Обзорная статья посвящена изучению макро- и микроэлементного баланса в биологических субстратах с точки зрения химической и радиационной безопасности космических полетов. The review article is devoted to the study of macro- and microelement balance in biological substrates from the point chemical and radiation safety of space flights. The review article is devoted to the study of macro- and microelement balance in biological substrates of chemical and radiation safety of space flights.

We have studied the quantitative changes in the contents of macro- and microelements and the linear correlations between their concentrations in serum, ultrafiltrate and urine during the structural transformation of blood vessels, with dissection of the main arteries of the head serving as an example. We observed a decrease in the content of serum copper and an increase in its ultrafiltered fraction. It was found that the level of copper upon dissection of the main arteries of the head was most informative in serum and its ultrafiltrate. Serum iron and zinc levels and their ultrafiltered fractions were balanced. The ultrafiltered fraction of serum magnesium was decreased. The imbalance of serum Ca/Mg ratio was due to physiologically active ionized forms.

Atomic emission spectral analysis with inductively coupled argon plasma was used to measure contents of iron, zinc, stable strontium, and lithium in blood serum and its ultrafiltered fraction, as well as the level of their excretion in 24-h urine and hair, in a ground-based experiment simulating space flight conditions. The monitoring of iron levels of serum and its ultrafiltered fraction has shown a proper balance between the indicated parameters at all stages of the experiment. The iron forms bound to protein carriers were identified only in blood serum. The study in the conditions of the experiment has shown the dependence of blood serum zinc content on the nutritional status. The level of stable strontium excretion with 24-h urine can serve as a biological indicator of changes in its homeostasis. The experimental conditions have not been found to affect the form of serum lithium; i.e., lithium was invariably present in the ionized state and its content remained equal to the amount of ultrafiltered lithium in all blood samples investigated in all experimental periods.

In the Mars-500 experiment on remote space flight simulation, atomic emission spectral analysis with inductively coupled argon plasma was used to measure serum copper and its ultrafiltrated fraction. It was shown that, in contrast to baseline data, the Cu serum level varied within the normal physiological boundaries throughout the entire simulation experiment. These variations were syncronized in all the serum samples. In several periods of the experiment, reduction in serum Cu within the baseline range was equivalent to simultaneous reduction in ceruloplasmin. Amount of free Cu (ultrafiltration) fraction, i.e., that not bound to the blood serum proteins, was constant at all times. Since the simulation experiment is not a perfect analogy of space flight because of non-reproducibility of some factors, ionizing radiation specifically, we should take into consideration shifts in the serum copper balance caused by the action of space radiation on the human body. Radiation-induced copper imbalance in the blood serum is not only a marker of disturbed oxidase function of blood, but also points to a mechanism of further pathological outcome of toxic excessive copper accumulation in the brain, liver and kidney.

Total and ionized magnesium in the blood serum and daily urine were determined before (baseline values) and on days 30, 60, and 105 of the experiment with a 105 day of isolation and confinement (Mars-105). Magnesium in hair was investigated before (baseline values) and on day 105 of the experiment. The investigations were performed using atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled argon plasma. Changes in the magnesium level were the largest during the first 30 days of the experiment. The reduction of serum magnesium level was mainly due to the fall of the ionized fraction. In the body, magnesium is controlled by the ion-regulatory function of the kidneys and varies between individuals. The levels of ionized magnesium in the blood serum and those excreted in daily urine can serve as indicators of stress resistivity.

An influence of support acidity on the dimerization function on Pd-containing catalysts was studied. After addition of Re2O7 to PdO/SZ as ethylene dimerization catalyst with high butene-2 selectivity the obtained PdO-Re2O7/SZ catalyst was tested in direct synthesis of propylene from ethylene under mild conditions (40°C and atmospheric pressure). Propylene yield was approximately 45%, which is close to equilibrium one.

In an experiment with space flight simulation, atomic emission spectral analysis with inductively coupled argon plasma was employed to measure iron, zinc, stable strontium and lithium in blood serum and its ultrafiltered fraction, and excretion with daily urine and hair. Monitoring of serum iron and its ultraviolet fraction showed good balance of these parameters in all periods of the experiment. Blood serum was found to contain exclusively iron bound with protein carriers. In the experiment, serum zinc was distinctively dependent on the nutrient status. Stable strontium excretion with daily urine can be a biological indicator of its homeostasis. The experiment factors had no effect on the lithium form in serum, i.e. lithium was invariably present in the ionized form and in quantities equal to ultrafiltered lithium in all blood samples in all periods of the experiment.

The formation of carbon nanoparticles with ordered structure under nanosecond-duration pulsed laser irradiation of the carbon black samples has been studied. Electron microscopic images of the original and irradiated samples have been obtained and analyzed using the Digital Micrograph software package (Gatan). The length and curvature of graphene layers in high- and low-dispersive carbon black samples have been calculated. The distance between graphene layers ( d 002 ) has been measured. It was shown that the distance d 002 decreases with an increase in the irradiation energy density.

Total and ultrafiltered calcium, total and inorganic phosphorus in blood serum, and diurnal secretion of calcium and phosphorus in urine were determined in humans before (baseline data) and on days 30, 60, and 105 of isolation. Calcium and phosphorus contents in hair were determined before isolation and on day 105 of the experiment. The measurements were performed by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Levels of total and ultrafiltered calcium, total and inorganic phosphorus, as well as urine calcium and phosphorus in daily urine and hair varied within admissible physiological ranges at all stages of investigation. Shifts in the serum calcium and phosphorus balance, accounted for by their physiologically active forms, is an immediate reaction to the experimental conditions. Calcium and phosphorus levels deviated from the baseline values after 30 days of isolation and then remained stable util day 105.

By means of the nuclear-emission spectral analysis with inductively connected argon plasma were studied the contents of 28 macro- and trace elements (Al, Ag, Li, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, In, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Mo, P, Zn, Se, Tl, Pb, Sr, S, Si) in the hair of children and teenagers living in the European North of the Russian Federation (Arkhangelsk region). There were revealed both: decrease and increase of some elements' contents. Also were revealed the dynamics of mentioned elements contents in the hair of the same children in different years. Significant individual variability of the macro and trace elements' status of children-northerners and some gender dependence were revealed.

С помощью атомно-эмиссионного спектрального анализа с индуктивно связанной аргоновой плазмой изучено содержание 28 макро- и микроэлементов (Al, Ag, Li, В, Вa, Bi, Ca, Cd, Со, Сr, Сu, Fe, Ga, In, К, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Mo, P, Zn, Se, Tl, Pb, Sr, S, Si) в волосах детей и подростков, проживающих на Европейском Севере Российской Федерации (Архангельская область). Выявлено как пониженное, так и повышенное содержание некоторых элементов. Прослежена динамика содержания указанных элементов в волосах одних и тех же детей в разные годы. Выявлена значительная индивидуальная вариабельность макро- и микроэлементного статуса детей-северян и некоторая гендерная зависимость.

Exposure of carbon black to pulsed electron and laser beams leads to structural transformations of carbon and formation of nanocapsules and rose-like particles with highly ordered graphite like structure.

В статье представлены результаты исследования физико-химических характеристик пористых углеродных материалов, полученных на основе низкометаморфизованного каменного угля месторождения Хартарвагатай Монголии. Синтезированный с использованием метода щелочной пропитки углеродный материал соответствует однородно-пористым, преимущественно микропористым (до 70% микропор по адсорбционному объему) сорбентам с удельной поверхностью 1100 м2/г. Использование дополнительной озонолитической активации сорбента способствует незначительному снижению его пористости с увеличением при этом в 2.5 раза количества кислородных групп на поверхности образца.

The results of a study of the physicochemical characteristics of porous carbon materials prepared based on low-metamorphosed black coal from the Khar Tarvagatai deposit in Mongolia are presented in this article. The carbon material synthesized with the use of an alkaline impregnation method corresponds to uniformly porous, predominantly, microporous (to 70% of micropores in terms of adsorption volume) sorbents with a specific surface area of ∼1100 m 2 /g. The use of additional ozonolytic activation of the sorbent facilitated an insignificant decrease in its porosity with an increase in the number of oxygen groups on the sample surface by a factor of 2.5 in this case.

Analysis of 13 C NMR spectra of graphite-like carbon materials shows that pyrolytic carbon, being a part of carbon-carbon composites, contains carbonate ions that are probably intercalated between the graphite-like layers of composites as in the case of layered double hydroxides.

Catalysts of liquid-phase hydrogenation of acetylene deposited on the oxides of aluminium, gallium, and indium were studied. According to the results of catalytic tests and examination using the physical methods, decoration of the active component by partially reduced support is observed in Pd/Ga2O3 and Pd/In2O3 catalysts. An increase in the atomic catalytic activity for the samples deposited on gallium and indium oxides can be connected with the change of the electron density of the active component or with the formation of bimetallic phases.