptome and expression profiling analysis to characterize the antennal transcriptome of the noctuid moth and polyphagous pest Spodoptera litura . Results We identify 74 candidate genes involved in odor detection and recognition, encoding 26 ORs, 21 OBPs, 18 CSPs and 9 IRs. We examine their expression levels in both sexes and seek evidence for their function by relating their expression with levels of EAG response in male and female antennae to 58 host and non-host plant volatiles and sex pheromone components. The majority of olfactory genes showed sex-biased expression, usually male-biased in ORs. A link between OR gene expression and antennal responses to odors was evident, a third of the compounds tested evoking a sex-biased response, in every case also male-biased. Two candidate pheromone receptors, OR14 and OR23 were especially strongly expressed and male-biased and we suggest that these may respond to the two female sex pheromone components of S. litura , Z9E11-14:OAc and Z9E12-14:OAc, which evoked strongly male-biased EAG responses. Conclusions Our results provide the molecular basis for elucidating the olfactory profile of moths and the sexual divergence of their behavior and could enable the targeting of particular genes, and behaviors for pest management.

实验也是医学生物化学教学的重要组成部分，随着当前我国医学教育改革的深入，传统的实验教学法也需随之改变以适应新形势的需要。将PBL教学法应用于医学生物化学实验教学，探索构建以问题为基础、以学生为中心的新型实验教学体系，目标是培养学生的自主学习能力，提高其综合思维和解决实际问题的能力，为进一步提升医学生物化学教学质量发挥积极作用。

Objectives To explore the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the different metabolites were screened in synovial fluid by metabolomics. Methods Synovial fluid from 25 RA patients and 10 normal subjects were analyzed by GC/TOF MS analysis so as to give a broad overview of synovial fluid metabolites. The metabolic profiles of RA patients and normal subjects were compared using multivariate statistical analysis. Different proteins were verified by qPCR and western blot. Different metabolites were verified by colorimetric assay kit in 25 inactive RA patients, 25 active RA patients and 20 normal subjects. The influence of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α pathway on catabolism was detected by HIF-1α knockdown. Results A subset of 58 metabolites was identified, in which the concentrations of 7 metabolites related to energy metabolism were significantly different as shown by importance in the projection (VIP) (VIP≥1) and Student’s t-test (p<0.05). In the 7 metabolites, the concentration of glucose was decreased, and the concentration of lactic acid was increased in the synovial fluid of RA patients than normal subjects verified by colorimetric assay Kit. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis shows that the concentration of glucose and lactic acid in synovial fluid could be used as dependable biomarkers for the diagnosis of active RA, provided an AUC of 0.906 and 0.922. Sensitivity and specificity, which were determined by cut-off points, reached 84% and 96% in sensitivity and 95% and 85% in specificity, respectively. The verification of different proteins identified in our previous proteomic study shows that the enzymes of anaerobic catabolism were up-regulated (PFKP and LDHA), and the enzymes of aerobic oxidation and fatty acid oxidation were down-regulated (CS, DLST, PGD, ACSL4, ACADVL and HADHA) in RA patients. The expression of HIF-1α and the enzymes of aerobic oxidation and fatty acid oxidation were decreased and the enzymes of anaerobic catabolism were increased in FLS cells after HIF-1α knockdown. Conclusion It was found that enhanced anaerobic catabolism and reduced aerobic oxidation regulated by HIF pathway are newly recognized factors contributing to the progression of RA, and low glucose and high lactic acid concentration in synovial fluid may be the potential biomarker of RA.

互动教学可以充分发挥教师和学生的主观能动性。在医学生物化学的教学过程中，将互动教学方法引入传统的讲授型教学方法中可激起学生的学习兴趣，提高学习效果。互动模式可以采用多种方法：提出问题，变“被动接受”为“主动思考”；设置情境，变“乏味”为“趣味”；转换角色，变“教学”为“导学”；传授方法，变“授鱼”为“授渔”。

OBJECTIVES:The present study first utilized a standardized shotgun proteomic analysis method to determine differences in protein expression of fibroblasts in the ligament between AS patients and healthy controls. METHODS:Proteins extracted from primarily cultured FLLs from 35 AS patients and 10 normal subjects were analyzed by automated 2D-Nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS. Differentially expressed proteins were screened by 2-sample t-test and fold change. Bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed proteins was based on the IPA. Fatty acid β-oxidation-related proteins and INSR pathway-related proteins in the ligament were confirmed by real-time PCR and Western blot. RESULTS:A total of 556 differential proteins were screened in AS. Of them, 322 proteins were up-regulated and the remaining 234 proteins were down-regulated. GO and pathway analyses showed that six fatty acid β-oxidation-related proteins (HADHB, ECHS1, ACSL4, ACADM, ACSL1 and HADH) were up-regulated in FLL cells, which was consistent with the results obtained from real-time PCR, Western blot and MS, while INSR pathway-related proteins (INSR, IRS1, PI3K and PKC) was low in the ligament of AS as compared with that in healthy controls. CONCLUSION:The lower body fat level in AS maybe due to up-regulation of fatty acid β-oxidation-related enzymes regulated by INSR/PI3K/PKC pathway. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a common spondyloarthropathy, is an inflammatory rheumatic disease with a predilection for the axial skeleton. Clinical hallmarks of AS include sacroiliitis, uveitis, enthesitis and persistent spinal inflammation. The pathogenic mechanism of disease causation and perpetuation remains poorly understood. In this study, we primarily cultured fibroblast cells from ligament biopsies, knowing that fibroblast cells are dominant cells in the diseased ligament. One of the characteristic pathologic changes in AS is inflammation of the attachment points, including the muscle, ligament and bone or joint capsule. Inflammation of the tendon attachment point is usually non-bacterial and can lead to pain and swelling of the tendon ligament. To obtain more information, we used Shotgun proteomic analysis based on multidimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). we firstly mixed the lysates of FLL cells derived from the ligaments of 35 AS patients and 10 normal subjects, identified proteins by automated 2D-Nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS method, GO and pathway analyses showed that six fatty acid β-oxidation-related proteins (HADHB, ECHS1, ACSL4, ACADM, ACSL1 and HADH) were up-regulated in the ligament, which was consistent with the results obtained from real-time PCR, Western blot and MS, while INSR pathway-related proteins (INSR, IRS1, PI3K and PKC) was low in the ligament of AS as compared with that in healthy controls. We also find that AS subjects had significantly lower body mass index (BMI) and BMI Z-scores compared with that in healthy controls. The results remind us that up-regulation of fatty acid β-oxidation-related proteins lower the body fat content, which is a new discovery contributing to the progression of AS. This is the first report on fatty acid oxidation in AS. It was found that the body fat level was low in AS due to high fatty acid oxidation, suggesting that insulin signaling may play an important role in the metabolic switch from predominant to fatty acid metabolism that characterizes the ligament of AS. One mechanism for this transition is increased expression of genes that regulate the rate of fatty acid oxidation. This effect may be mediated by PI3K, a downstream mediator of many receptor tyrosine kinases, including the INSR. This is a newly discovered factor contributing to the progression of AS.

The full‐length cDNA of the gene S lituOR18 , encoding a candidate olfactory receptor in the antennae of the tobacco cutworm, S podoptera litura ( F abricius) ( L epidoptera N octuidae), was identified through homology cloning strategies using RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) and PCR (polymerase chain reaction). The protein of S lituOR18 shared >80% sequence identity and the same seven transmembrane domains with other olfactory receptor 18 (OR18) proteins sequenced from noctuid moths. S lituOR18 also had a similar structure to S lituORco , encoding the olfactory co‐receptor in S . litura . The sequence between transmembrane segments IV and V was longer than other sequences between transmembrane segments, and the N‐terminus was intracytoplasmic. Analysis by qRT ‐PCR showed S lituOR18 was predominantly expressed in adult moths and there was higher expression in female antennae than in male antennae. Weak expression of S lituOR18 was observed in eggs and no expression was observed in the antennae of fourth instars and 5‐day‐old pupae. In situ hybridization experiments revealed that expression of these receptor types was clearly restricted to the bases of trichodea‐type olfactory sensilla (sensillum trichodeum), that are known to contain neurons sensitive to food odor or pheromones. Our data demonstrated that both S lituORco and S lituOR18 showed diurnal changes in their relative expression level. Expression of S lituOR18 varied among geographic populations of S . litura that had been trapped in the field using synthetic pheromone lures. The mRNA expression level of S lituOR18 was similar among S . litura populations from S ichuan, G uangxi, and H unan, and higher than in populations from S hanghai and N ingbo. We suggest that OR18 could play a critical role in olfaction in noctuid moths and is a potential target for novel pest management strategies in the future.

阐明了漫画辅助教学法在高校生物化学教学中的意义及实践过程中的措施,采用举例说明的方式具体介绍了在生物化学课堂教学中,如何巧用漫画导入新课、巧用漫画解决教材中的重点和难点、巧用漫画总结新课及巧用漫画设计试题,使抽象、单调的生物化学知识变得直观、生动,从而大力提高教学质量。

绪论教学在生物化学教学中扮演着重要的角色。实际教学中关于绪论的讲解主要有两个方面的问题。一是教师不注重绪论的教学,造成这种现象的原因主要是教学学时的限制,教师并没有认识到绪论教学的重要性。另一方面是教师对绪论的讲解不够生动。在绪论的讲解中适当举一些例子可以调动学生的学习兴趣,再根据生物化学的难学之处指导学生要使用正确的学习方法,可以让学生消除对生物化学的畏难心理。

大学教师"说课"是教学改革中涌现出来的新生事物,是进行教学交流、教学探讨和教学研究的一种新的教学形式。通过具体的医学生物化学说课稿实例,剖析教学设计及其理论依据,供广大生物化学教师参考。