目的 探讨形成性评价在生物化学课程中实施效果.方法 选取该校2014级临床课改班及2015～2017级临床"5+3"专业学生249人作为观察组,同时选取五年制临床医学专业同年级学生2812人作为对照组.对照组实施传统的期末考试评价方式,观察组实施形成性评价方式,比较2组中同一年级学生生物化学总成绩及不及格率.结果 观察组中2014～2017级学生生物化学总成绩及不及格率分别优于对照组中相应年级学生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 形成性评价考核方式能真实、客观地反映学生的学习水平及教师的教学效果.

依托该校“考易网络题库与考试系统”平台,建立生物化学试题库,自2014年开始,在温州医科大学生物化学课程评价中试行“随堂章节考试十期末考”分阶段考核模式,对学生学习成绩进行综合评定.初步研究显示,这种基于形成性评价的考核方式能有力地提高学生平时学习的积极性,有效地提高学习质量和教学效果.

课程整合是现代课程改革的主要问题之一,更是目前我国基础教育课程改革方案的重点内容之一.《医学生物化学》是临床医学专业学生的一门重要基础课程,但是在教学中存在内容多、课时少等问题;上课仍然以讲授为主;对学生的评价主要通过期末考试,基本上是“一考定乾坤”等问题.因此,综合其他院校和其他科目课程整合的经验,教师重新构建了《医学生物化学》课程体系,首先在教学内容上进行调整,压缩一些内容,留出一些课时,引入讨论式教学模式,讨论过程中引入临床案例,使生物化学理论知识与临床实践相衔接,培养学生对知识的运用和分析问题能力.同时,改变目前单一依靠期末考试成绩作为考核的唯一标准,将理论课中讨论课表现、撰写小综述、期中考核、机动小测验等内容纳入考核体系,不但可以及时反馈学生每个阶段的学习效果,而且可以更全面客观地评价出学生的综合能力.

在《医学生物化学》教学评价体系中适当地引入形成性评价指标，建立形成性评价与期末终结性考核评价相结合的教学评价系统。首先在大课教学中期通过考易平台进行选择题测试，测试后教师给予及时反馈与讲解，另外在毕博网络教学平台出1~2道讨论题，教师与学生可以做线上线下讨论，教师最终做出点评和总结；其次实验课上根据学生课上听课情况、动手积极与否、操作有无错误、结果是否合理、实验报告的书写是否规范等方面进行形成性评价，教师对每次实验的过程及结果进行记录并总结，并在下一次实验课授课前进行统一反馈；再次在以案例为基础的学习讨论课上，就教师提出的问题，学生以小组为单位通过自行查阅资料、进行组内和组间交流讨论，最后教师根据学生的讨论结果和讨论中出现的问题进行总结和评价。在这三部分教学环节中都使用形成性评价，弥补传统的终结性评价的不足，以便更有效地提高教学质量。

Objective: To study the effects of puerarin on diabetic pancreatic β-cell injury and to explore its possible mechanisms in type 2 diabetic rats. Methods: A type 2 diabetic rat model was established by the combi-nation of a high-fat diet and a single low-dose streptozocin intraperitoneal injection. The animals were randomly divided into diabetic model group and puerarin (100 mg?kg-1, i.p.) treatment group, with other 8 normal rats as a control group. The rats were treated daily for 4 consecutive weeks, and the equal volume of vehicle (5％ propane-diol, i.p.) was given to the normal control and diabetic model group. The rats were sacrificed and fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and serum insulin levels, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) content, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in pancreas were measured. The pancreatic telomere length was determined by real-time quantitative PCR. The protein levels of phosphorylated AMP-activated pro-tein kinase (AMPK), sirtuin1 (SIRT1) and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) as well as apoptosis-related proteins, e.g. cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3, Bim, Bax and Bcl-2 in pancreas were assessed by Western blot. Results: The fast-ing blood glucose, HbA1c, and MDA contents as well as the protein expressions of UCP2, Bax, Bim and cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 in pancreas of diabetic rats were significantly higher than those in normal controls (P<0.01, respectively). However, insulin level in serum, SOD and CAT activities, telomere length as well as the protein expressions of p-AMPK/AMPK, SIRT1 and Bcl-2 in pancreas of diabetic rats were significantly decreased as compared with those in normal animals (P<0.01, respectively). In contrast, in puerarin treatment group, the above changes were reversed, significant differences of those were found as compared with those in diabetic model group (P<0.01, respectively). Conclusion: Puerarin exerts preventive and remedial effects on the diabetic pan-creatic β-cell, which is probably due to protecting telomere length and inhibiting β-cell apoptosis via alleviating oxidative damage, and decreasing UCP2 expression through enhancing SIRT1 activity as well.

互动教学可以充分发挥教师和学生的主观能动性。在医学生物化学的教学过程中，将互动教学方法引入传统的讲授型教学方法中可激起学生的学习兴趣，提高学习效果。互动模式可以采用多种方法：提出问题，变“被动接受”为“主动思考”；设置情境，变“乏味”为“趣味”；转换角色，变“教学”为“导学”；传授方法，变“授鱼”为“授渔”。

OBJECTIVES:The present study first utilized a standardized shotgun proteomic analysis method to determine differences in protein expression of fibroblasts in the ligament between AS patients and healthy controls. METHODS:Proteins extracted from primarily cultured FLLs from 35 AS patients and 10 normal subjects were analyzed by automated 2D-Nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS. Differentially expressed proteins were screened by 2-sample t-test and fold change. Bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed proteins was based on the IPA. Fatty acid β-oxidation-related proteins and INSR pathway-related proteins in the ligament were confirmed by real-time PCR and Western blot. RESULTS:A total of 556 differential proteins were screened in AS. Of them, 322 proteins were up-regulated and the remaining 234 proteins were down-regulated. GO and pathway analyses showed that six fatty acid β-oxidation-related proteins (HADHB, ECHS1, ACSL4, ACADM, ACSL1 and HADH) were up-regulated in FLL cells, which was consistent with the results obtained from real-time PCR, Western blot and MS, while INSR pathway-related proteins (INSR, IRS1, PI3K and PKC) was low in the ligament of AS as compared with that in healthy controls. CONCLUSION:The lower body fat level in AS maybe due to up-regulation of fatty acid β-oxidation-related enzymes regulated by INSR/PI3K/PKC pathway. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a common spondyloarthropathy, is an inflammatory rheumatic disease with a predilection for the axial skeleton. Clinical hallmarks of AS include sacroiliitis, uveitis, enthesitis and persistent spinal inflammation. The pathogenic mechanism of disease causation and perpetuation remains poorly understood. In this study, we primarily cultured fibroblast cells from ligament biopsies, knowing that fibroblast cells are dominant cells in the diseased ligament. One of the characteristic pathologic changes in AS is inflammation of the attachment points, including the muscle, ligament and bone or joint capsule. Inflammation of the tendon attachment point is usually non-bacterial and can lead to pain and swelling of the tendon ligament. To obtain more information, we used Shotgun proteomic analysis based on multidimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). we firstly mixed the lysates of FLL cells derived from the ligaments of 35 AS patients and 10 normal subjects, identified proteins by automated 2D-Nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS method, GO and pathway analyses showed that six fatty acid β-oxidation-related proteins (HADHB, ECHS1, ACSL4, ACADM, ACSL1 and HADH) were up-regulated in the ligament, which was consistent with the results obtained from real-time PCR, Western blot and MS, while INSR pathway-related proteins (INSR, IRS1, PI3K and PKC) was low in the ligament of AS as compared with that in healthy controls. We also find that AS subjects had significantly lower body mass index (BMI) and BMI Z-scores compared with that in healthy controls. The results remind us that up-regulation of fatty acid β-oxidation-related proteins lower the body fat content, which is a new discovery contributing to the progression of AS. This is the first report on fatty acid oxidation in AS. It was found that the body fat level was low in AS due to high fatty acid oxidation, suggesting that insulin signaling may play an important role in the metabolic switch from predominant to fatty acid metabolism that characterizes the ligament of AS. One mechanism for this transition is increased expression of genes that regulate the rate of fatty acid oxidation. This effect may be mediated by PI3K, a downstream mediator of many receptor tyrosine kinases, including the INSR. This is a newly discovered factor contributing to the progression of AS.

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO), a key enzyme involved with photosynthetic carbon assimilation, catalyzes the carboxylation and oxidization of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. Interestingly, the promoter region of this gene from Arthrospira platensis could drive the expression of a downstream gene in Escherichia coli. In this study, using green fluorescent protein as a reporter of gene expression, the structure and function of the promoter region of the RuBisCO gene of A. platensis was analyzed. There are three hypothetical promoter elements predicted in the 200 bp upstream of the open reading frame (ORF) of RuBisCO. Through deletion analysis of the promoter, it was demonstrated that one of these elements was the active promoter, which was located between −94 and the ORF of RuBisCO. The −35 box of the RuBisCO promoter (TTGACT) was very similar to that of the rpoD gene (TTGACA) of E. coli, with only the sixth nucleotide divergent. Site-directed mutational analysis showed that when the sixth nucleotide (T) was changed to A, the activity of the promoter remained unchanged. However, when the first and second Ts were mutated, the activities of the promoters decreased drastically. Determining the structure and function of promoters would help elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the gene expression and regulation.

阐明了漫画辅助教学法在高校生物化学教学中的意义及实践过程中的措施,采用举例说明的方式具体介绍了在生物化学课堂教学中,如何巧用漫画导入新课、巧用漫画解决教材中的重点和难点、巧用漫画总结新课及巧用漫画设计试题,使抽象、单调的生物化学知识变得直观、生动,从而大力提高教学质量。

10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10H2DA) is suggested to be a potential medication for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) via mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. The aim of the present work was to seek differentially expressed proteins in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) treated with 10H2DA by comparative proteomics analysis. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and LC–MS/MS were performed to identify changes in protein expression after 24-h 10H2DA treatment. Differentially expressed proteins were identified by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. Influence of down-regulation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression on MMPs was studied by RNAi. Ten proteins were up-regulated and 9 proteins were down-regulated after 24-h 10H2DA treatment. A total of 19 differentially expressed proteins were identified and found to be associated with glycolysis, lipid metabolism, cell adhesion, ATP synthesis, oxidation reduction, and anti-apoptosis. CTGF, a member of the C-terminal cystein-rich proteins (CCN) family, was down-regulated after 24-h 10H2DA treatment. MMPs were down-regulated after RNAi (CTGFi). These results suggest that CTGF is a regulator factor in the expression of MMPs, and 10H2DA down-regulate the concentration of MMPs probably by down-regulating the expression of CTGF.

大学教师"说课"是教学改革中涌现出来的新生事物,是进行教学交流、教学探讨和教学研究的一种新的教学形式。通过具体的医学生物化学说课稿实例,剖析教学设计及其理论依据,供广大生物化学教师参考。

根据医学生物化学知识特点和教学大纲要求,甄选出适当内容制作直观动画,并在教学实践中应用.对动画在医学生物化学课堂教学中的应用效果进行评价分析,结果表明动画的应用不仅丰富了课堂教学内容,而且有助于学生对难点知识的理解与记忆,从而提高医学生物化学教学质量.

Biochemistry is one of the important basic subjects in medical college. It is hard for students to master because of its complicated theories and abstract contents. It has been found that carrying out case-teaching method in biochemistry teaching is good for students to arouse study interest and enhance the abilities of autonomic learning, question-analyzing and question-solving as well as consolidate theory knowledge. It is worth generalizing as a new teaching method for biochemistry in medical college.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the anti-hyperglycemic effect of puerarin and its possible mechanisms in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.METHODS The diabetes mellitus rat model made by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(60 mg·kg-1)were randomly divided into diabetes mellitus model group,high dose puerarin(160 mg·kg-1),middle dose puerarin(120 mg·kg-1),low dose puerarin(80 mg·kg-1) treatment groups and aminoguanidine(100 mg·kg-1) treatment group.12 rats were in normal control group.Puerarin and aminoguanidine were intraperitoneally injected to rats once a day for 12 weeks.The animals of normal control group and diabetes mellitus model group were given equal volum propylene glycol.The blood glucose concentration was measured by glucose oxidase method.The serum insulin level was determined by 125I-insulin radioimmunoassay kit.The β-endorphin(β-EP) content in serum,pancreas and pituitary was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor γ(PPAR-γ) and glucose transporter-4(GLUT-4) in fatty tissues and skeletal muscles were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).RESULTS The blood glucose concentration increased obviously(P0.01) but the serum insulin level and the content of β-EP in serum,pancreas and pituitary tissues as well as PPAR-γ and GLUT-4 mRNA expression in fatty tissue and skeletal muscle decreased significantly(P0.05 or P0.01,respectively) in diabetes mellitus model group,compared with those in normal control group.In puerarin treatment groups,the above changes were reversed,significant differences of those were found as compared to those in diabetes mellitus model group(P0.05 or P0.01,respectively).CONCLUSION Puerarin can significantly attenuate hyperglycemia in diabetic rats,which is probably due to inducing the synthesis of β-EP in pancreas and pituitary tissues and stimulating of insulin secretion,and up-regulating GLUT-4 mRNA expression and promoting glucose uptake into the adipocytes and myocytes.

Biochemistry is the required course for meidical students in college and university.Explaining lession is a new mean of designing scheduled teaching.To impove quality of biochemistry teaching and making teaching benefits teachers as well as students,we dissected the knowledge structure and characteristics of teaching content,carried out teaching process using reasonable teaching method and also instructed the students in learning methods through specfic instance of explaining lesson on medical biochemistry.The purpose is to offer some references for exploring new model of teaching biochemistry.

Aim of the study Rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) are known to produce matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cause Joint destruction The purpose of this study is to develop a potential medicine for rheumatoid arthritis (RA)Materials and methods. To this end, first, the MMPs inhibition factor was purified from an alkali-solubilized fraction of RJ (Apis mellifera) by C18 reverse-phase column chromatography and identified as 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10H2DA) by LTQ XL analysis Next. Experimental test 10H2DA how to inhibited the activities of MMPs with RASFs isolated from rheumatoid tissues by enzymatic digestion, cultures in monolayers were treated with 10H2DA (0 5 mM, 1 mM, and 2 mM) or PBS for 2 h followed by stimulation with TNF-alpha (10 ng/ml) for 2 h, mRNA Protein levels of MMP-1 and MMP-3 were measured by real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the DNA-binding activity of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and the protein kinase activity of p38, ERK and JNK by kinase assayResults The molecular investigation revealed that the 10H2DA-mediated suppression was likely to occur through blocking p38 kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase-AP-1 signaling pathways. In contrast, 10H2DA had no effect on extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity, NF-kappa B DNA-binding activity and I kappa B alpha degradationConclusion: These results suggest that 10H2DA may be of potential therapeutic value in inhibiting Joint destruction in RA. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd All rights reserved

Biochemistry is one of the basic medical courses and is difficult to master.To achieve a good teaching effect,every teacher should make thorough preparation.The key point of being suitable and equal to the teaching work is to prepare lessons elaborately.This article summarized the experiences in lesson planning of biochemistry from six aspects,such as realizing the importance of biochemistry,studying materials carefully,making courseware well,having examples ready,etc.These experiences will be helpful to new teachers who are puzzled with the lesson planning of biochemistry,and can serve as guidelines for making the lesson planning and improving the teaching quality of biochemistry.

AIM:To investigate the effect of puerarin on diabetic myocardial damage and to explore its possible mechanisms in rats. METHODS: The male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group,diabetic group,high dose puerarin (160 mg/kg),middle dose puerarin (120 mg/kg),low dose puerarin (80 mg/kg) treatment groups and aminoguanidine (100 mg/kg) treatment group. Corresponding drugs were intraperitoneally injected once a day. The animals in normal control group and diabetic group were given equal propylene glycol. 12 weeks later,the rats were sacrificed and their cardiac muscles were collected. Myocardial structure was observed under transmission electron microscope (TEM). The blood glucose concentration and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD),Ca2+-ATPase,Na+-K+-ATPase and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in myocardial homogenate were measured biochemically. In addition,the mRNA expressions of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ),glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) and aldose reductase (AR) in myocardial tissues were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: It is observed that the myofibrils were diminished,broken or fused,some lipid droplets deposited in the cytoplasm of cardiocytes and part of cristae of mitochondria were broken or disappeared under TEM in diabetic group. The activities of SOD,Ca2+-ATPase,Na+-K+-ATPase as well as the mRNA expressions of PPAR-γ and GLUT-4 decreased significantly (all P0.01). The blood glucose concentration and the MDA level and the AR mRNA expression increased obviously (all P0.01) in diabetic group as compared to those in normal control group. How-ever,in puerarin treatment groups,the above changes were reversed,a significant differences of those were found as compared to those in diabetic group (P0.05 or P0.01,respectively). The pathological change of cardiac muscles was relieved. It showed that myofibrils were well-arranged and only few lipid droplets deposited in the cytoplasm of cardiocytes and most mitochondria had clear and regular cristae under TEM in puerarin treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Puerarin exerts preventive and remedial effects on the diabetic myocardium,which may be related to up-regulating the mRNA expressions of PPAR-γ and GLUT-4,promoting glucose uptake and relieving oxidative stress damage.

Objective To explore the protective effects of L-arginine(L-Arg) on the myocardial tissue of diabetic rats.Methods The rat models of diabetes mellitus(DM)(n=28) were made by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(60 mg/kg),and allocated into DM group(n=14) and L-Arg treatment group(300 mg/(kg·d))(L-Arg group)(n=14) at random.Another 12 normal rats served as normal control group(NC group).After 12 weeks,the rats were sacrificed.Morphological changes in myocardium in 3 groups were observed under transmission electromicroscope(TEM).The mRNA expression levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase(eNOS),inducible NOS(iNOS) and endothelin(ET-1) in myocardial tissue were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).The activity of eNOS,iNOS,Na+-K+-ATPase,Ca2+-ATPase and the content of NO,ET-1 in myocardial homogenate were also determined.Results In DM rats,TEM examination showed the lysis of myofibril,dilation of sarcoplasmic reticulum and swelling of mitochondria of myocardial tissue.Compared with NC rats,the mRNA expression level of eNOS and the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase,Ca2+-ATPase,as well as the NO content decreased,but the mRNA expression and content of ET-1 increased in DM rats.The pathological changes in myocardium induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin were reversed in L-Arg group.Compared with DM rats,the mRNA expression level of eNOS,the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase,Ca2+-ATPase and the content of NO increased,but the mRNA expression and content of ET-1 decreased in L-Arg group.Conclusion L-Arg exerts protective effects on diabetic myocardium,which may be through increasing the NO content and decreasing the ET-1 content,so as to improve the blood supply of myocardial tissue.

AIM:To investigate the protective effect of puerarin on testis in diabetic rats.METHODS:The male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group,diabetic group,high dose puerarin(160 mg/kg),middle dose puerarin(120 mg/kg),low dose puerarin(80 mg/kg)treatment groups and aminoguanidine(100 mg/kg)treatment group.Corresponding drugs were intraperitoneal injected once a day.The animals in normal control group and diabetic group were given equal propylene glycol.12 weeks later,the rats were sacrificed and their testes were collected.Testicular structure was observed under transmission electronic microscope(TEM).The contents of nitric oxide(NO),malondialdehyde(MDA)and the activity of nitric oxide synthase(NOS),inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),superoxide dismutase(SOD),Ca2+-ATPase and Na+-K+-ATPase in testis homogenate were detected biochemically.The levels of endothelin-1(ET-1)and calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP)were also measured by radioimmunoassay.In addition,the mRNA expressions of eNOS,iNOS,CGRP,ET-1 and AR in testis tissues were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).RESULTS:The pathologic changes such as cytoplasmic inclusion of sertoli cell and obvious vacuoles between sertoli cells and basal membrane of the contorted seminiferous tubules were observed under TEM in diabetic group.The contents of NO and CGRP,the activities of SOD,Ca2+-ATPase,Na+-K+-ATPase as well as the mRNA expressions of eNOS and CGRP decreased significantly(P0.05 or P0.01,respectively).The ET-1 and MDA levels,the activities of NOS and iNOS,and the mRNA expressions of iNOS,AR and ET-1 increased obviously(P0.01,respectively)in diabetic group as compared to those in normal control group.However,in puerarin treatment groups,the above changes were reversed,a significant differences of those were found compared to diabetic group(P0.05 or P0.01,respectively).There were plenty of mitochondria,endoplasmic reticulum and more lysosomes in the cytoplasm of sertoli cells,and plain hierarchical tight-junction among sertoli cells,spermatogenic cells and basal membrane of the contorted seminiferous tubules in puerarin treatment groups.The changes of above evidences among different doses of puerarin treatment groups and aminoguanidine treatment group showed no statistic significance.CONCLUSION:Puerarin exerts preventive and remedial effects on the diabetic testis,which may be related to improving the blood supply and relieving oxidative stress damage.