Oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during algal photosynthesis are important electron acceptors in photosynthetic algal microbial fuel cell (PAMFC) cathodes. In this study, spongy and petaline ZnO-NiO@rGO carbon felt cathodes were first fabricated through in situ ZnO-NiO growth and further modified with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) via electrodeposition and cyclic voltammetry reduction. The structural and electrochemical properties of the ZnO-NiO@rGO carbon felt cathodes were characterized, and the ROS adsorption capacity of the cathodes was analyzed via temperature programmed desorption and UV spectrophotometry. The results illustrated that the optimal molar ratio of Zn to Ni was 0.2 for cathode surface modification, and the specific surface areas of spongy and petaline ZnO0.2-NiO@rGO reached 215.26 and 230.88 mg.g(-1), respectively, which were more than 200-fold higher than that of prefabricated carbon felt. The areal capacitance values of spongy and petaline ZnO0.2-NiO@rGO cathodes reached 3033.5 and 6388.92 mC.cm(-2), respectively. The ROS concentrations on the spongy and petaline ZnO0.2-NiO@rGO cathode surfaces reached 52.36 and 64.02 mu mol.L-1, respectively, which were nearly 2-fold higher than that for prefabricated carbon felt cathode. The power densities of PAMFCs using spongy and petaline ZnO0.2-NiO@rGO as cathode electrodes were 20.18 and 31.92 mW.m(-2), respectively. The improvement of electrochemical performance of PAMFCs is partially ascribed to the enhanced ROS adsorption capacity of ZnO-NiO@rGO cathodes. Therefore, ROS adsorption capacity is recommended as an evaluation indicator for PAMFC cathodes.

对污水管网发生渗漏的管段进行诊断并确定入渗和入流水量,对于提高污水管网的运行效率具有重要意义.文中基于某平原河网典型地区污水管网的主要泵站流量计流量数据、相关气象水文站降雨及水位数据,以及区域内的18家工业企业的流量排放数据,系统分析了各重要泵站节点在常规工况、节假日工况、小雨工况及大雨工况4种工况下的水量平衡,建立了该区域污水管网的晴天及雨天水量平衡关系,分析了晴天及雨天管网节点水量平衡关系和水量沿程变化规律,提出了控制污水管网外来水量的相关措施,对于减少污水管网外来水量并保持污水管网高效运行具有一定的参考价值.

膜材料氧传质性能和微生物亲和性对MABR(膜曝气生物膜反应器)的稳定运行及处理效果有重要影响,为探究混合单体对等离子体法改性PTFE(聚四氟乙烯)膜微生物亲和性能的影响,采用两步等离子体法分别在PTFE膜表面接枝聚合DOPA(左旋多巴)/GMA(甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯)、Lys(赖氨酸)/GMA、BA(苯胺)/GMA和DEA(乙二胺)/GMA四种混合单体,测定改性前、后PTFE膜的微生物亲和性,并进一步确定最佳混合单体改性PTFE膜的氧传质性能.结果表明:与未改性PTFE膜和仅接枝聚合GMA单体改性复合膜相比,DOPA/GMA、Lys/GMA、BA/GMA和DEA/GMA混合单体改性复合膜表面的微生物亲和性均有提高;Lys/GMA混合单体改性复合膜表面的微生物亲和性最佳,显著高于未改性PTFE膜,膜表面的生物量用ρ(DNA)和ρ(TOC)表示,分别为9.67 ng/μL和103.44 mg/L,比未改性PTFE膜高出34.7％和286.0％,同时其膜表面的生物量增加速度最快;DOPA/GMA和DEA/GMA混合单体改性膜表面的微生物亲和性相近,且高于BA/GMA混合单体改性膜;Lys/GMA混合单体改性复合膜的最大氧传质系数为1.17 m/d(操作压力为35 kPa),显著高于未改性PTFE膜的0.48 m/d(操作压力为11 kPa).研究显示,两步等离子体法接枝聚合的混合单体改性能够同时改善PTFE膜的微生物亲和性和氧传质性能,更适合于制备MABR复合膜,可为开发MABR专用膜材料提供理论基础和技术支持.

污水处理厂进水的水量水质变化,关系到污水处理厂的稳定运行以及出水的稳定达标排放.文中基于某工业生活混合污水处理厂在2015年—2018年进水的水量和水质数据,系统分析了进水水量和水质的变化特征.结果表明,进水的变化具有明显的周期性,特别是每年2月进水量大幅降低,进水的可生化性较差,BOD5/COD普遍位于0.30～0.34,分析其原因主要是工业废水占比较高.由此,提出提高污水厂稳定运行的相关措施,以期为污水厂的稳定运行以及出水的稳定达标排放提供参考.

利用聚苯胺(PANI)与氧化石墨烯(GO)来修饰微生物燃料电池(MFC)阴极电极,可以加强氧阴极还原速率并且降低阴极电势损失.本文利用扫描电镜(SEM)、元素分析(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、CV曲线与EIS曲线分析等手段,考察PANI与GO联合修饰MFC阴极的方法及其电化学性能改善效果.结果表明在聚合修饰液中,当苯胺浓度为0.1M时,GO的最佳浓度为0.10～0.12g/L,此时修饰电极的氧还原峰电位最高,CV测试电活性面积最大,EIS的测试表明此时阴极传荷内阻达到最小.研究显示通过使用GO与PANI来共同修饰微生物燃料电池阴极可以使阴极的高电化学活性更高,可提高MFC的最大电压和最大电容.研究结果对优化,MFC的应用与运行具有借鉴意义.

Catalytic activity of Ni3S2 and the effects of reactor wall in the hydrogen production from water were investigated under hydrothermal conditions using hydrogen sulphide (H2S) as a reductant. It was found that Ni3S2 catalysed the hydrogen production from water and may act as a semi-conductor catalyst. In the case of addition of Ni3S2, the time required to achieve the maximum hydrogen yield significantly decreased and the maximum hydrogen yield increased. These results suggest that the Ni3S2 formed as a corrosion product of the reactor wall when using the Hastelloy C-276 lined reactor should play a catalytic role in the hydrogen production. These results could facilitate studies for the synthesis of highly active catalysts for the production of hydrogen under mild conditions.

The aim of this work is to investigate the hydrogen generation from water using H2S as a reducer in the hydrothermal reactions at the mild conditions. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time and initial pH values of reaction solution on the yields of hydrogen from water were studied. The experiment results showed that hydrogen could be generated from water when the reaction temperature was beyond 200 degrees C. Moreover, the hydrogen production strongly depended on the initial pH values of the solution. Under strong alkaline conditions the hydrogen production from water was much higher than that under acidity or weak alkaline conditions. The possible mechanism of hydrogen production was discussed.

In this paper, alkaline hydrothermal experiments of glucose, fructose and xylose, the model compounds of carbohydrate biomass, were conducted in a batch reactor in the temperature range of 250 to 350°C to examine the production of lactic acid. Result showed that the formation of lactic acid in a hydrothermal reaction of glucose, fructose and xylose could be promoted notably by using NaOH, KOH and Ca(OH)2 as alkaline catalysts.The yield of lactic acid from glucose, fructose and xylose followed the sequence of fructose > glucose > xylose with NaOH as alkaline catalyst. For fructose, high lactic acid yields of 43.5% with NaOH and 46% with KOH on the carbon base were obtained at the temperature of 300°C.

The aim of this work is to investigate the hydrogen generation from water using H2S as a reducer in hydrothermal reactions. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time and initial pH values of reaction solution on the production of hydrogen from water were studied. The experimental results showed that hydrogen could be produced from water only when the reaction temperature was beyond 200 C. Moreover, the hydrogen production strongly depended on the initial pH values of the solution. Under strong alkaline conditions the hydrogen production from water was much higher than that under acidity or weak alkaline conditions. The possible mechanism of hydrogen production was discussed.

The aim of this work is to investigate the hydrogen generation from hydrothermal water by using hydrogen sulfide as a reducer. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time and the initial pH value of reaction solution on the production of hydrogen from hydrothermal water were investigated. The experimental results showed that hydrogen was produced from water when the reaction temperature was beyond 200 degrees C. Moreover, the hydrogen production was strongly depended on the initial pH of the solution. High alkaline condition was favorited to generate hydrogen from water. The possible mechanism of hydrogen production was discussed.

我国的钢铁行业要实现可持续发展,就应在重视经济效益的同时更重视社会效益和环境效益,走生态化道路。本文建立了一套钢铁工业生态化的指标体系,钢铁工业生态化指标体系有正效益和负效益两类指标,其中每类指标又由若干个子指标构成。本文运用此指标体系对我国2003年钢铁工业生态化水平进行了运算。研究结果表明钢铁工业对生态环境质量的影响总体上是负向的,即钢铁工业对环境质量的损害较大。

一、产业生态学概念 1989年,通用汽车研究实验室的Robert Frosch等发表了产业生态学领域的第一篇论文,指出未来的产业应该全方位地对资源开展循环利用而非一次性使用.1992年联合国环境与发展大会通过了《21世纪议程》,把可持续发展道路作为全球的基本发展战略和行动指南.

我国的钢铁行业要实现可持续发展,走生态化道路.本文建立了一套钢铁工业生态化的指标体系,以期评价钢铁企业的生态化水平.钢铁工业生态化指标体系由正效益和负效益两类大指标包括10个子指标构成.