为探讨南海北部中层水盐度的时空分布特征及与外海水的交换,选用1871-2010年共140年的月平均海洋同化数据(SODA2.2.4),利用EOF、小波等分析方法,分析南海北部中层水盐度的时空分布、变化周期、盐通量等特征.结果表明:①南海北部中层水的盐度月际变化特征为:1-3月,南海北部中层水受到越南东部沿岸向东北方向延伸出的高盐舌的影响(＞34.45psu),盐度偏高,中部盐度较低;4月南海北部中层水的盐度分布均一,盐度范围在34.40～34.45 psu;5-8月,夏季南海北部的中层气旋式环流将北太平洋中层水(North Pacific Intermediate Water,NPIW)携带至南海中部,在南海中部偏北形成一低盐水团(＜34.42 psu),并在此时间段内低盐水团逐渐向东北方向移动,直至9-10月,上述低盐水团与NPIW混合;11-12月,NPIW东撤,收缩至吕宋海峡西北侧.②过去140年,南海北部中层水的盐度值波动上升,其中,1985年中层水盐度值最高,可能与当年夏季风爆发早且强有关.1963-2002年,存在较强的16～21a的周期性,小波系数的实部正相位的峰值和负相位的谷值所对应的年份,与ENSO冷事件具有较好的对应.③对EOF第一模态分析显示,整个研究海域为单极子变化特征,呈一致性变化.第二模态的空间分布呈偶极子形态,一正一负相位中心沿NW-SE走向对称分布.④南海北部中层水全年的净盐通量均由南海向东流入太平洋,夏季最少,冬季最多.1871-2010年的140年间,中层水的盐通量一直处于下降的趋势,下降的趋势十分缓慢.

Air pollution is an important factor threatening human health. Inhalation of pollutants can cause damage to the cardiovascular system, leading to increased morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases. This paper selects six pollution factors stipulated by the national air quality standards, collects the air quality index data of Shanghai from 2014 to 2017 and the emergency data of cardiovascular disease in a tertiary hospital in the city during the same period, and conducts relevant analysis to explore different air quality conditions, characteristics, and the relationship between pollutants and cardiovascular disease visits. The results show that the seasonal changes of major air pollutants are related to the incidence of cardiovascular disease.

Variation characteristics of the extreme high temperature events and their relationship with El Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Northwest Pacific were analyzed, utilizing the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Daily Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Analysis Data during 1982-2014. The results indicated that extreme high temperature events mainly occurred during the months of June to October, and the frequency of such events was increasing, i.e. the number of days of extreme high temperature events and the duration of single extreme high temperature events increased gradually. The extreme high temperature events showed high and low frequency oscillations in the 1-4a and 4-7a cycles, and the main cycle scale was 3-5a. The SST of the Northwest Pacific was linearly related to the intensity of ENSO. In the second half of the year (June to December), the ENSO index of the Nino3.4 areas was significantly and negatively correlated to the extreme high temperatures. This meaned that the extreme high temperature events were likely to occur when the Pacific equatorial cold phase (La Nina event) occurred in the ENSO Cycle. The trade wind anomaly over the equatorial Pacific Ocean and the massive air-sea interactions in the ENSO Cycle had an important impact on the extreme high temperature events in the Northwest Pacific. It is hoped that the results obtained from this work will lay the foundation for monitoring and forecasting extreme weather and climate events.

Based on the monthly average salinity data of SODA-2.2.4, this article analyzed the climatic distribution, spatial differentiation, monthly variation characteristics and divided the climate zones of the sea surface salinity (SSS) in the South China Sea (SCS) and the adjacent Northwest Pacific (NWP) during the climate reference period of 1981-2010, and explored the impact factors, which would provide a basis for further research on climate change. The results show that the average SSS at the study area is 33.99 psu; generally, the SSS in SCS is lower than NWP about 0-3.3 psu. The distribution pattern of SSS in SCS, showed a decreasing from northeast to southwest during November to next March. The high salt tongue formed northeastern South China Sea (NE-SCS) and the low salinity area located at the southwestern South China Sea (SW-SCS) with the large precipitation and near the estuaries where fresh water was flowed into the sea, especially from April to November. In NWP, a high-salt area is located at the north, where is the extension of the high-salt zone formed by the subtropical high pressure area index of northern hemisphere (SHPAINH) to the study area, and its SSS is highest in April and lowest in September. A sub-high salinity zone is located at the south, where is an extension of the high salinity zone formed by the subtropical high pressure area index of southern hemisphere (SHPAISH), and the SSS is highest in April and lowest in August. The low SSS zone between the two is formed by the low pressure and rainy of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) located north of the equator, and its axis is located near 7°N; in the interior of the low SSS zone, its closed low-salt center is leaning to the west side of Mindanao from December to next July; the low-salt range expands from August to November, and its closed center is leaning toward the Central Eastern Pacific (CEP). In the Sulu Sea and the Sulawesi Sea between SCS and NWP, although they are close to each other in location, the SSS of Sulu Sea is highest in April and lowest in October, with a large annual change, as where located near the low-pressure and rainy area of ITCZ at north of the equator; but the SSS of Sulawesi Sea is highest in December and lowest in June, with a small annual change, as it located close to the northern edge of SHPAISH.

Based on the best track data set of tropical cyclones and ENSO index, the influence of two kinds of ENSO events on tropical cyclones in the Northwest Pacific Ocean is discussed based on the El Niño / La Niña event discrimination method recently issued by China Meteorological Administration. The results show that ENSO events have an important impact on the TC activity in the Northwest Pacific. The frequency of TC formation in La Niña year is more than that in El Niño year, and the duration and ACE of TC in El Niño year are greater than those in La Niña year. From the comparison of TC activities at different levels, the impact of ENSO events on high-level TC (STY and SuperTY) is greater than that of low-level TC. On the whole, the TC in the Northwest Pacific is greatly affected by the CP-ENSO event, and the high-level TC (SuperTY) is most affected by the EP-ENSO event. In terms of the origin location, the differences of the impact of the two ENSO events on TC origins of different levels are mainly reflected in the differences between the northern and southern South China Sea, and the differences between the southeast and Northwest Pacific.

Based on 1871-2010 monthly sea surface salinity (SSS) and flow field data, and the global seabed topography data, the inter-monthly regional variation of SSS in different regions and their influencing factors are discussed after climate zoning in the East China Sea (ECS) and the adjacent Northwest Pacific Ocean (ANPO). Rresults show that: (1) the study area can be divided into the area of the ECS, the Kuroshio area of the East China Sea (KECS) and the ANPO I area, II area and III area. (2) In the continental shelf area of the ECS, the inter-monthly regional variation of SSS is significant, the inter-monthly variation range of feature points is large and the difference of SSS value at each point is great. (3) In the KECS, the inter-monthly regional variation of SSS is small. The SSS at feature points is high and the inter-monthly variation is small. From the inlet to the outlett of the KECS, the SSS value gradually increases. (4) In the ANPO, the inter-monthly regional variation of SSS is the smallest, the SSS at feature points is high, and their inter-monthly variation is small. The SSS increases with increasing longitude at the same latitude, and decreases with increasing latitude at the same longitude.

Abstract In this study, the data of sea surface temperature (SST) and current for 1981 to 2010 from the SODA_2.2.4 were used to analyze the climatic zoning characteristics of SST in the East China Sea and adjacent sea areas, and the relationship between SST and relevant factors, to provide a reference for further research on long-term climate change. The results show that : (1) Under the combined action of sea-land distribution, latitude and ocean current, the study area can be divided into three climatic zones: the continental shelf area of the East China Sea, the Kuroshio area of the East China Sea and the Northwest Pacific Ocean. SST from northwest to southeast presents a low - high - second high distribution pattern. (2) Due to the influence of the change of direct point of the sun, the highest SST in the low and high latitudes is 1 month apart, which is July and August respectively. In general, the isotherm in the study area is dense in February. The average SST in the whole region was the lowest, about 19.9°C. The temperature difference between North and South is large, about 17°C. August isotherms are sparse; the average SST in the whole area is the highest, about 28.5°C; the temperature difference between north and south is small, about 6°C. (3) The annual temperature difference of the surface waters of the whole study area is related to latitude. Compared with the latitude, the annual temperature difference in the continental shelf area is the largest, and the Kuroshio area is the smallest. According to coefficient of variation of monthly SST, the annual variation of SST decreases from northwest to southeast. (4) SST rises fastest in May, June and July; and declines fastest in December and January. High-latitude sea areas and near-shore sea areas have rapider and larger changes in SST, and the Kuroshio affected area has slower and smaller changes.

使用1982 ～2014年美国国家海洋和大气管理局(national oceanic and atmospheric administration,NOAA)最优插值1/4度逐日海温分析资料,分析西北太平洋极端海表温度(sea surface temperature,SST)事件的变化特征,探讨极端SST事件与ENSO (El Ni(n)o-southern oscillation,ENSO)之间的关系.结果 表明:极端高温事件的频率明显增大,20世纪80年代为2～5a一遇,20世纪90年代为1～4a一遇,21世纪以来,除2004和2011年外,其余年份均有发生.极端高温发生天数呈线性增加趋势,增长速率为30 d/10 a.单次极端高温事件持续时间逐渐增长,增长速率为0.56 d/次,且平均温度和最高温度也呈上升趋势,上升速率分别为0.032℃/次和0.049℃/次.相反的是,极端低温事件的频率明显减小,1982 ～ 2000年为1 ～2 a一遇,21世纪以来,发生次数明显减少.极端低温发生天数和单次事件的持续时间均明显减少,减少速率分别为-27 d/10 a和-1.6 d/次.单次极端低温事件的平均温度和最低温度呈线性上升趋势,增长速率分别为0.0087℃/次和0.017℃/次.极端高温事件呈现1～4a和4～7a周期的高低频震荡,低温事件呈现多尺度周期变化,主周期尺度为3～4a.Nino 3.4区下半年ENSO指数与西北太平洋极端高温呈显著负相关,与极端低温事件呈显著正相关.意味着在La Ni(n)a年份,极端高温事件更容易发生.反之,在El Ni(n)o年份,极端低温事件容易发生.

Abstract Choosing the surface salinity from SODA database during 1981 to 2010, the climatic distribution characteristics of surface salinity at the continental shelf of the East China Sea for the new 30-year climate reference period (1981-2010) were analyzed, to lay the foundation for further study of climate change. The results showed that: (1) The average salinity of the surface layer in the study area increased gradually from the Yangtze River estuary to the southeast. The isoline has a circular distribution near the Yangtze River estuary, and it is generally northeast-southwest in other sea areas of the study area; (2) In the inter-monthly change, the highest salinity in March is 27.38psu; the 5-8 month is the low salinity season, and the lowest salinity in August is 22.30psu; September-December is the season of salinity rise; (3)The annual amplitude of salinity has two regional changes: the largest positive center is located in the northeast of the Yangtze River estuary, the largest negative center is located in the waters near Hangzhou Bay south of the Yangtze River estuary.

使用SODA表层盐度月平均数据,通过计算逐点逐年盐度均值、月际差,绘制等值线分布图,分析在新的30年气候基准期(1981-2010年),东海及毗邻的西北太平洋海域表层盐度场气候态分布特征,为进一步研究该地区长时间序列的气候变化奠定基础.结果表明:(1)在研究区表层平均盐度从西北到东南逐渐升高,形成3个明显的盐度特征场区:东海大陆架海区、东海黑潮海区以及西北太平洋海区;(2)研究区月际表层盐度存在明显的周期性变化,其中,盐度最小值的周期性规律最显著;(3)在月际变化中,1-4月为盐度高值季节,以3月份盐度最高,为27.5psu;5-8月为盐度低值季节,以8月份盐度最低,为22psu;9-12月为盐度上升季节;(4)依据盐度场的分布,结合地形、气候、海流等特征和前人研究,在研究区选取了22个特征点,从特征点看,位于西北太平洋海区的特征点盐度月振幅最小;位于长江入海口附近的D1和位于杭州湾南部的D2盐度月振幅较大,但D1与D2月际变化曲线呈现较为明显的反相关特征,这可能与长江冲淡水水舌夏季北移抑制苏北沿岸流南下和北上的台湾暖流夏强冬弱有关.

Zhiwei Chen, Jiancheng Kang*, Chenglin Gu, & Ming Tang School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Urban Ecology and Environment Research Center, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China Department of Resources and Environment, Faculty of Science, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, 154007, China Poyang Lake Eco-economy Research Center, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China

以美国联合台风中心的热带气旋资料为基础,探讨全球变暖背景下1951-2015年65年间西北太平洋热带气旋(TC)活动变化的时空特征,并对中国所受潜在风险进行分析.结论 如下:①1951-2015年热带气旋频数、超强台风频数长期变化趋势并不明显.热带气旋频数在1950年左右发生突变,由1950年以前的偏少期向偏多期转变,但只有在1960年代初期到1970年代初期、1990年代末期至2000年代初期两个阶段增加趋势通过0.05的显著水平检验.②从1950年代初期至1950年代末期,西北太平洋热带气旋年均最大强度与年均强度呈现短期加强趋势,之后呈现长期减弱趋势.总体上看,西北太平洋热带气旋年均最大强度与年均强度总体上呈明显下降趋势.平均强度在1972年左右发生突变,说明在1972年以后平均强度减少的趋势显著.最大强度在1968年左右发生突变,说明在1968年以后最大强度减少的趋势显著.③从热带气旋最大强度(成熟)阶段,路径频数,观测强度线性变化趋势的空间分布来看,线性变化呈上升趋势的位置均向东亚大陆靠近,这也就意味着西北太平洋热带气旋活动强度在一定程度上呈减弱趋势,但是登陆的频次、强度极有可能加强.也就是在整个东亚大陆受西北太平洋热带气旋潜在威胁会进一步加剧.④产生这样结果极有可能是由于全球变暖导致的西太平洋与中东太平洋纬向温度梯度加大,从而导致walker环流的加强,正在加强的walker环流能够加强热带西北太平洋风垂直切变与相对涡度的变化,从而影响西北太平洋TC活动的时空变化.

Two typhoons: MATSA (0509) and SAOMAI (0608) were selected and sea temperatures analysed. The results revealed that typhoons can cause water upwelling or downwelling in the vertical direction. On a temporal scale, upwelling or downwelling was most significant when the maximum wind speed was 25 m/s and 38 m/s. On a spatial scale, water temperature at 0-50 m depth largely decreased and vertical variation was small. At 50-300 m heating and cooling were observed, with larger vertical variation. The most significant changes were recorded at 150 m. The impact of the studied typhoons on the upper ocean can be divided into three components: In the first layer at 5-60 m depth, the driving force of the typhoon had a direct effect on the sea. In the second layer at 60-200 m this driving force had weakened, and by 200-300 m had weakened further, potentially at work inside waves (Rossby wave). Typhoon impact can also be divided into inner and outer layers, with the centre of the underlying sea area mainly affected by pumping, to a depth of 300 m. On either side beneath the typhoon centre a mixing effect predominated comprising two hot and cold water masses, with the most significant change observed here at 160 m depth.

Based on tropical cyclone (TC) data provided by the America Joint Typhoon Warning Center, this paper analyzes the variation characteristics of tropical cyclones making landfall over China during the 65-year period of 1951–2015 and their statistical relationship with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The conclusions are as follows. (1) The landfall frequency during the period of 1951–2015 has strong inter-annual and inter-decadal variability characteristics, and an abrupt change in the landfall frequency occurred in 1988. However, from the long-term variation frequency trend, the landfall frequency decreased slowly from the late 1980s to 2015. (2) The landfall intensity increased rapidly from the late 1950s to the early 1960s, with an abrupt change occurring in 1996. In addition, there is a significant decreasing trend and then an increasing trend from the late 1960s to 2015. (3) There are significant negative correlations between the landfall frequency and the sea surface temperature (SST) in the ENSO-3.4 region. All the sliding correlation coefficients are negative from 1961 to 2002. A strong abrupt change in their correlation occurred in 1970, changing from a weak negative to a strong negative correlation. (4) There are no significant negative correlations between the landfall intensity and the SST in the ENSO-3.4 region, and their sliding correlation coefficient of inter-annual variability shows that there is an alternating appearance of positive and negative correlations. A strong abrupt change occurs in 1999, changing from a weak positive correlation to a strong negative correlation. The significant negative correlation occurred in the 2005. (5) The TC genesis locations move to the southeast in El Niño years and shift to the northeast in La Niña years. (6) TC frequency that influences the Chinese continental coast line in El Niño years is less than that which influences Japan. Meanwhile, in La Niña years, the TC frequency that influences Japan and its surrounding waters, the China Sea, the BohaiSea, and the South China Sea, increases, while it decreases in the TaiwanProvince.

以美国联合台风中心的热带气旋资料为基础,对1951-2015年65年间登陆中国的强热带气旋的变化特征以及与ENSO的关系进行分析.结论如下:①1951-2015年登陆频数有着很强的年际、 年代际变化特征,在1988年发生向增多期的越变过程.但是,从长期变化趋势看,1980年代末期至2015年登陆频数呈缓慢下降趋势.登陆强度在1950年代末期至1960年代初期年为快速增强期,强跃变年份在1966年,1960年代末至2015年有一明显下降又回升的趋势;②登陆频数与ENSO-3.4区海表温度呈显著负相关,显著负相关集中发生在1990年代,两者滑动相关系数年际变化几乎都为负值,1977年发生强跃变过程,以前为弱的负相关,之后快速过度为较强的负相关;③登陆强度与ENSO-3.4区海表温度没有发现显著相关,滑动相关系数的年代际变化表现为正相关与负相关交替出现,阶段性非常明显.显著负相关集中发生在2000年代.1950年代末期至1970年代末期它基本上一直处于较弱的正相关期.1981年发生强跃变过程,由较弱的正相关期跃变为较强的负相关期④厄尔尼诺年登陆中国的热带气旋的源地向东南移动,拉妮娜年向东北方向移动;⑤在厄尔尼诺年影响中国大陆海岸线附近的热带气旋频数偏少,而影响日本的频数增多.拉妮娜年影响日本及周边海域、 中国黄海、 渤海、 南海的热带气旋的频数增加,而台湾省的频数减少.

Under the background of global warming, the variation of extreme low temperature events in the Northwest Pacific are undergoing significant changes. The extreme low temperature events have obvious monthly, inter-annual and inter-decadal characteristics. Extreme low temperature events were mainly concentrated in January-March. It showed an increasing trend from1982 to 1991, a downward trend from 1992 to 2011 and an upward trend from 2012 onwards. The frequency of extreme low temperature events has significantly reduced. The number of days and the duration of a single event have significantly reduced. The average temperature and the minimum temperature of a single extreme low temperature event show a linear upward trend. The extreme low temperature events have two time scales cycles, with a large cycle of 13-20a and small cycle of 4-10a. Over the past 33 years, extreme low temperature events have changed from small time-scale cycle to large time-scale cycle.

Based on the high-resolution SODA oceanographic hydrological reanalysis data, analyzing the climatic characteristics of the surface salinity in the South China Sea and the adjacent Northwest Pacific Ocean during the new climatic baseline period from 1981 to 2010 in this paper. The results showed that: Sea surface salinity (SSS) in the research area could be obviously divided into two areas, the South China Sea and the Northwest Pacific Ocean. The SSS in the South China Sea was lower than that in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. The annual amplitude of SSS in the South China Sea varied in different sea areas, but it was smaller and almost same in the Northwest Pacific Ocean area. The inter-monthly variations of SSS were the same at continental shelf side and the sea area near the island in the South China Sea, however differences existed with that in the central of the South China Sea. The inter-monthly variation of SSS in the Northwest Pacific Ocean varied from low latitude to high latitude and the salinity field showed “high-low-high” distribution. According to the climatic characteristics of salinity, the research area could be divided into five climatic zones. Among them, the South China Sea was divided into areas A and B, and the Northwest Pacific Ocean was divided into areas C, D, and E. As water invading from the Northwest Pacific Ocean to the South China Sea area that caused a higher salinity in area B than in area A. The northern equatorial current influenced on the Northwest Pacific Ocean, that caused the salinity in area D lower than in areas C and E.

Data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Optimum Interpolation (1/4)° Daily Sea Surface Temperature Analysis, the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) Upper Ocean heat con-tent, and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) best-track tropical cyclone (TC) for the period 1982 to 2014 was utilized in order to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of the Northwest Pacific (0°-30°N, 105°-155°E) tropical cyclone activities. Our research on the relation between the tropical cyclone and the thermal structure of the Upper Ocean which indicates the following: The interannual variation in the frequency of tropical cyclone is evident. The low-frequency years were from 1982 to 1992 and 2003 to 2014, whereas the high-frequency years were from 1993 to 2002. For the period from 1982 to 2014, the frequency characteristics of cyclones were slow increase, rapid increase, decrease in that order. The number of tropical cyclones has shown a clear downward trend in the last 15 years (2000-2014). Tropical cyclone originates from three distinct birthplaces: birthplace 1 (10°-22°N, 110°-120°E), birthplace 2 (8°-20°N, 125°-145°E), and birthplace 3 (5°-20°N, 145°-155°E). The fre-quency of TC in birthplace 1 and birthplace 2 increases slowly, whereas the frequency of TC in birthplace 3 de-creases significantly. The influence of changes in the thermal state of the upper ocean to the TC is multifaceted TC frequency response to the upper heat content more obvious. The sea surface temperature is not the key factor af-fecting the frequency of the TC.With the warming of the Upper Ocean, the duration of the TC shows a decreasing trend, whereas the TC intensity shows an increasing trend. Global warming will intensify the potential threat posed by TC activities to the Pacific Northwest countries.

与其他用途的建筑相比,酒店具有高能耗、高排放、高投入的特征,酒店能耗成为行业发展的制约因素.要控制酒店的综合能耗,首先要构建评估体系.本文通过实地采集华东等地区2009年～ 2014年星级酒店综合能耗的第一手数据,根据联合国气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)和我国的相关标准,提出了酒店业的碳排放基准线的指标体系.在此基础上,对酒店业综合能耗进行评估后得出:(1)五星级酒店经过节能减排技术改造,能达到55 kgce/(m2·a)的先进值,四星级酒店能达到48 kgce/(m2·a),三星级酒店可以达到45 kgce/(m2·a);(2)从能耗的投入产出指标评估,不同星级和规模酒店的万元能耗聚类均值在238.47 kgce/104y·a～310.30 kgce/104y·a;(3)从酒店建筑每平方米能耗源费用贡献度测评,五星级酒店聚类均值在181.56 Yuan/m2、四星级在146.22 Yuan/m2、三星级在193.96 Yuan/m2.几个指标系统均表明,不同星级酒店均有节能减排空间,尤其三星级酒店通过节能技改,具有较大的节能减排潜力.