Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) are preferred for safety and cost-effectiveness but encounter challenges like zinc dendrite growth and side reactions, reducing their lifespan. Herein, a composite separator (CSC) for AZIBs is prepared using carboxylate sisal fiber (CSF) and sulfonation cotton fiber (SCF), followed by cross-linking with citric acid (CA). The exceptional stability of CSC─including high mechanical strength, wide pH tolerance, and suppression of hydrogen evolution─combined with high zinc ion migration number (tZn2+ = 0.70), leads to its remarkable electrochemical performance. The cycle life of Zn//Zn batteries with CSC is over 6400 and 400 h at 5 mA cm-2 and 20 mA cm-2, respectively. A Zn//MnO2 full battery exhibits 92.85% capacity retention after 10000 cycles at 5 A g-1 (∼16C), significantly outperforming the widely used commercial separators in AZIBs like glass fiber (GF). This work presents a highly effective but simple separator design strategy to achieve long-cycling, high-rate AZIBs.

Developing hydrogel electrolytes that simultaneously overcome the critical challenges of rapid dehydration, narrow operational temperature windows, poor interfacial adhesion, and irreparable mechanical damage remains an urgent need for reliable supercapacitors, since these challenges significantly compromise their cycling stability. Herein, a versatile biomass hydrogel electrolyte (PSBGD‐Li) is developed through dynamic borate ester crosslinking between peach gum polysaccharide and starch, integrating exceptional water retention (≥66 days, 92.01% retention), wide temperature adaptability (−30 °C to 50 °C), rapid subzero self‐healing (99.4% recovery in 5 min at −30 °C), high ionic conductivity (34.71 mS cm −1 at 25 °C; 9.22 mS cm −1 at −30 °C), and excellent mechanical robustness (>1600% strain without breakage, 30.7 kPa interfacial adhesion). Supercapacitors equipped with PSBGD‐Li exhibit superior all‐climate electrochemical cycling stability, delivering a high specific capacitance of 216 F g −1 at 25 °C with 98.6% capacitance retention after 15 000 cycles. Remarkably, they maintain outstanding temperature reliability, retaining 99.2% capacitance at −30 °C and 92.4% at 50 °C, while preserving >99% specific capacitance after sequential thermal cycling between −30 °C and 50 °C. Flexible supercapacitors also maintain stable electrochemical performance after repeated bending or cutting/healing cycles, highlighting significant potential for developing green, temperature‐tolerant, reliable flexible energy storage in extreme environments.

Hydrogel electrolytes are highly regarded in supercapacitors for their intrinsic safety and mechanical adaptability, but inevitable freezing at subzero temperatures leads to rapid deterioration of electrochemical performance. To overcome this critical limitation, a freeze-resistant hydrogel electrolyte (SCG-Zn) capable of operating at ultra-low temperatures is developed by integrating biodegradable polysaccharides (sodium hyaluronate and carboxymethyl chitosan), glycerol, and zinc chloride. The synergistic effect of intense chloride ion (Cl-) hydration and abundant hydrophilic groups (e.g., -OH, -COOH, and -NH2) within the hydrogel electrolyte creates a strongly bound water network, significantly suppressing ice crystallization and depressing the freezing point. This unique structure enables SCG-Zn to maintain exceptional ionic conductivity (13.32 mS cm-1) even at -60 °C (35.75 mS cm-1 at 25 °C), arising from its high density of zincophilic functional groups and the establishment of continuous Zn2+ ion conduction pathways. Supercapacitors assembled with SCG-Zn electrolyte demonstrate exceptional cycling stability, retaining 97.6% capacity after 20 000 cycles at 25 °C. Impressively, even under the harsh condition of -60 °C, facilitated by the sustained ionic conduction of SCG-Zn, a remarkably high-capacity retention of 97.4% is achieved after 20 000 cycles. Furthermore, the assembled flexible devices also exhibit stable performance under repeated mechanical deformations (bending and loading). This work establishes a simple, sustainable but highly effective material for high-performance, reliable energy storage devices capable of operating in extreme cold environments.

The introduction of flame retardancy and low-temperature self-healing capacities in hydrogel electrolytes are crucial for promoting the cycle stability and durability of the flexible supercapacitors in extreme environments. Herein, biomass-based dual-network hydrogel electrolyte (named PSBGL), was synthesized with borax cross- linked peach gum polysaccharide/sisal nanofibers composite, and its application in flexible supercapacitors was also investigated in detail. The dynamic cross-linking of the dual-network endows the PSBGL with excellent self- healing performance, enabling ultrafast self-healing within seconds at both room temperature and extreme low temperatures. The PSBGL bio-based hydrogel electrolyte can maintain the integrity of the carbon layer structure with limiting oxygen index of 56 % after 60 s of combustion under a flame gun. Additionally, the PSBGL exhibits high ionic conductivity (30.12 mS cm- 1 ), good tensile strength (1.78 MPa), and robust adhesion to electrodes (1.15 MPa). The assembled supercapacitors demonstrate a high specific capacitance of 187.8 F g- 1 at 0.5 A g- 1 , with 95.9 % capacitance retention rate after 10,000 cycles at room temperature. Importantly, even under extreme temperatures of 60 degrees C and-35 degrees C, the supercapacitors can also maintain high capacitance retention rates of 90.1 % and 86.5 % after 10,000 cycles. This work fills the gap between biomaterial design and highperformance flexible supercapacitors.

Zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSCs) have been widely considered as promising candidates for flexible electrochemical energy storage devices. The key challenge is to develop hydrogel electrolytes with high hydrophilicity, anti-freezing, bending resistance, and stable interface with electrodes. This study reported a hydrogel electrolyte system that can meet the above functions, in which the zincophilic and negatively charged SO3−, migratable Na+, abundant hydrophilic functional groups, gum xanthan, and porous architecture could effectively promote the electrochemical performance of ZHSCs. ZHSCs with such hydrogel electrolytes not only exhibited good low-temperature performance but also showed excellent bending resistance ability. A high specific capacitance could be kept after a long air-working lifespan over 10,000 cycles under a wide operation voltage of 1.85 V at −10 °C. Furthermore, flexible ZHSCs could maintain the capacitance retention of 93.18% even after continuous 500 bends at an angle of 180°. The designed hydrogel electrolytes could be also used for other electrochemical energy storage devices with anti-freezing and bending resistance by changing electrolyte salt.

Hydrogels have shown promise as quasi-solid-state electrolytes for flexible supercapacitors but face challenges such as poor self-repair, unstable electrode adhesion, limited temperature range, and flammability. Herein, an all-round green hydrogel electrolyte (silk nanofibers (SNFs)/peach gum polysaccharide (PGP)/borax/glycerol (SPBG)-ZnSO4) addresses these issues through dynamic cross-linking of peach gum polysaccharide and silk nanofibers with borax, integrating varieties of key property including high water retention, broad temperature tolerance (-20 to 90 °C), excellent self-adhesion (60.7 kPa for carbon cloth electrodes), satisfactory flame retardancy (limited oxygen index of 51%), low-temperature self-healing (-20 °C), and good ionic conductivity (7.68 mS cm-1). The resulting supercapacitor exhibits excellent cycling stability with 98.2% capacitance retention after 40,000 long cycles at 25 °C. The specific capacitance retention remains above 90% even after 15,000 cycles at high/low temperatures (50 °C/-20 °C). Furthermore, the flexible supercapacitor demonstrates stable performance under mechanical stimuli (180° bending and perforation), highlighting the potential of biomass hydrogels in flexible energy storage devices.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been investigated recently in perovskite photovoltaics owing to their potential to boost optoelectronic performance and device stability. However, the impact of variations in the MOF side chain on perovskite characteristics and the mechanism of MOF/perovskite film formation remains unclear. In this study, three nanoscale thiol-functionalized UiO-66-type Zr-based MOFs (UiO-66-(SH)2 , UiO-66-MSA, and UiO-66-DMSA) are systematically employed and examined in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Among these MOFs, UiO-66-(SH)2 , with its rigid organic ligands, exhibited a strong interaction with perovskite materials with more efficient suppression of perovskite vacancy defects. More importantly, A detailed and in-depth discussion is provided on the formation mechanism of UiO-66-(SH)2 -assisted perovskite film upon in situ GIWAXS performed during the annealing process. The incorporation of UiO-66-(SH)2 additives substantially facilitates the conversion of PbI2 into the perovskite phase, prolongs the duration of stage I, and induces a delayed phase transformation pathway. Consequently, the UiO-66-(SH)2 -assisted device demonstrates reduced defect density and superior optoelectronic properties with optimized power conversion efficiency of 24.09% and enhanced long-term stability under ambient environment and continuous light illumination conditions. This study acts as a helpful design guide for desired MOF/perovskite structures, enabling further advancements in MOF/perovskite optoelectronic devices.

The application of low-cost and high-safety aqueous Zn metal batteries is seriously hindered by Zn anode stemming from its uncontrollable dendrite growth and detrimental water-induced side reactions. Herein, a zinc -enriched and negatively charged poly zinc acrylate (PZA) polyelectrolyte with hydrophobic 3D network is firstly constructed on Zn surface through facile UV light irradiation of ZA monomer. The as-obtained PZA coating exhibits a strong adhesion to Zn foil, persistently protecting Zn from water corrosion. Furthermore, the 3D interconnected network architecture favors the fast transport of Zn2+. Meanwhile, the anions can be shielded and desolvation of hydrated Zn2+ is accelerated. Notably, the self-contained Zn2+ in PZA can avoid the supply of sluggish ions. Accordingly, the Zn@PZA anode delivers a low energy barrier and high Zn2+ transference number. Moreover, it endows a superior Coulombic efficiency of 99.7 % and long-life dendrite-free plating/stripping (10 mA cm(-2), 2 mAh cm(-2)). The MnO2||Zn@PZA full cell displays a highly stable cycling behavior for over 700 cycles with a high capacity retention of 95.1 % at 1 A/g together with a satisfactory rate performance. This work delivers an affordable and facile strategy to realize the high reversibility and stability of Zn anodes.

High-performance dual-network polyampholyte hydrogel is designed for flexible supercapacitors with remark-able mechanical stability and thermal and cycling stability. The dual-network hydrogel is produced through physical and chemical cross-linking between the random copolymer of the monomers containing Na+ and Cl- ions and high-viscosity xanthan gum. It shows high ionic conductivity (38.84 mS cm-1), low activation energy (0.089 eV), satisfactory mechanical properties, fire-resistant, and sturdy contact with electrodes. In addition, the self-containing mobile ions inside the hydrogel electrolyte without extra electrolyte additives help to significantly reduce the concentration polarization. Accordingly, the quasi-solid supercapacitor based on active carbon de-livers super mechanical and thermal stability with no significant capacitance reduction after various de-formations, compressing, and different temperatures. Besides, it delivers high specific capacitance of 110F g-1 at 0.5 A/g with 87.6 % retention after 10,000 cycles, showing maximum energy density and power density of 33.1 Wh kg-1 and 200.1 W kg-1. Notably, high capacitance retention (84.2 %) can be maintained after 7500 cycles even at 50 degrees C. Therefore, this work provides a promising strategy to produce a kind of multifunctional hydrogel electrolyte for highly stable and durable next-generation flexible energy storage devices.

Ionic liquids (ILs) have found widespread use in controlling the crystallization process of perovskites, optimizing the morphology and enhancing the device performance, especially in the one-step method. However, research regarding the effects of ionic liquids on perovskite devices prepared using the two-step method remains relatively scarce. Here, an IL 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate (HMIMBF4) is selected as an additive in the perovskite precursor solution for the fabrication of PSCs using the two-step method. Our study involves a systematic exploration of the precise effects of ILs on the morphology of perovskite thin films, defect density, and photovoltaic performance. IL HMIMBF4 is convincingly shown to possess a robust chemical affinity with perovskite components, thereby establishing a basis for the inhibition of ion migration. Concurrently, ILs play a pivotal role in governing the morphology of perovskite while also facilitating the conversion of lead iodide into the perovskite structure. Benefiting from the regulation of the perovskite morphology and defect states by IL HMIMBF4, the devices with an efficiency exceeding 23% is ultimately achieved. Our research provides a comprehensive comprehension and contributes to advancing the utilization of ILs in two-step photovoltaic devices.

Aza-helicenes are one of the most important series of heterohelicenes; herein, a series of novel aza-helicenes (5H, 6H, 6S, and 8S) were prepared via Bischler-Napieralski cyclization, and the interconversion dynamic process of these aza-helicenes was revealed using density functional theory calculations. The novel nitrogen-doped [6]helicene (6H) possesses a very high interconversion energy barrier of 36.0 kcal/mol. Two enantiomers of 6H were successfully resolved by high-performance liquid chromatography and showed desired chiral optical properties. 6H with chiral optical activity and lone electrons can be a potential candidate for chiral switches, which was demonstrated using the UV and circular dichroism spectra obtained upon titration with an acid and a base.

衍射必要条件教学内容在布拉格方程、结构因子、干涉函数、劳厄方程等知识点都有介绍,知识点之间教学内容条块分割,不利于理解和分析.给出了一种图解演示衍射必要条件的教学方法,借助波失和波相位关系的图解分析,对形成衍射时原子间位置向量与衍射矢量间不同条件下相互结果进行分类讨论,强化了布拉格方程、结构因子、干涉函数以及劳厄方程等教学内容间的内在逻辑性,有利于学生理解和掌握相关内容.

With the ever-growing demand for high energy density rechargeable batteries, it imposes urgent requirements for developing high-capacity anodes such as Li metal, Si, and Zn metal. Nevertheless, the anodes have great challenges: uncontrolled Li dendrite growth for Li metal, huge volume change for Si, and Zn dendrite growth and side reactions for Zn metal. Functional polymers have been shown to achieve outstanding effects on optimizing these anodes, yet the explorations with limited knowledge of the working mechanism and design basis of the polymers. Moreover, the modification strategies to optimize these anodes can refer to each other to a certain extent but a comprehensive summary has not been provided. Accordingly, to achieve a clear understanding of how polymers work for the optimization of Li metal, Si, or Zn metal, thereby to design the proper polymers driving their practical application, the review comprehensively discusses and summaries the modification strategies, mechanisms, and progress of functional-polymers-modified Li metal, Si, or Zn metal. Then, the challenges and corresponding designed approaches of the functional polymers working in the anodes’ optimization are given for the future development directions of the high energy density batteries.

A novel borax-crosslinked hydrogel electrolyte membrane is synthesized using radical polymerization to achieve superior electrochemical performances and outstanding mechanical properties. The as-synthesized electrolyte membrane displays high ionic conductivity (1.72 x 10(-2) S cm(-1)), wide electrochemical stable window (similar to 2.21 V), large fracture stress (42.17 kPa) and fracture strain (205.10%). The membrane enables highly uniform Zn plating/stripping with lower overpotential and longer lifespan from the symmetric Zn cells compared with that using the liquid electrolyte. To demonstrate the applicability of the electrolyte membrane, they are used in quasi-solid state Zn metal batteries (Zn||MnO2) and Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitors (Zn||AC), respectively. The resultant Zn||MnO2 cell delivers a high discharge specific capacity retention of 95% after 1000 cycles at 0.5 A g(-1), and the Zn||AC supercapacitor exhibits satisfactory specific capacitance of 290 F g(-1) at 1.0 A g(-1) and good rate performance. Furthermore, the flexible Zn||MnO2 and Zn||AC devices are also assembled, which can still work even at the bent and compressed states. This work provides a promising route to design the hydrogel electrolytes for the quasi-solid state aqueous energy storage devices.

The exploration of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with ultra-high quantum yield, simple synthesis path, and satisfying output to facilitate their wide applications in numerous fields are always the research focus. In this work, nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) with strong blue fluorescence were synthesized with a simple one-step hydrothermal method using citric acid and o-phenylenediamine as raw materials, and the absolute quantum yield was as high as 92.1%. The detailed research results demonstrate that the N-CQDs have outstanding fluorescence stability, high selectivity, and anti-interference in Hg2+ detection. The obtained N-CQDs also possess excellent biocompatibility, which can also be successfully applied in cell imaging and intracellular Hg2+ detection. Most importantly, due to their high quantum yield and excellent dispersibility, the N-CQDs solution can be used as a quick-drying fluorescent ink for ink-jet printing. Therefore, the as-prepared N-CQDs have great potential in fluorescence sensing, biomedical diagnosis, data encryption, and anti-counterfeiting.

Bio-based copolymers with versatile properties and good processability are highly desired for practical applications. Herein we describe novel hyperbranched adhesive, UV protective coatings and functional elastomers with 6.1-9.5 wt% lignin synthesized by a one-pot RAFT grafting polymerization. The unique macromolecular structure and sufficient hydrogen bonds of these Lignin-graft-poly(n-butyl acrylate-co-1-vinylimidazole) copolymers (Lignin-BVs) resulted in fascinating and controllable features. Specifically, incorporating 13.9 wt% imidazole (VI) effectively improved the adhesive performances with maximal adhesive force and strength up to 34.0 N and 367.8 N center dot s, respectively, which were better than the commercial 3 M double-sided adhesive. Owing to water-resistance and UV absorption capacity, our Lignin-BVs could be served as excellent adhesive coatings for future outdoor decorative materials, safety clothing or beach umbrella. Moreover, upon increasing VI content to 19.4 wt%, Lignin-BV19.4 elastomer showed automatically room temperature self-healing behavior and could be fabricated into skin-adhesive strain sensor. Our studies provided a green and effective method in the preparation of the high value-added lignin copolymers, which could be appealing to both frontier research and industrial development.

Multiple-stimulated shape-memory and self-healing materials can be employed in some covert circumstances and special system because of the flexible control manners, which shows great potential in practical application. In this work, Fe3O4 grafted copolymer, Fe3O4-g-P(TMA-co-LA-co-VI), with magnetic, near-infrared light and thermo multiple-stimulated shape memory and self-healing performance, was synthesized, where tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate (TMA), lauryl acrylate (LA) and 1-vinylimidazole (VI) were biomass derived monomers. Dynamic metal-ligand network in Fe3O4-g-P(TMA-co-LA-co-VI)/Zn was subsequently constructed via the coordination of VI and zinc ion. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposite could be simply regulated by varying the Fe3O4 content and the molar ratio of monomers. Among all the samples, Fe3O4-g-P(TMA-co-LA-co-VI)/Zn with Fe3O4 content of 1 wt % and TMA/LA/VI molar ratio of 8/2/2.5 showed a breaking stain of 300% and a maximum stress of 1.66 MPa, which also showed an excellent thermo stimulated shape memory and self-healing performance. As the Fe3O4 nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in the nanocomposites, their photothermal and magnetocaloric transformation can efficiently stimulate the dynamic and reversible metal-ligand crosslinked process between VI and Zn2+. Therefore, this kind of effective stimulation can finally lead to excellent remotecontrollable shape memory and self-healing performance. The integration of magnetic, near-infrared light and thermo multiple-stimulation for shape memory and self-healing also augurs well for their wide application potential in artificial intelligence materials and life science.

Conductive elastomeric composites exhibit a great research potential in the intelligent materials and devices owing to their excellent mechanical and electrical properties. Herein, we reported a carbon nanotube (CNT)-coated conductive elastomer with electrical and near-infrared (NIR) light dual-stimulated shape memory and self-healing performance, which can also utilized in wearable sensing. The conductive elastomer composite, CNT-coated polymer substrate with shape memory and self-healing capacity (CNTs/CHSMPs), was first fabricated by graft copolymerization of tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate, lauryl acrylate (LA), and vinylimidazole on CNTs, subsequent supramolecular crosslinking, and CNT coating. Taking advantage of the remote controllability of NIR light and the rapid photothermal conversion by CNTs, the prepared composite can achieve accurate shape memory at a fixed point, and the shape recovery procedure can be completed within 30 s. The integrated conductive network throughout the polymer composite also endowed the material with unique electrical stimulated shape memory recovery performance, derived from the excellent electrothermal transition by CNTs. In addition, CNTs/CHSMPs also displayed self-healing characteristics for prolonging the service life of materials and strain sensitivity properties for the sensing of human motion, which contribute to their prodigious application potential in the field of wearable flexible electronic materials.

Remote control and targeted activation are the elevated goals for shape-memory and self-healing polymers when responses to stimuli. Among so many stimuli, converting light into microstructure change or mechanical motions is now of particular interest. Herein, we report the ingenious design, synthesis and operation to advanced materials that capable of fast near-infrared (NIR) light-actuated targeted shape memory and remote accurately self-healing. Starting from biomass resources, a well-defined polymer nanocomposite, CNTs-graft-poly(tetrahydrofurfury methacryla-co-lauryl acrylate-co-1-vinylimidazole) copolymer ((CNTs-g-P(TMA-co-LA-co-VI)), was fabricated by addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. After subsequent metal-ligand crosslinking with Zn2+ ion, CNTs-g-P(TMA-co-LA-co-VI)/Zn2+ with CNTs content of 1.1 wt % have a maximum stress of 1.68 MPa and an elongation at break of 450%. Most importantly, the photothermal conversion of CNTs can effectively trigger the association and dissociation process of the dynamic metallosupramolecular crosslinked bond between VI and Zn2+, leading to excellent instantaneous multiple shape memory and accurate self-healing performance under NIR light or heat. This approach can be generalized toward de novo design of self-healing and shape memory nanocomposites with tunable mechanical properties.